Montane grasslands and shrublands
Montane grasslands and shrublands is a biome defined by the World Wildlife Fund. The biome includes high altitude grasslands and shrublands around the world. The term "montane" in the name of the biome refers to "high altitude", rather than the ecological term which denotes the region below treeline.
Montane grasslands and shrublands located above the tree line are commonly known as alpine tundra, which occurs in mountain regions around the world. Below the tree line are subalpine and montane grasslands and shrublands. Stunted subalpine forests are known as krummholz, and occur just below the tree line, where harsh, windy conditions and poor soils create dwarfed and twisted forests of slow-growing trees.
Montane grasslands and shrublands, particularly in subtropical and tropical regions, often evolved as virtual islands, separated from other montane regions by warmer, lower elevation regions, and are frequently home to many distinctive and endemic plants which evolved in response to the cool, wet climate and abundant tropical sunlight. Characteristic plants of these habitats display adaptations such as rosette structures, waxy surfaces, and hairy leaves. A unique feature of many wet tropical montane regions is the presence of giant rosette plants from a variety of plant families, such as Lobelia (Afrotropic), Puya (Neotropic), Cyathea (New Guinea), and Argyroxiphium (Hawaii).
The most extensive montane grasslands and shrublands occur in the Neotropic Páramo of the Andes Mountains. This biome also occurs in the mountains of east and central Africa, Mount Kinabalu of Borneo, highest elevations of the Western Ghats in South India and the Central Highlands of New Guinea.
Where conditions are drier, one finds montane grasslands, savannas, and woodlands, like the Ethiopian Highlands, and montane steppes, like the steppes of the Tibetan Plateau.
Montane grassland and shrubland ecoregions
| Australian Alps montane grasslands | Australia |
| Central Range sub-alpine grasslands | Indonesia, Papua New Guinea |
| Southland montane grasslands | New Zealand |
| Kinabalu montane alpine meadows | Malaysia |
| Central Andean dry puna | Argentina, Bolivia, Chile |
| Central Andean puna | Argentina, Bolivia, Peru |
| Central Andean wet puna | Bolivia, Peru |
| Cordillera Central páramo | Ecuador, Peru |
| Cordillera de Merida páramo | Venezuela |
| Northern Andean páramo | Colombia, Ecuador |
| Santa Marta páramo | Colombia |
| Talamanca Paramo | Costa Rica, Panama |
| Southern Andean steppe | Argentina, Chile |
| Zacatonal | Mexico, Guatemala |
| Altai alpine meadow and tundra | China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia |
| Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe | China |
| Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows | Bhutan, Myanmar, China, India, Nepal |
| Ghorat-Hazarajat alpine meadow | Afghanistan |
| Hindu Kush alpine meadow | Afghanistan, Pakistan |
| Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe | Afghanistan, China, India, Pakistan |
| Khangai Mountains alpine meadow | Mongolia |
| Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe | Iran, Turkmenistan |
| Kuhrud-Kohbanan Mountains forest steppe | Iran |
| Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe | Morocco |
| North Tibetan Plateau-Kunlun Mountains alpine desert | China |
| Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows | China, India, Pakistan |
| Ordos Plateau steppe | China |
| Pamir alpine desert and tundra | Afghanistan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan |
| Qilian Mountains subalpine meadows | China |
| Sayan Alpine meadows and tundra | Mongolia, Russia |
| Southeast Tibet shrub and meadows | China |
| Sulaiman Range alpine meadows | Afghanistan, Pakistan |
| Tian Shan montane steppe and meadows | China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan |
| Tibetan Plateau alpine shrub and meadows | China |
| Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows | India, Nepal |
| Yarlung Zambo arid steppe | China |