Nenets people

Nenets
Ненэй ненэче

Nenets child
Total population
(44,857 (2010 Census))
Regions with significant populations
Russia
Russia	44,640[1]
Ukraine	217[2]
Languages
Nenets, Russian, Komi
Religion
Shamanism, † Orthodox Christianity (Russian Orthodox Church)
Related ethnic groups
other Samoyedic peoples Enets Nganasans Selkups

The Nenets (Nenets: ненэй ненэче, nenəj nenəče, Russian: ненцы, nentsy), also known as Samoyeds, are an indigenous people in northern arctic Russia. According to the latest census in 2010, there are 44,857 Nenets in the Russian Federation, most of them living in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Nenets Autonomous Okrug. They speak either the Tundra or Forest varieties of Nenets.

Name

In Russian ethnographic literature of the 19th century, they were called "Самоядь", "Самодь", (samoyad', samod', samodiytsy, samodiyskie narody) which was often transliterated into English as Samodi.

The literal morphs samo and yed in Russian convey the meaning "self-eater", which appears as derogatory. Therefore, the name Samoyed quickly went out of usage in the 20th century, and the people bear the name of Nenets, which means "man".

When reading old Russian documents, it is necessary to keep in mind that the term Samoyed was often applied indiscriminately to different peoples of Northern Russia who speak related Uralic languages: Nenets, Nganasans, Enets, Selkups (speakers of Samoyedic languages). Currently, the term "Samoyedic peoples" applies to the whole group of different peoples. It is the general term which includes the Nenets, Enets, Selkup, and Nganasan peoples.

Language

The Nenets language is on the Samoyedic branch of the Uralic language family, with two major dialects, Forest Nenets and Tundra Nenets.^[3] Between 26,500 and 27,000 people in Siberia speak the language.^[4] Ethnologue cites that in Siberia, Russian Federation, most young people are still fluent in Nenets, whereas in the European areas they tend to speak Russian. Overall, the majority of speakers are from older generations. UNESCO classifies it as an endangered language.^[5] Some believe that the use of Russian and Komi is due to inter ethnic marriages.^[6]

History and way of life

A group of Nenets in Dudinka

Nenets family

There are two distinct groups of Nenets stricto sensu based on their economy: the Tundra Nenets (living far to the north) and the Khandeyar or Forest Nenets. A distinct third group of Nenets (Yaran people) has emerged as a result of intermarriages between Nenets and Izhma Komi people.

The Samoyedic languages form a branch of the Uralic language family. They moved from farther south in Siberia to the northernmost part of what later became Russia sometime before the 12th century.

They ended up between the Kanin and Taymyr peninsulas, around the Ob and Yenisey rivers, with only a few of them settling into small communities like Kolva. Their main subsistence comes from hunting and reindeer herding. Using reindeer as a draft animal throughout the year enables them to cover great distances. Large-scale reindeer herding emerged in the 18th century. They bred the Samoyed dog to help herd their reindeer and pull their sleds, and European explorers later used these dogs for polar expeditions, because they were well adapted to the arctic conditions. Tundra wolves can be a source of considerable economic loss, as they prey on the reindeer herds which are the livelihood of some Nenets families.^[7] Along with reindeer meat, fish is a major component in the Nenets' diet. Nenets housing is conical yurt(mya).

They have a shamanistic and animistic belief system which stresses respect for the land and its resources. They had a clan-based social structure. The Nenets shaman is called a Tadibya.

After the Russian Revolution, their culture suffered due to Soviet collectivisation policy. The government of the Soviet Union tried to force the nomadic Samoyeds to become sedentary. They were forced to settle in villages and their children were educated in state boarding schools, which resulted in erosion of their cultural identity. Many, especially in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug lost their mother tongue and became assimilated. Since the 1930s, a few Nenets have come to express themselves through professionalized cultural media. For instance, Tyko Vylka and Konstantin Pankov became well-known painters. Anna Nerkagi is one of the most celebrated Nenets writers. Yuri Vella, though living as a reindeer herder, has become the first writer in the Forest Nenets language.

Environment

Environmental damage to the Nenets' ancestral land is significant due to industrialisation of their land, colonization and climate change.^[8] Because of the expansive gas and oil industry, reindeer pastures are shrinking, and some regions, such as the Yamal Peninsula are overgrazed, further endangering the Nenets way of life. It is documented that global warming and climate change affect nomadic Nenets reindeer herders, as certain lands they need to cross to follow migration patterns are only accessible during winter.^[9] Earlier spring melts compounded by delayed autumn freeze, affect the reindeer and herders ability to traverse the frozen tundra.^[10] The Arkhangelsk-based medical doctor, Leonid Zubov, has documented how this disables Nenets people's access to medical facilities, causing them to wait until the next snow season for medical attention.^[11]

Appearance

Nenets are mostly 'mongoloid' in facial structure, with epicanthic folds and dark hair, though blonde hair and/or blue eyes are not unheard of. Some Nenets have predominantly Caucasian features. That has likely occurred due to interracial marriages with local Komi tribes.

See also

• Music of Nenetsia
• Nga (god)
• Siberian minorities in the Soviet era
• Pole worship
• Environmental racism in Europe

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "^{article name needed}". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links

• UNESCO Red Book on endangered languages
• Jarkko Niemi: The types of the Nenets songs. 1997
• Minority languages of Russia on the Net
• The Red Book of the peoples of the Russian Empire
• Article on Nenets religion, culture and history
• Historic-demographic note on the Nenets of the Komi Republic
• BBC: Nenets Tribe
• Photos of Nenets reindeer herders

Ethnic groups in Russia
Titular Nationalities	Adyghe Altay Bashkirs Balkars Belarusians Buryats Chechens Chuvash Cherkess Ingush Kabardins Kalmyks Karachays Karelians Khakas Komi Mordvins Mokshas Ossetians Mari Russians Tatars Tuvans Udmurts Ukrainians Yakuts
Indigenous peoples	Far North Ainus Aleuts Alyutors Chukchis Chuvans Dolgans Enets Itelmens Kereks Koryaks Nenets Nganasans Sami Siberian Yupik Naukan Sirenik Veps Yukaghir Far East Nanai Negidals Nivkh Oroch Orok Tazs Udege Ulchs Siberia Central Chulyms Evenks Evens Kets Khanty Mansi Selkups Teleuts Southern Chelkans Kumandins Shors Soyots Telengits Tofalars Tubalar Tozhu Tuvans Dagestan Aghuls Avars Azerbaijanis Dargins Kumyks Laks Lezgins Nogais Rutuls Tabasarans Tats Tsakhurs others Other Abazins Besermyan Izhorians Jews Nagaybaks Shapsugs