Mulhid

Mulhid (Arabic: ملحد‎‎ mulḥid, plural ملحدون mulḥidun and ملاحدۃ malāḥidah)[1] is an Islamic religious term meaning apostate, heretic, or atheist.[2] In pre-Islamic times the term was used in the literal sense of the root l-ḥ-d: "incline, deviate".[2] Its religious meaning is based on the Quranic verses 7:180 and 41:40.[2] Under the Umayyad caliphate it denoted desertion of the ummah and rebellion against legitimate caliphs.[2] Early in the Abbasid era rationalistic theologians began using it in the sense of "heretic", and it eventually came to refer to rejection of religion as such, to materialistic scepticism and atheism.[2] In Ottoman usage the term was commonly used in reference to Sufi and Shi'ite doctrines that were considered to be subversive.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Hans Wehr, J. Milton Cowan (1976). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (3rd ed.). Spoken Language Services. p. 859.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 W. Madelung (1993). "Mulḥid". In P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Encyclopaedia of Islam. 7 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 546.

See also

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