Egyptian Navy

Egyptian Navy
القوات البحرية المصرية
Naval Ensign
Active	1800 - Present (216 years)
Country	Egypt
Branch	Egyptian Coast Guard Egyptian Navy Thunderbolt Egyptian Naval Aviation
Type	Navy
Size	18,500 active (As of 2014)[1] 14,000 Reserve (As of 2014)[1] 32,500 Total (As of 2014)[1] 245 vessels (As of 2014)[2]
Part of	Egyptian Armed Forces
Headquarters	Alexandria
Colours	Blue, Red, White and Black
Anniversaries	21 October
Equipment	Current Fleet
Commanders
Commander in Chief of the Navy	Vice Admiral Osama Mounir Rabei
Chief of Staff of the Navy	Rear Admiral Ahmed Khaled Hassan Saeed
Insignia
Ceremonial Flag
Insignia	Egyptian Navy ranks
Aircraft flown
Attack	Dassault Rafale, F-16 Fighting Falcon
Electronic warfare	Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
Fighter	Rafale, F-16 Fighting Falcon
Helicopter	Aérospatiale Gazelle, Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprite, Westland Sea King, NH90

The Egyptian Navy is the maritime branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces. It is the largest navy in the Middle East and Africa, and is the sixth largest in the world measured by the number of vessels.^[3] The navy's missions include protection of more than 2,000 kilometers of coastline of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, defense of approaches to the Suez Canal, and support for army operations. The majority of the Egyptian Navy was created with the help of the Soviet Union in the 1960s. The navy received ships in the 1980s from China and other, western, sources. In 1989, the Egyptian Navy had 18,000 personnel as well as 2,000 personnel in the Coast Guard.^[4]

History

Ramses III at the Battle of the Delta between the Egyptian Navy and the Sea Peoples approximately 1198–1166 BC

Muhammad Ali Pasha displaying his army and navy 1830–1848

Egypt has had a navy since Ancient Egyptian times. The Ancient Egyptian Navy was a vital part of the military of ancient Egypt, helping to transport troops along the Nile River and fighting many battles such as the Battle of the Delta against the Sea Peoples. The Ancient Egyptian Navy imported many of their ships from countries such as the Kingdom of Cyprus.^[5] Several Ancient Egyptian solar ships are still present today.

In the early 1800s, Egypt under Muhammad Ali Pasha developed a modern European-style army and navy. After intervening in the Greek War of Independence at Ottoman Turkey's request, the Egyptian navy was destroyed in 1827 at the Battle of Navarino by the fleets of Great Britain, France and Russia. With the Egyptian army in Greece then isolated, Muhammad Ali made terms with the British and withdraw a year later.

A replacement fleet was built for the First Egyptian-Ottoman War in 1831, and landed troops at Jaffa in support of the main Egyptian army marching into Syria. In the Second Egyptian–Ottoman War in 1839, following Egyptian victory in the Battle of Nezib, the Ottoman fleet sailed to Alexandria and defected to the Egyptian side. However, these victories provoked decisive European intervention to support the Turks, and while Muhammad Ali's dynasty continued to reign, Egypt ended up effectively a British colony until the 1950s.

The Egyptian navy was only peripherally involved in the series of conflicts with Israel. On 22 October 1948, the Egyptian sloop El Amir Farouq was sunk in the Mediterranean Sea off Gaza by a motor explosive boat of the Israeli Navy during the Israeli naval campaign in Operation Yoav as part of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.^[6][7][8] During the Suez Crisis, Egypt dispatched the Ibrahim el Awal, an ex-British Hunt class destroyer, to Haifa with the aim of shelling that city's coastal oil installations. On 31 October the Ibrahim el Awal reached Haifa and began bombarding the city but was driven off by a French warship and then pursued by the Israeli destroyers INS Eilat and INS Yaffo which, with the help of the Israeli Air Force, captured the ship.^[9] Egyptian destroyers and torpedo boats engaged larger British vessels in a move aimed at undermining the amphibious operations of the British and French. On the night of 31 October in the northern Red Sea, the British light cruiser HMS Newfoundland challenged and engaged the Egyptian frigate Domiat, reducing it to a burning hulk in a brief gun battle. The Egyptian warship was then sunk by escorting destroyer HMS Diana, with 69 surviving Egyptian sailors rescued.^[10]

Egyptian and Ottoman Navy during the war of Greece's independence from the Ottoman Empire

The Egyptian Navy's blockade of Israeli ships in the Strait of Tiran that were headed toward the Israeli port of Eilat was one of the main causes of the Six-Day War. During the war, the Israeli Navy landed six combat divers from the Shayetet 13 naval commando unit to infiltrate Alexandria harbor. The divers sank an Egyptian minesweeper before being taken prisoner. Both Egyptian and Israeli warships made movements at sea to intimidate the other side throughout the war, but did not engage each other. However, Israeli warships and aircraft did hunt for Egyptian submarines throughout the war.

In October 1967, a few months after the cease-fire, the Egyptian Navy was the first navy in history to sink a ship using anti-ship missiles, when an Egyptian Komar-class fast-attack craft sank the Israeli destroyer INS Eilat with two direct hits.^[11] This was a milestone of modern naval warfare, and for the first time anti-ship missiles showed their potential, sinking the destroyer 17 km off Port Said.

On the night of 15–16 November 1969, Egyptian Navy frogmen attacked the port of Eilat and caused severe damages to the armed transport ship Bat Yam.^[12] On 5–6 February 1970, the frogmen attacked the Israeli landing ships at the same port and same piers causing severe damages to the landing ship Bait Shivaa and transport armed ship Hydroma.^[12] On 8 March 1970, the frogmen attacked the Israeli oil drill Keting at the port of Abidjan in Ivory Coast believing that Israel had bought this oil drill from the Netherlands for the purposes of oil exploration in the Suez Gulf.^[12]

In the Yom Kippur War, Egypt blocked commercial traffic to Eilat in the Gulf of Aqaba by laying mines; it also attempted to blockade Israeli ports on the Mediterranean.^[4] The navy also used the coastal artillery to the east of Port Fouad to support the Egyptian Army in order to prepare for the assault on the Suez Canal.^[12] In the Battle of Baltim, three Egyptian Osa-class missile boats were sunk.

Chain of command

officers
	Admirals				Senior officers			Junior officers
Shoulder straps
Patches
Title	Admiral فريق أول	Vice Admiral فريق	Rear Admiral لواء	Commodore عميد	Captain عقيد	Commander مقدم	Lieutenant Commander رائد	Lieutenant نقيب	Sub-lieutenant ملازم أول	Ensign ملازم
NATO code	OF-9	OF-8	OF-7	OF-6	OF-5	OF-4	OF-3	OF-2		OF-1

Under the officers and sailors
Patches				—
Title	Chief Petty Officer رقيب أول	Petty Officer رقيب	Leading Seaman عريف	Seaman جندي
NATO code	OR-4		OR-3		OR-2	OR-1

Flags

Flag	Ceremonial Flag	Pennant

Ranks Flags

Vice-admiral	Rear-admiral	Senior on the roads

Bases

Mediterranean

The Egyptian navy's headquarters and main base is at Alexandria on the Mediterranean Sea with other Mediterranean naval bases at Port Said and Mersa Matruh.

Red Sea

Egypt naval bases on the Red Sea are Hurghada, Safaga, Berenice and Suez.

Present fleet

The Egyptian Navy will be restructured into two different fleets, one for the Mediterranean sea and the other for the Red Sea. This in a context where the safety of shipping in the Red Sea is becoming increasingly important.^[13]

Ships

FREMM multipurpose frigate Tahya Misr during "Zat Al-Sawari" naval maneuver concluded in 2016.  Knox-class frigate  Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate  Gowind class

Aircraft

The navy lacked its own air arm and depended on the air force for maritime reconnaissance and protection against submarines. The air force's equipment that supported the navy included twelve Gazelle and five Sea King helicopters mounted with antiship and antisubmarine missiles. In mid-1988 the air force also took delivery of the first of six Grumman E-2c Hawkeye aircraft with search and side-looking radar for maritime surveillance purposes.

The Egyptian Air Force equipment that supports the navy includes the following:

• 9 Aérospatiale Gazelle, used for naval shore reconnaissance.
• 10 Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprite (with 3 additional used as spares), armed with Anti submarine torpedoes.
• 5 Westland Sea King helicopters mounted with antiship missiles and antisubmarine torpedoes.

In mid-1988 the air force also took delivery of the first of 6 Grumman E-2C Hawkeye aircraft, now 8 units are operational and are used to secure the maritime borders among other missions; it also operates 6 Beechcraft 1900C aircraft for maritime surveillance purposes with search and side-looking radar. The Egyptian Navy also uses Mil Mi-8 and Sea King helicopters to transport troops.^[14]

Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprite  Westland Sea King  NHIndustries NH90  Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye

Submarine fleet

Egypt is in the process of acquiring four German 209 class SSKs. There is no hard evidence that the Egyptian submarine fleet is capable of operating swimmers; indeed, the four submarines have not been reported at sea for some time. Nevertheless, the navy does possess a UDT team and SDVs.

Type 209 submarine  Romeo-class submarine

Amphibious fleet

Until the delivery of the Mistral-class assault ships, this will remain a modest fleet of relatively elderly vessels. With no minor landing craft or fast assault craft, plans to conduct unilateral, opposed beach landings are unlikely. The LSMs and LCUs can operate rubber assault craft but probably in the reconnaissance role or special forces role rather than to hold a beach prior to a main landing. If all craft were operational, then a theoretical MBT lift of 45 could be achieved. There has been a requirement for LPD/LST type ships for some years. Russia is a possible supplier of secondhand ships if funds can be found. RoRo ferries are chartered for amphibious exercises.

Mistral class  EDA-R class  Seafox-class swimmer delivery craft  Landing Craft Mechanized

Surface fleet

Only those escorts capable of operating troop-lift helicopters (Kaman SH-2G Seasprite) are shown. It must, though, be accepted that all surface ships can launch and recover the rubber assault craft known to be used by the army's commando groups. Additionally the two, 1,702 ton Jianghu I class FFGs and the two, 1,479 ton Descubierta class FFGs can supply naval gunfire support.

Patrol forces

The Egyptian Navy has a potent fleet of fast attack craft, many fitted with missile systems. These and the navy-manned vessels of the Coast Guard, would be deployed in support of amphibious landings and certainly in their prevention.

Equipment

Ship to ship/surface missiles

• P-270 Moskit/SS-N-22 with 120 km range and 320 kg payload (launched from P-32 Molniya-class missile boat).
• HY-1 with 85 km range and 513 kg payload (launched from Hegu-class Coastal FAC/M).
• Harpoon with more than 124 km range and 220 kg payload (launched from Ambassador-class FPB/M, Knox-class frigates, Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates and Descubierta-class light frigates).
• Exocet (MM-38) with 65 km range and 165 kg payload (launched from Tiger-class FPB/M).
• Otomat Mk1 with 80 km range and 210 kg payload (launched from Ramadan-class FPB/M & October-class FAC/M).
• SS-N-2a Styx with 43 km range and 513 kg payload (launched from OSA I).

Surface to ship/surface missile (coastal defence)

• FL-1 with 150 km range and 513 kg payload.
• KSR-2 (AS-5 "Kelt") with 200 km range and 1000 kg payload. (Modified from air-launched version)
• Otomat MkII with 180 km+ range and 210 kg payload.
• Exocet (MM-40 MK III) with 180 km range and 165 kg payload.

The Egyptian Coast Guard

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The Egyptian Coast Guard is responsible for the onshore protection of public installations near the coast and the patrol of coastal waters to prevent smuggling. Currently consists of one hundred five ships and craft.

Patrol boats

• 22 Timsah I/II class
• 12 Sea Spectre PB Mk III class
• 9 Swiftships class
• 6 MV70 class
• 5 P-6 (Project 183) class
• 3 Textron class

Patrol crafts

• 25 Swiftships 26m class
• 16 SR.N6 class
• 9 Type 83 class
• 6 Crestitalia class
• 12 Spectre class
• 12 Peterson class
• 5 Nisr class
• 29 DC-30 class
• 3 of 6 MRTP-20 Yonka Onuk MRTP-20 class^[15][16][17]

Future

The Egyptian Navy has adopted the 60m diesel-powered Ambassador MK III fast missile patrol craft. The construction of the boats began in spring 2001. Egypt already had an older version of the Ambassador patrol craft in service, but the new boats would contain an update in design meant to make the vessels more resistant to radar detection. Design was conducted with the assistance of Lockheed Martin. Throughout recent years, Egypt has been constructing various Ramos-grade shipyards, which are capable of making more recent vessels like larger fast attack crafts, low-grade aircraft carriers (such as Oryx-class or Nimitz-class) and nuclear submarines, though none of the aforementioned vessles have been constructed there.

The navy is currently undergoing a modernization of its surface fleet. On 16 February 2015, the Egyptian Navy ordered one FREMM multipurpose frigate from the French shipbuilder DCNS to enter service before the opening of the New Suez Canal, as part of a larger deal (including 24 Rafales and a supply of missiles) worth €5.2bn.^[18][19] Egypt has also signed a €1bn contract with DCNS to buy four Gowind 2,500 ton corvettes with an option for two more.^[20] The ageing submarine fleet is to be replaced starting in 2016 when the first of four Type 209 submarine's worth €920 million start arriving from Germany.^[21]

On 7 August 2015, Le Monde reported that Egypt and Saudi Arabia are in discussions with France to purchase the two amphibious assault ship Mistral class originally intended for Russia. Le Monde quoted a French diplomatic source as confirming that French President François Hollande discussed the matter with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi during his visit to Egypt during the inauguration of the New Suez Canal in Ismailia.^[22][23] On 24 September 2015, the French presidency announced that an agreement had been reached with Egypt for the supply of the two Mistrals.^[24][25]

Commanders

Fouad Mohamed Abou Zikry, Commander in Chief of the Egyptian Navy between 1967–1969 and 1972–1976.

• Admiral Mahmoud Hamza Pasha (6 June 1946 – 1 October 1948)
• Admiral Ahmed Bek Badr (2 October 1948 – 30 September 1951)
• Admiral Mahmoud Bek Badr (1 October 1951 – 27 July 1952)
• Vice Admiral Mohamed Nashid (28 July 1952 – 14 September 1952)
• Admiral Suleiman Ezzat (15 September 1952 – 10 June 1967)
• Vice Admiral Fouad Abu Zikry (11 June 1967 – 11 September 1969)
• Rear Admiral Mahmoud Abdel Rahman Fahmy (12 September 1969 – 24 October 1972)
• Vice Admiral Fouad Abu Zikry
• Vice Admiral Ashraf Refaat
• Vice Admiral Mohamed Ali Mohamed
• Vice Admiral Ali Tawfik Gad (April 1983 - Oct 1987)
• Vice Admiral Sherif AlSadek (Oct 1987 - Oct 1990)
• Vice Admiral Ahmed Fadel
• Vice Admiral Ahmed Saber Seleem
• Vice Admiral Tamer Abdel Alim (October 2005 - October 2007)
• Vice Admiral Mohab Mamish (October 2007 - 11 August 2012)
• Vice Admiral Osama Ahmed ElGendy (14 August 2012 - 12 April 2015 )
• Vice Admiral Osama Mounir Rabie (13 April 2015 - present)

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Navy of Egypt.

• Ancient Egyptian navy
• Battle of Navarino included the Egyptian Navy
• Egyptian Armed Forces
• List of ships of the Egyptian Navy

References

External links

• Globalsecurity.org - egyptian navy
• armstrade.sipri.org