Operation Heads

Operation Heads (Polish: Operacja Główki) was the code name of a series of assassinations of Nazi officials by the Polish Resistance during World War II. Those targeted for assassination had been sentenced to death by the Special Courts of the Polish Underground for crimes against Polish citizens during the World War II occupation of Poland. The name of the operation, "Operation Heads", was a sarcastic reference to the Totenkopf (Gr. 'skull') 'Death's Head' symbol from SS Nazi Germany uniforms and headgear.

Background

SS cap with Totenkopf inspiration of "Operation heads" name.
Announcement of the execution 100 Polish hostages as revenge for assassination of members of German police and SS by Polish "terrorist organization in English service". Warsaw, 2 October 1943

Operation Heads was the response of Polish Resistance fighters from Home Army to Nazi terror in Poland. On streets of Polish cities, the gentile population was targeted by the łapanka policy, in which Nazi forces indiscriminately rounded up and murdered civilians.[1] In Warsaw, between 1942 and 1944, there were approximately 400 daily victims of łapanka. Tens of thousands of these victims were killed in mass executions, including an estimated 37,000 people at the Pawiak prison complex run by the Gestapo and thousands of others killed in the ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto. Nazi also held public executions of hostages. Daily lists of Poles to be executed in the event of any attack upon Nazi troopers were published. In retribution for these acts of terrorism, the Polish Underground leadership prepared lists of Nazi leaders who should be eliminated for the said crimes against civilian non-combatants.

Operation

The targets of this operation were members of German administration, police, SS, SA, labor office and Gestapo agents[2] who had been sentenced to death by the Special Courts of the Polish Underground for crimes against Polish citizens. Because of the particular brutality of the police, the Home Army killed 361 gendarmes in 1943, and in 1944 another 584. In Warsaw alone 10 Germans were killed daily. From August to December 1942, the Home Army carried out 87 attacks on the German administration and members of the terror apparatus. In 1943 this number grew radically. During the first four months of 1943, the Home Army increased the attacks to 514.[3]

Operation Heads 1943–1944

References

  1. "With military demands draining its industrial labour force, where better had Germany to procure replacements, than from the defeated and occupied countries. Round ups, or lapankas, * the Polish name they were known under, became an essential feature of life in Warsaw and precipitated much wider ferocity on both sides. Abroad in public I had survived numerous German security checks, shielded from unpleasant developments by Nazi Labour department registration and other efficient false documents. The round ups of Poles, created an additional threat for me as well as all Poles. Whole streets were sealed off by police and soldiers and most trapped men and women were carted off to concentration camps or sent as slave labour to the Reich. Tram and trainloads of people, regardless of work documents, were herded like cattle into trucks, many never to see home or family again. Being Polish was sufficient to qualify for such treatment.", Ron Jeffery, "Red Runs the Vistula", Nevron Associates Publ., Manurewa, Auckland, New Zealand 1985
  2. Tomasz Strzembosz, Akcje zbrojne podziemnej Warszawy 1939–1944, Warszawa, 1978, p.401-406, ISBN 8306007174.
  3. EUGENIUSZ DURACZYŃSKI "WOJNA I OKUPACJA", Wiedza Powszechna 1974
  4. "ISSUU - Inferno of Choices by Service culturel de l'Ambassade de Pologne". Issuu. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  5. Richard C. Lukas "Forgotten holocaust - The Poles under German Occupation 1939–1944" Hippocrene Books 1997 ISBN 0-7818-0901-0
  6. Kutschera miał utopić Warszawę w morzu krwi... http://www.rzeczpospolita.pl/specjal_040612/specjal_a_15.html
  7. http://eela1.blox.pl/2012/03/mjr-Michal-Issajewicz-ps-Mis.html Komentarze eela
  8. "ISSUU - Inferno of Choices by Service culturel de l'Ambassade de Pologne". Issuu. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  9. Warsaw aflame. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  10. Seite 75 in http://www.amazon.de/Okkupation-Osten-Besatzeralltag-Warschau-1939-1944-ebook/dp/B00BEC5POE/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1409514953&sr=8-1&keywords=lehnstaedt+Okkupation+im+Osten
  11. "ISSUU - Inferno of Choices by Service culturel de l'Ambassade de Pologne". Issuu. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  12. Warsaw aflame. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  13. (Polish) Piotr Stachiewicz "Akcja Koppe : Krakowska akcja Parasola" Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, Warsaw, 1982, ISBN 978-83-11-06752-3

Bibliography

Internet

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