Paracanthurus

Paracanthurus hepatus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Family: Acanthuridae
Genus: Paracanthurus
Bleeker, 1863
Species: P. hepatus
Binomial name
Paracanthurus hepatus
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Paracanthurus hepatus is a species of Indo-Pacific surgeonfish. A popular fish in marine aquaria, it is the only member of the genus Paracanthurus.[1][2] A number of common names are attributed to the species, including regal tang (pronounced ting), palette surgeonfish, blue tang (leading to confusion with the Atlantic species Acanthurus coeruleus), royal blue tang, hippo tang, flagtail surgeonfish, Pacific regal blue tang, and blue surgeonfish.

Description

Paracanthurus hepatus has a royal blue body, yellow tail, and black "palette" design. The lower body is yellow in the west-central Indian Ocean.[3] It grows to 30 cm (12 in.).[1] This fish is rather flat, like a pancake, with a circular body shape, a pointed snout-like nose, and small scales. The blue tang has nine dorsal spines, 26–28 dorsal soft rays, three anal spines, and 24–26 anal soft rays.

Ecology

The species' range is broad, but it is common nowhere. It can be found throughout the Indo-Pacific. It is seen in the reefs of the Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, New Caledonia, Samoa, East Africa, and Sri Lanka.[4][1] The regal blue tang is one of the most common and most popular marine aquarium fish all over the world. They live in pairs, or in small groups of 8 to 14 individuals. These fish reach sexual maturity at 9–12 months of age.

The regal blue tang is ranked LC (least concern) by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), but is of low vulnerability.[1]

Diet

As a juvenile, its diet consists primarily of plankton. Adults are omnivorous and feed on plankton, but will also graze on algae. Spawning occurs during late afternoon and evening hours. This event is indicated by a change in color from a uniform dark blue to a pale blue. The fish is important for coral health as it eats algae that may otherwise choke it by overgrowth.[5]

Life cycle

Males aggressively court female members of the school, leading to a quick upward spawning rush toward the surface of the water during which eggs and sperm are released. The eggs are small, approximately 0.8 mm in diameter. The eggs are pelagic, each containing a single droplet of oil for flotation. The fertilized eggs hatch in twenty-four hours, revealing small, translucent larvae with silvery abdomens and rudimentary caudal spines. Regal blue tangs can also, when faced with danger or dark spaces, make themselves semi-transparent, in order to help with evasion and light passivity, respectively.

Importance to humans

The regal blue tang is of minor commercial fisheries importance, however, it is a bait fish. The flesh has a strong odor and is not highly prized. This fish may cause ciguatera poisoning if consumed by humans. However, regal blue tangs are collected commercially for the aquarium trade. Handling the tang risks the chances of being badly cut by the caudal spine. These spines, on both sides of the caudal peduncle, are extended from the body when the fish becomes excited. The quick, thrashing sideways motion of the tail can produce deep wounds that result in swelling and discoloration, posing a risk of infection. It is believed that some species of Acanthurus have venom glands while others do not. The spines are used only as a method of protection against aggressors. Two sharp spines stick out at the caudal peduncle—the area where the tail joins the rest of the body.

Aquarium life

Paracanthurus hepatus in a home aquarium

The regal tang is commonly found in the aquarium trade, despite being one of the more fragile popular fish. In particular, it needs a source of spirulina to regularly graze from, and achieves a respectable size of 30 cm (12 inches). In addition, it is prone to parasitic infections and lateral line disease.[6]

In the 2003 Disney/Pixar film, Finding Nemo, and its 2016 sequel, Finding Dory, the main character Dory (voiced by Ellen DeGeneres) is a regal blue tang, as well as her parents, Jenny and Charlie who appear in the sequel.[7]

Bibliography

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2007). "Paracanthurus hepatus" in FishBase. March 2007 version.
  2. ↑ "Paracanthurus hepatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
  3. ↑ Debelius, Helmut (1993). Indian Ocean Tropical Fish Guide: Maledives [i.e. Maldives], Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Madagascar, East Africa, Seychelles, Arabian Sea, Red Sea. Aquaprint. ISBN 3-927991-01-5.
  4. ↑ "How Will 'Finding Dory' Affect Wildlife?". National Geographic Official Facebook Featured Video. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  5. ↑ Jane L Lee (July 18, 2014). "Do You Know Where Your Aquarium Fish Come From?". National Geographic. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
  6. ↑ Fenner, Robert. "Paracanthus FAQ". Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  7. ↑ Weisberger, Mindy (17 June 2016). "Finding Dory's Underwater Clan in the Real World". LiveScience. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
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