Mujaddid
A mujaddid (Arabic: مجدد), is an Islamic term for one who brings "renewal" (تجديد tajdid) to the religion.[1][2] According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity.
The concept is based not on the Quran but on a famous hadith (Prophetic tradition) recorded by Abu Dawood: Abu Hurairah narrated that the Islamic prophet Muhammad said:
| “ | Allah will raise for this community at the end of every hundred years the one who will renovate its religion for it. | ” | |
| — Sunan Abu Dawood, Book 37: Kitab al-Malahim [Battles], Hadith Number 4278[3] | |||
Mujaddid tend to come from the most prominent Islamic scholars of the time, although they are sometimes pious rulers.[2]
List of claimants and potential Mujaddids
While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and the Naqshbandi order have their own list of mujaddids.[2]
First Century (after the prophetic period) (August 3, 718)
- Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (682–720)[4][5]
Second Century (August 10, 815)
Third Century (August 17, 912)
- Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni (864–941)[7][8]
- Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (874–936)[6][9]
Fourth Century (August 24, 1009)
- Abu Bakr Al-Baqillani (950–1013)[5][10]
- Hakim al-Nishaburi (933–1012)[7]
- Ibn Hazm (994–1064)[8]
Fifth Century (September 1, 1106)
Sixth Century (September 9, 1203)
- Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149–1210)[15]
Seventh Century (September 5, 1300)
- Moinuddin Chishti (1165–1240)[8]
- Ibn Arabi (1165–1240)[8]
- Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328)[8]
Eighth Century (September 23, 1397)
- Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (1372–1448)[16]
Ninth Century (October 1, 1494)
- Jalaludin Al-Suyuti (1445–1505)[4][17]
Tenth Century (October 19, 1591)
- Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (1585–1671)[4]
Eleventh Century (October 26, 1688)
- Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624)[9][18]
- Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad (1634–1720)[19]
- Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1703–1762)[20]
Twelfth Century (November 4, 1785)
- Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī (1732–1790)[17]
- Shah Abdul Aziz Delhwi (1745–1823)[21]
- Usman Dan Fodio (1754–1817)[22]
Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)
- Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)[8]
- Said Nursî (1878–1960)[23]
Fourteenth Century (November 21, 1979)
Barelvi views
- Ahmad Raza Khan (1856–1921)[24]
Barelvi believes Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi is Mujaddid of Fourteenth Century.
Ahmadiyya views
- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908)[23][25]
Ahmadiyya Community is their belief in Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Promised Messiah and Mahdi.
References
- ↑ Faruqi, Burhan Ahmad. The Mujaddid's Conception of Tawhid. p. 7. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
- 1 2 3 Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. p. 678.
- ↑ Sunan Abu Dawood, 37:4278
- 1 2 3 "Mujaddid Ulema". Living Islam.
- 1 2 3 4 Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906.
- 1 2 3 Waines, David (2003). An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 0521539064.
- 1 2 3 Waliullah, Shah. Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa. p. 77, part 7.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Nieuwenhuijze, C.A.O.van (1997). Paradise Lost: Reflections on the Struggle for Authenticity in the Middle East. p. 24. ISBN 90 04 10672 3.
- 1 2 Josef W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, (Routledge 1 Dec 2005), p 678. ISBN 0415966906
- ↑ Ihya Ulum Ad Din, Dar Al Minhaj: Volume 1. p. 403.
- ↑ "Imam Ghazali: The Sun of the Fifth Century Hujjat al-Islam". The Pen. February 1, 2011.
- ↑ Jane I. Smith, Islam in America, p 36. ISBN 0231519990
- ↑ Dhahabi, Siyar, 4.566
- ↑ Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Oxford University Press, 1996, p 421
- ↑ "al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149-1209)". Muslim Philosophy.
- ↑ "Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani". Hanafi.co.uk.
- 1 2 Azra, Azyumardi (2004). The Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia part of the ASAA Southeast Asia Publications Series. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. ISBN 9780824828486.
- ↑ Glasse, Cyril (1997). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. p. 432. ISBN 90 04 10672 3.
- ↑ "A Short Biographical Sketch of Mawlana al-Haddad". Iqra Islamic Publications.
- ↑ Kunju, Saifudheen (2012). "Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions": 1. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
- ↑ "Gyarwee Sharif". al-mukhtar books.
- ↑ O. Hunwick, John (1995). African And Islamic Revival in Sudanic Africa: A Journal of Historical Sources. p. 6.
- 1 2 Rippin, Andrew. Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. p. 282.
- ↑ "Services As A Mujadid". Alahazrat Imam Ahmed Raza Khan.
- ↑ "The Promised Messiah". Al Islam.
Further reading
- Alvi, Sajida S. "The Mujaddid and Tajdīd Traditions in the Indian Subcontinent: An Historical Overview" ("Hindistan’da Mucaddid ve Tacdîd geleneği: Tarihî bir bakış"). Journal of Turkish Studies 18 (1994): 1–15.
- Friedmann, Yohanan. "Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity". Oxford India Paperbacks
External links
- Islami Mehfil, Concept Of Revivalist (Mujaddid) In Islam
- Shah Waliyu Llah about the Mujaddids (French)
- Al Hafiz Adh Dhahabi about the Mujaddids (French)
- Brief Introduction to the Concept of Mujaddidiyyat in Islam (Urdu)
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