Paperboard

Corrugated fiberboard made from paperboard
Sculpture made of massive paperboard by Herbert Wetterauer

Paperboard is a thick paper-based material. While there is no rigid differentiation between paper and paperboard, paperboard is generally thicker (usually over 0.25 mm, 0.010 in, or 10 points) than paper. According to ISO standards, paperboard is a paper with a grammage above 224 g/m2, but there are exceptions.[1] Paperboard can be single- or multi-ply. Paperboard can be easily cut and formed, is lightweight, and because it is strong, is used in packaging. Another end-use would be graphic printing, such as book and magazine covers or postcards. Sometimes it is referred to as cardboard, which is a generic, lay term used to refer to any heavy paper pulp–based board. Paperboard is also used in fine arts for creating sculptures.

History

In 1817, the first paperboard carton was produced in England. Folding cartons first emerged around the 1860s and were shipped flat to save space, ready to be set up by customers when they were required. 1879 saw the development of mechanical die cutting and creasing of blanks. In 1911 the first kraft sulphate mill was built in Florida and in 1915 the gable top milk carton was patented and in 1935 the first dairy plant was observed using them. Ovenable paperboard was introduced in 1974.[2]

Terminology and classification

Terminology and classifications of paperboard are not always uniform. Differences occur depending on specific industry, locale, and personal choice. In general, the following are often used:[3][4]

Production

See also: Paper machine

Fibrous material is turned into pulp (paper)/pulp and bleaching of wood pulp|bleached, to create one or more layers of board, which can be optionally coated for a better surface and/or improved visual appearance. pulp board are produced on pulping machines that can handle higher grammage and several plies.

Raw materials

The above-mentioned fibrous material can either come from fresh (virgin) sources (e.g. wood) or from recycled waste paper. Around 90% of virgin paper is made from wood pulp.[5] Today paperboard packaging in general, and especially products from certified sustainable sources, are receiving new attention, as manufacturers dealing with environmental, health, and regulatory issues look to renewable resources to meet increasing demand. It is now mandatory in many countries for paper-based packaging to be manufactured wholly or partially from recycled material.

Raw materials include:

Pulping

Main article: Pulp (paper)

Two principal methods for extracting fibres from their sources are:

Bleaching

Pulp used in the manufacture of paperboard can be bleached to decrease colour and increase purity. Virgin fibre pulp is naturally brown in colour, because of the presence of lignin. Recycled paperboard may contain traces of inks, bonding agents and other residue which colors it grey. Although bleaching is not necessary for all end-uses, it is vital for many graphical and packaging purposes. There are various methods of bleaching, which are used according to a number of factors for example, the degree of colour change required, chemicals chosen and method of treatment. There are three categories of bleaching methods:

Plies

(1) single-ply vs. (2) multi-ply

Multi-ply paperboard generally has higher creasing and folding performance than single-ply as a result of layering different types of pulp into a single product. In cases where the same kind of pulp is being used in several layers, each separate layer is treated and shaped individually in order to create the highest possible quality.[6]

Coating

In order to improve whiteness, smoothness and gloss of paperboard, one or more layers of coating is applied. Coated paper is usually made up of:

Additional components could be OBA (optical brightening agents).[9]

Grades

The DIN Standard 19303 "Paperboard - Terms and grades" (Publication date : 2005-09) defines different grades of paperboard based on the surface treatment (first letter), the main furnish (second letter) and the colour (non-D grade) or bulk (D grade only) (numbering).

First letter
(surface treatment)		 Second letter
(main furnish)		 Number
  • A = cast-coated
  • G = pigment coated
  • U = uncoated
  • Z = bleached virgin chemical pulp
  • C = virgin mechanical pulp
  • N = unbleached virgin chemical pulp
  • T = recycled/secondary fibre with white, cream or brown reverse
  • D = recycled/secondary fibre with grey back

All except D grades:

  1. white reverse side
  2. cream reverse side
  3. brown reverse side

D grades only:

  1. bulk ≥ 1.45 cm2/g
  2. 1.3 cm2/g < bulk < 1.45 cm2/g
  3. bulk ≤ 1.3 cm2/g

Example: GC1 would be a "pigment coated", "virgin mechanical pulp" board with a "white reverse side". Often the used paperboard type would be FBB, which was coated on both sides.

Common terms

Basis Weight (US): Is the weight in 1,000 square feet (93 m2) of paperboard.

Brightness: Brightness is a technical term that is defined as the amount of blue-white light that a paper reflects.[10] This property is very subjective and individual to each buyer and end use, as skin colour and food are better reproduced on ‘warm’ (yellow) whites and not blue whites.

Grammage: The grammage of the paperboard is assessed in accordance ISO 536.[11] Grammage expresses mass per unit area and is measured in g/m2.[10]

PH: Surface pH is measured on a water extract and is on a scale of 0–14. 0 is acidic, 7 is neutral and 14 is alkaline.[12]

Stiffness: Stiffness is one of the most important properties of paperboard as it affects the ability of cartons to run smoothly through the machine that erects, fills and closes them. Stiffness also gives strength and reduces the propensity of a carton to bulge under the weight of settling flowable contents such as cereals.

Although most paper strength properties increase with increasing sheet density, stiffness does not. A rule of thumb is that stiffness is proportional to the 1.6 power of sheet caliper.

The species of fiber used has an effect on stiffness, other things being equal. Northern softwood species impart superior stiffness compared to southern softwoods.

Other factors which affect board stiffness include coatings and moisture content.[10]

Smoothness: Smoothness is particularly important when being used for printing, the smoother the paperboard, the better the image quality, because of better ink coverage. Smoothness is measured using air leak methods – the greater the rate of air leakage, at a specific air pressure, from under a cylindrical knife placed on the surface, the rougher the surface.[10]

Caliper/Thickness: In the United States caliper is usually expressed in thousandths of an inch (0.001”) or points, where a sheet of paperboard with a thickness of 0.024” would be 24 points. In Europe it is often sold in g/m2, however the thickness of the board is measured in micron (μm).

Paperboard also tends to be referred to with thickness rather than weight.[9]

Whiteness: It refers ideally to the equal presence of all colours, because a truly white sheet will reflect all wavelengths of visible light equally.[10]

Paperboard industry

The paperboard sector is mainly looked at in conjunction with the paper industry. The Paper & Paperboard market size (2007) had a value of 630.9 billion USD and a volume of 320.3 million metric tons .[5] 40.1% of that market is European. About 50% of all produced paper is used for packaging, followed by printing and writing.[5] According to ProCarton, the consumption of paper and paperboard seem to correlate with economic trends (GDP).[13][14] Sales of carton in Europe sum up to around 8 billion Euros worth. Over 1,100 printers produce 5.4 million tonnes of cartonboard yearly. Cartons make up one third of paper and board packaging and 15% of all packaging. A bit more than half (54%) of the European carton is produced using recovered fibre or waste paper.[15]

The paper and paperboard industry is quite energy and capital intensive. Just a coated board machine itself can cost around 90 - 120 million Euros[16] (about 125 - 166 million USD in 11/2011). Economies of scale apply, because of which a few large players often dominate the market place. E.g. in North America the top 5 producers have a market share of 85%.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Robertson, Gordon L. (2005). Food Packaging - Principle and Practice (2nd Ed.). p. 111. ISBN 978-0-8493-3775-8.
  2. ↑ Paperboard Packaging Alliance. "Paperboard Packaging" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 21, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  3. ↑ ASTM D996
  4. ↑ Soroka, W. Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology (Second ed.). Institute of Packaging Professionals.
  5. 1 2 3 Datamonitor (June 2008). "Global Paper and Paperboard - Industry Profile".
  6. 1 2 3 Iggesund Paperboard AB (2008). "Paperboard the Iggesund Way": 10.
  7. ↑ Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Germany). "Migration of mineral oil from packaging materials to foodstuffs (BfR Opinion No. 008/2010 of 2009-12-09)" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  8. ↑ Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung. "Übergänge von Mineralöl aus Verpackungsmaterialien auf Lebensmittel" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  9. 1 2 Kirwan, Mark J. (1998). Paper and paperboard packaging technology. London: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-6845-8.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Twede, Diana; Selke, Susan E. M. (2004). "Cartons, Crates and Corrugated Board: Handbook of Paper and Wood Packaging Technology". Lancaster, PA: DasTech Publications.
  11. ↑ ISO: International Organisation for Standardisation (1995). "Paper and board -- Determination of grammage". Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  12. ↑ Iggesund Paperboard (2008). "Product Catalogue: General Technical Information". Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  13. ↑ Dr. Peter Ince (1999–2000). "Paper, Paperboard and Woodpulp – Production, Consumption and Trade ECE/FAO Forest Products Annual Market Review" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 5, 2011. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  14. ↑ ProCarton (2009). "The Carton Packaging Fact File: Cartons, Industry and the Environment" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  15. ↑ ProCarton (2009). "Cartonboard Production". Retrieved 2009-07-20.
  16. ↑ Metso Corporation’s press release (2011). "Metso to supply coated board line to International Paper & Sun Cartonboard in China". Retrieved 2011-11-04.

Further reading

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