Mizuko kuyō

Jizo statues at Zojo-ji temple in Tokyo

Mizuko kuyō (水子供養) or "fetus memorial service", is a Japanese ceremony for those who have had a miscarriage, stillbirth, or abortion. This practice has become particularly visible since the 1970s with the creation of shrines devoted solely to this ritual. Reasons for the performance of these rites can include parental grief, desire to comfort the soul of the fetus, guilt for an abortion, or even fear of retribution from a vengeful spirit.

Mizuko

Mizuko (水子), literally "water child", is a Japanese term for a dead fetus or, archaically, a dead baby or infant, while kuyō refers to a memorial service. Previously read suiji, the Sino-Japanese on'yomi reading of the same characters, the term was originally a kaimyō (posthumous name) given after death.[1] The mizuko kuyō, typically performed by Buddhist priests,[2]:65 was used to make offerings to Jizō, a bodhisattva who is believed to protect children. In the Edo period, when famine sometimes led the poverty-stricken to infanticide and abortion, the practice was adapted to cover these situations as well.

Today, the practice of mizuko kuyō continues in Japan, although it is unclear whether it is a historically authentic Buddhist practice. Specifics of the ceremony vary from temple to temple, school to school, and individual to individual. It is common for temples to offer Jizō statues for a fee, which are then dressed in red bibs and caps, and displayed in the temple yard. Some American religious scholars have criticized the temples for allegedly abusing the Japanese belief that the spirits of the dead retaliate for their mistreatment, but other scholars believe the temples are only answering the needs of the people.[3][4]

The ceremony is attended by both parents or by one, not necessarily the mother.[2]:73 The service can vary from a single event to one that repeats monthly or annually.[2]:74 Though the service varies, common aspects resemble the ceremony for the recent dead, the senzo kuyō.[2]:74 The priest faces the altar and evokes the names of various Buddhas and boddhisattvas. Mantras, often the heart sutra and kannon sutra, are performed, as are calls of praise to Jizō.[2]:74 Gifts are offered to the Buddha on behalf of the mourned, typically food, drink, incense or flowers.[2]:74 A kaimyō is given to the deceased, and a statue of Jizō is often placed on temple grounds upon completion.[2]:74

Similar practices

A similar practice is found in contemporary Taiwan, where it is known as yingling gongyang.[5] The modern Taiwanese practice emerged in the mid-1970s and grew significantly in popularity in the 1980s; it draws both from traditional antecedents dating back to the Han dynasty, and the Japanese practice, and is popularly perceived as a practice imported from Japan.[6][7] These modern practices emerged in the context of demographic change associated with modernization – rising population, urbanization, and decreasing family size – together with changing attitudes towards sexuality, which occurred first in Japan, and then in Taiwan, hence the similar response and Taiwan's taking inspiration from Japan.[5][6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Anzai Ikuro 安斎育郎 (2002). Rei wa aru ka 霊はあるか (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kodansha.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Smith, Bardwell (1992). Buddhism and Abortion in Contemporary Japan: Mizuko Kuyo and the Confrontation with Death. Albany, NY: SUNY press. ISBN 0791407586.
  3. ↑ Page Brookes, Anne. (1981). Mizuko kuyō and Japanese Buddhism.. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 8 (3-4), 119–47. Retrieved 2006-04-02.
  4. ↑ Martin, Elaine. (1996). Rethinking the Practice of Mizuko Kuyo in Contemporary Japan: Interviews with Practitioners at a Buddhist Temple in Tokyo. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
  5. 1 2 Moskowitz, Marc L. (2001). The Haunting Fetus: Abortion, Sexuality, and the Spirit World in Taiwan. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-82482428-0. External link in |title= (help)
  6. 1 2 Charles B. Jones, Review of Moskowitz, Marc L., The Haunting Fetus: Abortion, Sexuality, and the Spirit World in Taiwan. H-Buddhism, H-Net Reviews. August, 2002.
  7. ↑ Shih, Fang-Long (September 2002). "Review of The Haunting Fetus: Abortion, Sexuality, and the Spirit World in Taiwan". The China Quarterly (171): 765–767. JSTOR 4618793.

Further reading

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/14/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.