North-Central American English

North-Central American English (also known as the Upper Midwestern or North Central dialect in the United States) is an American English dialect native to the Upper Midwestern United States, an area that somewhat overlaps with speakers of the separate Inland North dialect, centered more around the eastern Great Lakes region.^[1] The North Central dialect, often popularly though stereotypically recognized as a Minnesota accent, most strongly stretches from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to eastern Montana, including the northern tip of Wisconsin, the northern half of Minnesota, some of northern South Dakota, and most of North Dakota;^[2] however, many speakers of the dialect are also found scattered throughout Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Wisconsin (except for metropolitan Milwaukee), as well as in the northern half of Iowa.^[3]

The North Central dialect is considered to have developed in a residual dialect region from the neighboring distinct dialect regions of the American West, North, and Canada.^[4] A North Central "dialect island" exists in southcentral Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Valley, which was settled in the 1930s by Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin immigrants.^[5] "Yooper" English spoken in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and Iron Range English spoken in Minnesota's Iron Range are sub-varieties of the North Central dialect, largely influenced by Eastern European (especially Finnish) immigration to that area around the beginning of the 1900s.

Phonological characteristics

Not all of these characteristics are unique to the North Central region.

Vowels

• /uː/ and /oʊ/ are "conservative" in this region, and do not undergo the fronting that is common in some other regions of the United States.
• In addition to being conservative, /oʊ/ may be monophthongal, sometimes with lengthening: [o] ~ [oː]. The same is true for /eɪ/, which leads to variants like [e] or [eː], though data suggests that monophthongal variants are more common for /oʊ/ than for /eɪ/, and also that they are more common in coat than in ago or road, which may indicate phonological conditioning. Regionally, monophthongal mid vowels are more common in the northern tier of states, occurring more frequently in Minnesota and the Dakotas but much rarer in Iowa and Nebraska.^[1] The appearance of monophthongs in this region is sometimes explained as a consequence of the high degree of Scandinavian and German immigration to these northern states in the late nineteenth century. Erik R. Thomas argues that these monophthongs are the product of language contact and notes that other areas where they occur are places where speakers of other languages have had an influence such as the Pennsylvania "Dutch" region.^[6] An alternative account posits that these monophthongal variants represent historical retentions. Diphthongization of the mid vowels seems to have been a relatively recent phenomenon, appearing within the last few centuries, and did not affect all dialects in the UK. The monophthongs heard in this region may stem from the influence of Scots-Irish or other British dialects that maintain such forms. The fact that the monophthongs also appear in Canadian English may lend support to this account since Scots-Irish speech is known as an important influence in Canada.
• Some speakers exhibit raising of /æ/ before voiced velars (/ɡ/ and /ŋ/), with an up-glide rather than an in-glide, so that bag sounds close to beg or the first syllable of bagel in other dialects (other examples of where this applies include the word flag and agriculture). Sometimes the two are merged.^[4]
• Canadian raising of /aɪ/ is found in this region. It occurs before some voiced consonants. For example, many speakers pronounce fire, tiger, and spider with the raised vowel.^[7] Some speakers in this region raise /aʊ/ as well.^[8]
• The onset of /aʊ/ when not subject to raising is often quite far back, resulting in pronunciations like [ɑʊ].
• The cot–caught merger is common throughout the region,^[4] and the vowel can be quite forward: [ä].
• The words roof and root may be variously pronounced with either /ʊ/ or /u/; that is, with the vowel of foot or boot, respectively. This is highly variable, however, and these words are pronounced both ways in other parts of the country.
• The Mary–marry–merry merger: Words containing /æ/, /ɛ/, or /eɪ/ before an "r" and a vowel are all pronounced "[ɛ]-r-vowel," so that Mary, marry, and merry all rhyme with each other, and have the same first vowel as Sharon, Sarah, and bearing. This merger is widespread throughout the Midwest, West, and Canada.
• The pen–pin merger does not occur.
• There is no Canadian shift.^[4]

Consonants

• North Central speech is rhotic.

In addition, traces of a pitch accent as in Norwegian can persist in some areas of heavy Norwegian or Swedish settlement, and among people (sometimes who are not themselves of Scandinavian descent) who grew up in those areas. Also, sometimes the comparative form of adjectives are used in place of the root form of the adjective (e.g., saying "the sky is bluer" when the person means "the sky is blue" is common in Minnesota).

History and geography

The appearance of monophthongs in this region is sometimes explained as a consequence of the high degree of Scandinavian and German immigration to these northern states in the late 1800s. Linguist Erik R. Thomas argues that these monophthongs are the product of language contact and notes that other areas where they occur are places where speakers of other languages have had an influence such as the Pennsylvania "Dutch" region.^[9] An alternative account posits that these monophthongal variants represent historical retentions, since diphthongization of the mid vowels seems to have been a relatively recent phenomenon in the history of the English language, appearing within the last few centuries, and did not affect all dialects in the U.K. The monophthongs heard in this region may stem from the influence of Scots-Irish or other British dialects that maintain such forms. The fact that the monophthongs also appear in Canadian English may lend support to this account since Scots-Irish speech is known as an important influence in Canada.

Ethnic makeup of the US in 2000; the western part of Michigan's Upper Peninsula is the only region in the U.S. where Finnish Americans (medium light green) form the plurality. Likewise, Norwegian Americans (very light green) uniquely form the plurality in parts of Minnesota, North Dakota, and northeastern-most Montana.

People living in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (whose demonym, and sometimes sub-dialect, is known as "Yooper," deriving from the acronym "U.P." for "Upper Peninsula"), many northern areas of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and in Northeast Wisconsin are largely of Finnish, French Canadian, Cornish, Scandinavian, German, and/or Native American descent. The North Central dialect is so strongly influenced by these areas' languages and Canada that speakers from other areas may have difficulty understanding it. Almost half the Finnish immigrants to the U.S. settled in the Upper Peninsula, some joining Scandinavians who moved on to Minnesota. Another sub-dialect is spoken in Southcentral Alaska's Matanuska-Susitna Valley, because it was settled in the 1930s (during the Great Depression) by immigrants from the North Central dialect region.^[5][10]

Grammar

In this dialect, the preposition with is used without an object as an adverb in phrases like come with, as in Do you want to come with? for standard Do you want to come with me? or with us?. In standard English, other prepositions can be used as adverbs, like go down (down as adverb) for go down the stairs (down as preposition). With is not typically used in this way in standard English (particularly in British and its clone Irish English because of being distinguished as the original form of the English language), and this feature likely came from languages spoken by some immigrants, such as Scandinavian (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian), German (includes Austrian), or Dutch (includes Flemish and Luxembourgish, all of which have this construction, like Swedish kom med.^[11][12]

Also, sometimes the comparative form of adjectives are used in place of the root form of the adjective.

Vocabulary

Notable lifelong native speakers

• Steven Avery — "recognizably thick Wisconsin accent"^[13]
• Michele Bachmann — "that calming, matzoh-flat Minnesota accent"^[14]
• Joel Hodgson
• Don Ness — "You'll find that Ms Palin and Duluth Mayor Don Ness don't sound all that different."^[15]
• Julianne Ortman
• Sarah Palin^[5] — "Listeners who hear the Minnewegian sounds of the characters from Fargo when they listen to Ms. Palin are on to something: the Matanuska-Susitna Valley in Alaska, where she grew up, was settled by farmers from Minnesota"^[10]
• Dan Sparks
• Jesse Ventura

In popular culture

The Upper Midwestern accent is made conspicuous, often to the point of parody or near-parody, in the film Fargo (especially as displayed by Frances McDormand's character Marge Gunderson) and the radio program A Prairie Home Companion (as displayed by many minor characters, especially those voiced by Sue Scott, with whom lead characters, most frequently male roles voiced by Garrison Keillor. It is also evident in the film New in Town.

See also

• Yooper English
• North American English regional phonology
• Regional vocabularies of American English

Notes

References

• Kortmand, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5. 
• Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. pp. 187–208. ISBN 3-11-016746-8. 

Languages of the United States
English	Dialects of American English African American Vernacular English Appalachian English Baltimore English Boston English Cajun English California English Chicano English Eastern New England English General American English High Tider English Inland Northern American English Miami English Mid-Atlantic American / Delaware Valley English Maine English Midland American English New England Englishes New Mexican Englishes New Orleans English New York City English New York Latino English Northern American English North-Central American English Ozark English Pacific Northwest English Pennsylvania Dutch English Philadelphia English Pittsburgh English Puerto Rican English Southern American English Texan English Tidewater English Transatlantic English Upper Michigan English Western American English Western New England English Yeshiva English
Indigenous Languages	Language Families Algonquian Austronesian Caddoan Chinookan Eskimo–Aleut Iroquoian Keresan Maiduan Muskogean Na-Dene Palaihnihan Plateau Penutian Polynesian Pomoan Salishan Siouan Tanoan Tsimshianic Uto-Aztecan Wakashan Wintuan Yuk-Utian Yuman–Cochimí Chumashan Kalapuyan Living Languages Abenaki Achumawi Ahtna Alabama Aleut Alutiiq Arapaho Arikara Assiniboine Blackfoot Caddo Cahuilla Pamlico Cayuga Central Alaskan Yup'ik Central Pomo Central Siberian Yupik Central Sierra Miwok Chamorro Cherokee Chevak Cup’ik Cheyenne Chickasaw Choctaw Coast Tsimshian Cocopah Coeur d'Alene Ute-Chemehuevi Columbia-Moses Comanche Cree Crow Dakota Deg Xinag Dena'ina Eastern Pomo Fox Gros Ventre Gwich’in Haida Halkomelem Hän Havasupai–Hualapai Hawaiian Hidatsa Hopi Hupa Inuit Inupiat Ipai Jemez Jicarilla Kansa Karuk Kashaya Kathlamet Kawaiisu Kiowa Kitanemuk Klallam Koasati Konkow Koyukon Kumeyaay Kutenai Lakota Tsinúk Lower Tanana Luiseño Lushootseed Mahican Maidu Makah Mandan Maricopa Massachusett Menominee Mescalero-Chiricahua Mi'kmaq Mikasuki Mohawk Mohegan-Pequot Mojave Mono Munsee Muscogee Myaamia Nanticoke Narragansett Navajo Nez Perce Nisenan Nomlaki Nooksack North Straits Salish Northern Paiute O'odham Ojibwe Okanagan Omaha–Ponca Oneida Onondaga Osage Patwin Picuris Potawatomi Powhatan Quapaw Quechan Quiripi Sahaptin Salish Samoan Seneca Serrano Shawnee Shoshoni Siuslaw Southeastern Pomo Southern Pomo Southern Sierra Miwok Southern Tiwa Stoney Tanacross Taos Tewa Thompson Tiipai Timbisha Tolowa Tübatulabal Tule-Kaweah Yokuts Tuscarora Twana Unami Upper Chinook Upper Kuskokwim Upper Tanana Valley Yokuts Washo Western Apache Wichita Winnebago Wintu Wyandot Yaqui Yavapai Yuchi Zuni Extinct Languages Apalachee Atsugewi Barbareño Bay Miwok Biloxi Buena Vista Yokuts Cahto Catawba Central Kalapuya Chico Chitimacha Chiwere Coast Miwok Cowlitz Cruzeño Cupeño Erie Etchemin Eyak Gashowu Yokuts Holikachuk Kings River Yokuts Kitsai Klamath Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie Lake Miwok Lipan Loup Lower Chehalis Mattole Mitchigamea Molala Moneton Nawathinehena Neutral Huron Northeastern Pomo Northern Kalapuya Northern Pomo Northern Sierra Miwok Nottoway Obispeño Ofo Palewyami Piro Pueblo Plains Apache Plains Miwok Purisimeño Quinault Susquehannock Tillamook Tongva Tonkawa Tsetsaut Tutelo-Saponi Tututni Upper Chehalis Upper Umpqua Ventureño Wailaki Wenrohronon Woccon Yoncalla Mixed or Trade Languages Chinook Jargon Michif
Sign languages	American Sign Language Black American Sign Language Hawai'i Sign Language Keresan Pueblo Navajo Family Sign Language Plains Indian Sign Language Blackfoot Cheyenne Cree Navajo Plateau Sign Language Puerto Rican Sign Language Samoan Sign Language? Martha's Vineyard Sign Language Sandy River Valley Sign Language Henniker Sign Language
Others (number of speakers in 2000 in millions)	Spanish (28) Caló (Chicano) New Mexican Puerto Rican Isleño Varieties of Chinese (2) French (2) Louisiana Cajun Colonial Métis Missouri Muskrat New England German (1.4) "Pennsylvania Dutch" Hutterite Plautdietsch Bernese Alsatian Texas Tagalog (1.2) Arabic (1.1) Vietnamese (1) Italian (1) Korean (0.9) Russian (0.7) Polish (0.7) Portuguese (0.6) Greek (0.4) Persian (0.3) Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (0.2) Armenian (0.2) Yiddish (0.2)