Mohamed Abdelaziz (Sahrawi politician)

This article is about the Sahrawi President. For other people with the same name, see Mohamed Abdelaziz.
Mohamed Abdelaziz
محمد عبد العزيز‎
President of the Sahrawi Republic
In office
August 1982 – 31 May 2016
Prime Minister Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed
Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun
Mahfoud Ali Beiba
Abdelkader Taleb Omar
Succeeded by Khatri Addouh (Acting)
Personal details
Born (1947-08-17)17 August 1947
Marrakesh, French Morocco or Smara, Spanish Sahara
Died 31 May 2016(2016-05-31) (aged 68)
Tindouf, Algeria
Political party Polisario Front
Spouse(s) Khadija Hamdi
Alma mater Mohammed V University
Religion Sunni Islam

Mohamed Abdelaziz (Arabic: محمد عبد العزيز‎‎; 17 August 1947 – 31 May 2016) was the 3rd Secretary General of the Polisario Front, from 1976, and the 1st President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from 1982,[1] until his death in 2016.

Biography

Mohamed Abdelaziz ben Khalili ben Mohamed al-Bachir Er-Rguibi was born in Marrakesh[2][3][4] or in Smara[5][6][7] into a Sahrawi family of an eastern Reguibat subtribe, migrating between Western Sahara, Mauritania, western Algeria and southern Morocco.

He was the son of Khalili Ben Mohamed Al-Bachir Rguibi, who was a member of the Moroccan Liberation Army and the Royal Moroccan Army.[8][9] Abdelaziz's father lived in Morocco with a part of his family and was a member of the Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs.[8][9][10] His father held two transport licences in Morocco for buses serving Rabat–Casablanca–Essaouira.[11] The first license was given to him by Hassan II in 1983 and the second by Mohammed VI in 2002.[11] His brother is Mohamed Lahbib Rguibi,[12] lawyer of many Sahrawi human rights activists such as Aminatou Haidar or Naama Asfari, and former "disappeared" in Moroccan prisons between 1976 and 1991.[13][14]

As a student in the Mohammed V University of Rabat, he gravitated towards Sahrawi nationalism, and became one of the founding members of the Polisario Front, a Sahrawi independence movement in Western Sahara with strong Arab socialist ideas which launched a few attacks against Spanish colonialism in the Spanish Sahara in 1973. Shortly after Spain relinquished control of the area to Mauritania and Morocco in the 1975 Madrid Accords, Polisario declared the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), leading to the Western Sahara War (1975-1991). From 1976 until his death Abdelaziz was Secretary-General of the Polisario Front, replacing Mahfoud Ali Beiba, who had taken the post as interim Secretary-General after El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed was killed in action in Mauritania.[15]

Abdelaziz was also the first president of the SADR from August 1982,[1] after a change made in the constitution by the fifth general congress of the Polisario, deciding the post were to be held by the secretary-general of the Polisario.[16]

He lived in exile in the Sahrawi refugee camps in the Tindouf Province of western Algeria.[15] According to some former members of Polisario now aligned with Morocco, Abdelaziz was "chosen" by Algeria at the top of the organization although he did not belong to the very closed circle of the organization's founders and "he always considered himself to be their man."[17] Under Abdelaziz, Polisario continued its guerrilla war against Morocco and Mauritania, until the latter's withdrawal in 1979 and the construction of the Moroccan Wall in 1980s. With the wall limiting attacks, Abdelaziz turned to diplomatic measures to secure SADR's future.[15]

The Organization of African Unity (OAU) seated Western Sahara for the first time in 1982, despite Morocco's vehement objections. This led to Morocco's withdrawal from the OAU two years later. In 1985, Abdelaziz was elected as Vice-President of the OAU at its 21st summit, effectively signalling that the Sahrawi Republic would be a permanent OAU member despite the controversy.[18] When the African Union (AU) replaced the OAU in 2001, Abdelaziz was elected as AU vice-president at its first summit.[19] In December 2005, as leader of the Polisario Front, he received Spanish Human Rights Association's "Human Rights International Prize".[20] Abdelaziz died of lung cancer on May 31, 2016.[21][22]

Politics

Abdelaziz was considered a secular nationalist[23] and steered the Polisario and the Sahrawi republic towards political compromise, notably in backing the United Nations' Baker Plan in 2003. Under his leadership, Polisario also abandoned its early Arab socialist orientation, in favor of a Western Sahara organized along liberal democratic lines. He is, however to date, the 2nd longest ruling non-royal leader and was the President of the Sahrawi Republic for nearly 35 years.

There was some criticism against Abdelaziz from within the Polisario for preventing reforms inside the movement, and for insisting on a diplomatic course which had gained few concessions from Morocco, rather than re-launching the armed struggle favored by many within the movement. The only supposedly opposition group is the Front Polisario Khat al-Shahid, which states that it wants to continue with militant attacks.[15] Abdelaziz specifically denied the existence of such a group;[10] he maintained that only the Polisario exists in the camps.

Abdelaziz condemned terrorism, insisting the Polisario's guerrilla war is to be a "clean struggle" (that is, not targeting private citizens' safety or property); he however acknowledged mistreatment to Moroccan prisoners of war as well as attacking civilian populations in Moroccan cities by the Polisario Front, justifying this as necessary evils in times of war and that the Polisario had to use every means in order to defend the Sahrawi population from the enemy.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 Abd al-Aziz Muhammad In: Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis Gates (eds.) Dictionary of African Biography, Volume 6, Oxford University Press, 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  2. ↑ Pierret, Alain (2010). De la case africaine à la villa romaine: un demi-siècle au service de l'état. Harmattan. p. 174. ISBN 978-2-296-11585-9.
  3. ↑ Hughes, Stephen O. Morocco Under King Hassan, 2001. Page 247.
  4. ↑ "African concord, Volumes 2-3". Concord Press of Nigeria: 6. 1989.
  5. ↑ Mohamed Abdelaziz: «El Sáhara no puede ser moneda de cambio entre España y Marruecos» (Spanish)
  6. ↑ "El pueblo nos pide volver a la guerra, pero creemos que con el apoyo internacional la solución pacífica es posible" (Spanish)
  7. ↑ "Esperamos que la comunidad internacional presione a Marruecos para recuperar nuestro derecho de autodeterminación" Archived July 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. (Spanish)
  8. 1 2 "Le père de Mohamed Abdelaziz voterait pour le Maroc". Maghress. Maghreb Arab Press. 2002-01-05. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  9. 1 2 Gazette du Maroc (2005-10-24). "De Rguibi Khalili à son fils Abdelaziz ...". Gazette du Maroc. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 Ahmed R. Benchemsi and Mehdi Sekkouri Alaoui. "Au cœur du polisario". Telquel. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  11. 1 2 "Le père du dirigeant du Polisario et le garde-corps préféré du roi parmi les bénéficiaires d'agréments | Demain". DemainOnline. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  12. ↑ "Aminetu Haidar reaparece en un tenso juicio en Casablanca" (in Spanish). ABC. 2010-10-15. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
  13. ↑ Rapport de Mission d’observateurs au proces en appel de Ennaama Asfari et de la Mission d’enquete qui s’est deroulee du 6 au 9 Mai 2007 dans les Territoires Occupes (Laayoune et Smara) pour l’Association franÇaise «Droit Solidarite» et l’Association Internationale des Juristes Democrates (French)
  14. ↑ "En las mazmorras de Hassan" (in Spanish). Interviú. 2007-11-19. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.; Gates, Jr., Henry Louis; Niven, Steven J. (2012). Dictionary of African Biography, Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9780195382075.
  16. ↑ Zunes S; Mundy J (2010). Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution Syracuse University Press. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  17. ↑ "UN Polisario Front report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2007.
  18. ↑ Stefan Talmon, Recognition of Governments in International Law (1998), Oxford University Press, page 187.
  19. ↑ "afrol News: Morocco loses out in Africa".
  20. ↑ APDHE - Memoria de actividades 2005 Archived September 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. (In Spanish)
  21. ↑ "Mort du chef du Polisario Mohamed Abdelaziz". 31 May 2016.
  22. ↑ Polisario Front leader Mohamed Abdelaziz dies
  23. ↑ "ISS Africa - Home". ISS Africa. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
Political offices
Preceded by
Mahfoud Ali Beiba
Acting		 President of the Sahrawi Republic
1976–2016 		Succeeded by
Khatri Addouh
Acting
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