Patter song

The Major-General (a patter-singing character in The Pirates of Penzance by Gilbert and Sullivan) depicted in a "Bab" drawing by W. S. Gilbert[1]

The patter song is characterised by a moderately fast to very fast tempo with a rapid succession of rhythmic patterns in which each syllable of text corresponds to one note.[2] It is a staple of comic opera, especially Gilbert and Sullivan, but it has also been used in musicals and elsewhere.[3]

The lyric of a patter song generally features tongue-twisting rhyming text, with alliterative words and other consonant or vowel sounds that are intended to be entertaining to listen to at rapid speed.[3] The musical accompaniment is lightly orchestrated and fairly simple, to emphasise the text.[4] The song is often intended as a showpiece for a comic character, usually a bass or baritone.[3] The singer should be capable of excellent enunciation, to show the song to maximum effect.

History

Etymology

The word "patter" derives from the Pater Noster, or Lord's Prayer,[4] "which Catholics recited in its original Latin. ... The habit of rushing through the words as quickly as possible gave rise in England to the term 'patter'".[5]

Origins

Patter section of Rossini's "Largo al factotum"

A form of rapid patter occurred in the parabasis in ancient Greek comedies.[6] The 16th-century French composer F. de Lys published a song "Secouhez moy" set in what the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians calls "a syllabic, patter-song manner".[7] Rapid patter numbers are heard in Italian opera of the baroque era, specifically opera buffa. Alessandro Scarlatti's 1702 opera Tiberio imperatore d'Oriente contains an early instance in the duet "Non ti voglio".[2] In the view of Grove, syllabic patter songs were among the components of the new comic idiom, developed in the early decades of the 18th century by composers including Pergolesi, Leo, Sarro, Hasse and Orlandini, and they became a basic part of the pre‐classical operatic style.[8]

Patter was used sparingly until the second half of the 18th century, but then became an increasingly familiar feature of comic operas.[2] An example is Bartolo's "La vendetta" in Act 1 of Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, which contains the tongue-twisting "Se tutto il codice" section near the end. Patter numbers are found in the comic operas of Mozart's contemporaries, Haydn, Logroscino, Piccinni and Paisiello.[2] In 19th century operas patter is prominent in the works of Rossini and Donizetti. In their works, the patter is reserved for the cabaletta section of a multi-part number. The best-known examples are:[4][9]

The musical scholar Gervase Hughes points to the patter number "Bin Akademiker" in Peter Cornelius's The Barber of Bagdad (1858) as a prototype of the later Gilbert and Sullivan model.[10]

Gilbert and Sullivan patter songs
Major-General's Song
George Baker sings the Major-General's Song with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, conducted by Malcolm Sargent (1929)
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W. S. Gilbert wrote several opera parodies before he moved on to comic operas with Arthur Sullivan.[11] Sullivan was also familiar with Italian opera and included a patter song in his first comic opera, Cox and Box (1867). George Bernard Shaw, in his capacity as a music critic, praised "the time-honored lilt which Sir Arthur Sullivan, following the example of Mozart and Rossini, chose for the lists of accomplishments of the Major-General in The Pirates or the Colonel in Patience."[12] Well-known examples of rapid-fire, tongue-tripping Gilbert and Sullivan patter songs are:

Some numbers in the Gilbert and Sullivan canon are classified as patter songs by aficionados, although they may not contain all of the attributes listed in the definition above. These are often songs telling how the character rose to an undeserved distinguished position, or they may contain a catalogue or list.[4] A similar example is found in the middle section, starting “È questo l'odontalgico”, of Doctor Dulcamara's "Udite, Udite, o rustici" in Act 1 of Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore (1832), a work that Gilbert had burlesqued early in his career in Dulcamara, or the Little Duck and the Great Quack. This was not intended to be sung at great speed and is thus more of a precursor of, for example, "When I, good friends, was called to the bar" (Trial by Jury) or "As some day it may happen" (The Mikado), than are the examples of the "rapid-fire" patter above. Most of the Gilbert and Sullivan patter songs are solos for the principal comedian in the cast and were originally performed by George Grossmith.[4] Anna Russell's "How to write your own Gilbert and Sullivan Opera" contains an affectionate parody of a Gilbert and Sullivan patter song.[13]

Later patter songs

Apart from Gilbert and Sullivan tunes set to different words, such as Tom Lehrer's listing of the chemical elements to the tune of the Major General's Song, later patter songs can be found in early twentieth-century operettas, such as Edward German's Merrie England and in a number of musicals. Later examples include "Tchaikovsky (and Other Russians)" in Ira Gershwin and Kurt Weill's Lady in the Dark and "Getting Married Today" in Stephen Sondheim's Company.[5] Another of many examples from musical theatre is Professor Harold Hill's song in The Music Man, "Ya Got Trouble".[14]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Crowther, Andrew. The Life of W. S. Gilbert, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 15 April 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Patter song", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 2 May 2014 (subscription required).
  3. 1 2 3 "Patter song", OnMusic Dictionary, Connect For Education, Inc, accessed 2 May 2014
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Fiss, Chapter 7
  5. 1 2 "Albert Bergeret's NYGASP keeps Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas pattering on", The Washington Post, 25 October 2013
  6. ↑ MacDowell, p. 27
  7. ↑ Dobbins, Frank. "Lys, F. de", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 2 May 2014 (subscription required)
  8. ↑ Lazarevich, Gordana and Helmut Hucke. "Serva padrona, La", The Grove Book of Operas, Oxford University Press, 2006, accessed 2 May 2014 (subscription required)
  9. ↑ Balthazar, p. 281
  10. ↑ Hughes, p. 79
  11. ↑ Stedman, p. 62
  12. ↑ Shaw, p. 492
  13. ↑ Shepherd, Marc. Review and analysis of Russell's G&S parody, the Gilbert and Sullivan Discography.
  14. ↑ Fortner, Jason. "Pitter-Patter", Broadway Cafe Society, November 2006, accessed 2 May 2014

References

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