Njoro River Cave
Njoro River Cave was first excavated in 1938 by Mary Leakey and her husband Louis Leakey. Dated to roughly 1000 BC, the excavations revealed a mass cremation site. They also uncovered pottery, beads, stone bowls, basket work, pestles and flakes. The Leakey's excavation was one of the earliest to uncover ancient beads and tools in the area and a later investigation in 1950 was the first to use radiocarbon dating in East Africa.[1]
Dating
The Njoro River Cave was the first use of radiocarbon dating in East Africa.[1][2] Though the Leakeys only made a single observation in 1950, later tests in the 1980s on excavated elements confirmed the original estimate of 1000 BC and suggested more modern observational techniques would've dated the site a few hundred years earlier.[2]
Cremation and burial
About eighty bodies were originally recovered.[3] While there is nothing that would suggest the items were only left for certain genders, the number of male remains found doubled the amount of female remains. each body was buried with some type of potsherd, basket, bead, stone bowl, pestle, gourd or other various items. It appears the bodies underwent a series of steps to complete the ritual. First the bodies were wrapped in skins. They were then bound and covered with soil before the burning took place. Then a hole was dug into the ground and the body was placed into the hole. They were covered with soil and red ochre. Then a fire was lit on top. Covering the bodies were subjected to an oven atmosphere, leaving the remains in various states.
Beads
The site contained thousands of beads made of semi-precious stones including agate, quartz, chalcedony and microcline. Before this excavation, beads such as these were thought to have been imported. Despite the fact many of the beads were burned for ceremonial purposes and lost their color, many of the excavated pieces kept their shape.
Pottery and baskets
Although many pottery pieces were found, they were only able to rebuild two pots. 78 stone vessels were recovered.[4] There were several different types of bowls found, including platters and shallow basins, pestle-rubbing, deep bowls, round-and flat-based, convex-sided bowls with sharp rims, oblong and oval bowls. These patterns were more ornate than others in the region.[5]
References
- 1 2 Robertshaw, Peter (1988-06-01). "The elmenteitan: An early food‐producing culture in East Africa". World Archaeology. 20 (1): 57–69. doi:10.1080/00438243.1988.9980056. ISSN 0043-8243.
- 1 2 Merrick, H. V.; Monaghan, M. C. (1984-01-01). "The Date of the Cremated Burials in Njoro River Cave". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 19 (1): 7–11. doi:10.1080/00672708409511326. ISSN 0067-270X.
- ↑ Leakey, Mary Douglas; Leakey, Louis Seymour Bazett (1950). Excavations at the Njoro River Cave: stone age cremated burials in Kenya Colony. Clarendon Press.
- ↑ Robertshaw, P.T.; Collett, D.P. (1983). "The Identification of Pastoral Peoples in the Archaeological Record: An Example from East Africa.". World Archaeology. 15 (1). JSTOR 124638.
- ↑ Sutton, J. E. G (1964). "A Review of Pottery from the Kenya Highlands". The South African Archaeological Bulletin: 27–35. doi:10.2307/3888232. JSTOR 3888232.
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