Moreau's theorem

In mathematics, Moreau's theorem is a result in convex analysis. It shows that sufficiently well-behaved convex functionals on Hilbert spaces are differentiable and the derivative is well-approximated by the so-called Yosida approximation, which is defined in terms of the resolvent operator.

Statement of the theorem

Let H be a Hilbert space and let φ : H → R ∪ {+∞} be a proper, convex and lower semi-continuous extended real-valued functional on H. Let A stand for ∂φ, the subderivative of φ; for α > 0 let J_α denote the resolvent:

J_{{\alpha }}=({\mathrm {id}}+\alpha A)^{{-1}};

and let A_α denote the Yosida approximation to A:

A_{{\alpha }}={\frac 1{\alpha }}({\mathrm {id}}-J_{{\alpha }}).

For each α > 0 and x ∈ H, let

\varphi _{{\alpha }}(x)=\inf _{{y\in H}}{\frac 1{2\alpha }}\|y-x\|^{{2}}+\varphi (y).

Then

\varphi _{{\alpha }}(x)={\frac {\alpha }{2}}\|A_{{\alpha }}x\|^{{2}}+\varphi (J_{{\alpha }}(x))

and φ_α is convex and Fréchet differentiable with derivative dφ_α = A_α. Also, for each x ∈ H (pointwise), φ_α(x) converges upwards to φ(x) as α → 0.

Showalter, Ralph E. (1997). Monotone operators in Banach space and nonlinear partial differential equations. Mathematical Surveys and Monographs 49. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. pp. 162–163. ISBN 0-8218-0500-2. MR 1422252 (Proposition IV.1.8)

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