Mishmar HaEmek

Mishmar HaEmek
Mishmar HaEmek
Coordinates: 32°36′34.91″N 35°8′30.48″E / 32.6096972°N 35.1418000°E / 32.6096972; 35.1418000Coordinates: 32°36′34.91″N 35°8′30.48″E / 32.6096972°N 35.1418000°E / 32.6096972; 35.1418000
District	Northern
Council	Megiddo
Affiliation	Kibbutz Movement
Founded	1926
Founded by	Hashomer Hatzair
Population (2015)[1]	1,216
Website	http://mh.kibbutz.org.il/

Mishmar HaEmek (Hebrew: מִשְׁמַר הָעֵמֶק‎, lit. Guard of the Valley)^[2] is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located in the western Jezreel Valley, it falls under the jurisdiction of Megiddo Regional Council. Mishmar HaEmek is unique among other kibbutzim because it is one of the last that have not undergone a liberalization process and still work by the traditional collectivist and socialist model of the kibbutzim.^[3] At least five members of the Knesset, Israel's legislative body, originated from Mishmar HaEmek.^[3] In 2015 it had a population of 1,216.

Geography

Mishmar HaEmek is located in the southwestern part of the Jezreel Valley, between Highway 66 and the foot of the Menashe Heights. Next to the kibbutz is the manmade Mishmar HaEmek forest, a section of the Ramot Manasseh Park,^[4] listed as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO and was planted by the Jewish National Fund and members of the kibbutz.^[5]

Economy

Mishmar HaEmek is considered one of the richest of the kibbutzim in Israel^[6] and is based on a socialist structure where all assets are communally owned and every resident earn the same amount of money. The economy is also based on intensive farming, including field crops, orchards, dairy cattle and poultry.^[6][7]

Tama plastic factory

The kibbutz owns 75% of a plastic company called "Tama" (Mishmar HaEmek Industries) which has a factory in the kibbutz (in partnership with kibbutz Gal'ed, which owns 25% of the company^[6][8]). In 2015 it was estimated that the company had an annual sales revenue of 1.5 Billion NIS.^[8] The factory has about 250 workers, over a quarter are residents of the kibbutz and manufactures plastic netting, used for bundling crops. Tama is one of the biggest players in worldwide market for this product and work with equipement makers such as John Deere and has factories in three countries with a total number of 900 workers. In the factory the employees and executives who are residents of the kibbutz all earn the same amount of money while the non-kibbutz residents who are employed in the factory earn according to their work.^[9] In 2015, a Hedging deal caused the company to lose 140 million NIS.^[8]

Archeology

Prehistory

Archeological excavation in 2010 indicated the existence at the site of a tell that is not visible from the surface.^[10] The archaeologists found a flagstone-paved compound that was probably cultic and a burial compound from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period, as well as remains of the Yarmukian culture dating to the beginning of the Pottery Neolithic period.^[10]

Bronze Age and Early Roman period

Also found in 2010 were remains of buildings and accumulations from the beginning of the Early Bronze Age and the Intermediate Bronze Age, with isolated finds from the Early Roman period, and indication for still concealed layers within the tell.^[10]

Late Ottoman period

A courtyard surrounded by several rooms, which is part of a large courtyard building dating back to the 19th century was discovered, including foundations and fragments of roof tiles, which most likely covered the rooms and were found on the surface. The tiles come from the port of Marseilles and most were stamped with the emblem of the Roux Frères factory, with other roof tiles being stamped with a swan symbol; these were probably imported in a later phase of the building's existence, at the beginning of the 20th century, for the purpose of repair. According to Micah Linn of Mishmar HaEmek, the building was no longer standing at the time when the kibbutz was founded in 1926 and therefore, it is estimated to have been in use for only several decades.^[10]

Modern History

Mishmar HaEmek with Manasseh Heights on the background, 1933

Before the establishment of the settlement (1921–1926)

During the time of the Fourth Aliyah (1924–1928), The Jezreel Valley was the top priority of the Jewish National Fund (JNF). The JNF wanted to settle the valley in order to establish a significant Jewish agricultural community in the arable valley, as well as creating a contiguous bloc of Jewish settlements in the valley, connecting Haifa with the already existing bloc of Jewish settlements between Afula and Baysan. In 1924 the JNF bought some 30,175 dunams of lands from Arab villages next to Nahalal in the western part of the valley, which were named the "Ma'alul bloc". On these lands, Sarid, Ramat David, Gvat, Kfar Baruch and Mishmar HaEmek, which was located in the southest part of the bloc, were established.^[11]

The kibbutz started as a portable community called "Kibbutz Hashomer Hatzair Bet"^[12] (Bet is the second letter in Hebrew) and was founded in Neve Sha'anan, Haifa by Polish Jews, pioneers of the Hashomer Hatzair from Galicia who arrived during the Third Aliyah.^[13] On 19 January 1922 the first baby of the kibbutz was born in Hadassah Medical Center and the news arrived to the members on 21 January, which was then declared as the birthday of the kibbutz. In the summer of 1922 the members moved to Nahalal where they helped with swamp drying and road paving. At Nahalal some members suffered from diseases and lack of livelihood but it did not halt the expansion of the kibbutz. In 1925 the kibbutz, which consisted of 60 men and women, and six children, moved to Afula which was a place for workers who sought jobs and for kibbutz members waiting to get a plot of land for settlement, which the members received in November 1926 and 15 men and women left Afula and settled in a khan on Tell Abu Shusha next to the Arab village of Abu Shusha, where they worked the land. In the next year two mules were bought and 120 dunams of fields of wheat and barley were sowed until the kibbutz moved to its current location.^[14]

Mishmar HaEmek in historical context

Early years (1926–1949)

It was the first Jewish settlement in the southern part of the Jezreel Valley.^[14] After disagreements the members of the kibbutz accepted the proposal by Menachem Ussishkin to name the kibbutz "Mishmar HaEmek" in November 1928.^[15]

On 26 August 1929, during the 1929 Palestine riots the kibbutz was attacked by an Arab mob equipped with firearms. The villagers and Arab policemen managed to fend away the rioters. British policemen told the kibbutz to evacuate and promised to take care for their property and the kibbutz left the following day. On 28 August, Arab rioters burned the kibbutz's barn, uprooted trees, stole corn from the fields and vandalized two gravestones in the kibbutz's cemetery. The members finally returned on 7 September and started fortifying the kibbutz, despite concerns of the Jewish Agency about the resettlement in the region. It was the only time in the history of the kibbutz it was abandoned and in during the riots 16 other Jewish communities were evacuated.^[16]

In early 1930 the rest of the kibbutz which consisted of 85 adults and 16 children, left Afula and joined the members in Mishmar HaEmek. In the next years the members planted 50,000 trees, built a cowshed, planted a vineyard and various fruit trees, dug wells and built the first two permanent buildings: A double story children's house made of concrete and a water tower.^[15] The children's house was the educational institution of the kibbutz and was planned in 1931 but only built in 1937 after the needed funds were raised and was constructed by the members of the kibbutz in order to reduce the costs, on a small hill near the Kibbutz. At the time the building was completed, it was one of the largest structures in the region and was nicknamed "the Big House".^[17] In 1936 graduates of Hashomer Hatzair established a gar'in and settled in the kibbutz until they moved to Rishon LeZion in 1937 and in 1946 they established the kibbutz of Hatzor.^[18] In 1931 the kibbutz absorbed a group of Hashomer Hatzair members from the United States, who numbered 17 and in 1933 their number grew to 30. In 1934 the Americans moved to a plot of land near Hadera.^[19]

During the early days of the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine the kibbutz was subjected to almost daily attacks, usually shootings and burning of forests. The Arabs in the region were under the command of Ahmad Attiyah Awad and after his death in March 1938, the commend was transferred to Yusuf Abu Durra.^[20][21] British High Commissioner Arthur Grenfell Wauchope visited the kibbutz and appointed 15 members as guards and gave them firearms but in August 1936 the situation worsened. The British government sent 60 soldiers to guard the kibbutz and in October the attacks on the kibbutz ended.^[16] During the attacks, dozens of thousands of trees were burnet.^[15] Israeli poet and later member of the Knesset, Uri Zvi Greenberg, criticized the residents of Mishmar HaEmek for not taking the law into their hands after the attacks on their fields and in a poet he wrote on the events he changed the name of the kibbutz from "Mishmar HaEmek" (Guard of the Valley) to "Hefker HaEmek" (Abandonment of the Valley).^[22] On 2 February 1938 a member of the kibbutz named Abraham Goldschleger who was a guide for Ein HaShofet was murdered by residents of Al-Kafrayn who ambushed him and two residents of Ein HaShofet who accompanied him. One of the shooters was caught and executed.^[20] The Palmach used the trees as cover for their main training camp and its fighters worked in the kibbutz.^[15]

In the fall of 1942, when there were fears of a German victory in the Middle East, Mishmar HaEmek was used as a training camp by the British army. 160 Jewish volunteers, who would later become members of the Palmach branch of the Haganah, were trained by Royal Engineers in sabotage and wireless operation. Several tons of explosives were hidden in caches in case the area came under German occupation. This program was terminated immediately upon the training of the volunteers, and orders issued for the collection of all equipment and explosives to be returned to the British.^[23]

In 1947, Mishmar HaEmek had a population of 550. The Jewish National Fund and Worton Hall Studios made a 1947 movie called The Great Promise (Dim'at Ha'Nehamah Ha'Gedolah), and a number of the scenes were filmed here.^[2]

Civil war and Arab–Israeli war (1947–1949)

Jewish men digging trenches before the battle, c. 1948

During the 1947–48 civil war, on 4 April 1948, the kibbutz came under full-scale attack by the Arab Liberation Army (ALA).^[24] The leader of the ALA, Fawzi al-Qawuqji, planned to seize Mishmar HaEmek to clear the way between Jenin and Haifa.^[25] The attack began with an artillery barrage from seven artillery pieces supplied by the Syrian army.^[26] During the shelling of the kibbutz, houses were destroyed, civilians and soldiers were killed as well as livestock^[16] and the notable white school building was heavily damaged; a bomb shelter was later built at the school.^[17] On April 6th, 1948, the women and children of the kibbutz were evacuated with the aid of the British to other kibbutzim in the Jezreel Valley^[16] and a British-brokered ceasefire began.^[27] During this period, Jewish forces fortified the kibbutz and dug trenches around its perimeter.^[16] Qawuqji reported that the kibbutz was captured by the Arab forces and the "conquest of Mishmar HaEmek" was celebrated in Arab newspapers, which also reported heavy casualties among the Jewish forces, despite the fact that the Arab forces had yet to enter the kibbutz. The ALA sent terms to the Haganah, saying they would raise the siege of the kibbutz, regroup and move toward Haifa, if in return the Jewish forces would accept not to retaliate against the nearby Arab villages. The Jews declined the offer and the Arab offensive resumed on 8 April. In the night between 8–9 April, the Jewish forces launched a counter-attack under the commend of Yitzhak Sadeh and captured Al-Ghubayya al-Fawqa in a fierce battle. In the next days, forces of the Carmeli Brigade and the Palmach captured several other villages near Mishmar HaEmek and nearby Ein HaShofet, and all of them were destroyed.^[27]

During the second phase of the war, on 24 December 1948,^[12] Iraqi planes bombed the kibbutz, hitting the children's house, killing four children and injuring another four. Apparently the Iraqis wanted to attack Ramat David Airbase but hit the kibbutz instead.^[28]

After Israeli Independence

In 1950, a factory called "Tama" (Mishmar HaEmek Industries) was established in the kibbutz in order to provide jobs to elders and the victims of the war. The factory later became a central part of the kibbutz' economy. In the 1980s the kibbutz entered an economic crisis in parallel to social and cultural prosperity. The economic crisis gradually ended in the late 1980s, when the Tama factory started focusing on creating hay collecting tools, designated for export.^[15]

In 2010 the kibbutz decided after four gatherings to appoint a team of members to discuss a series the privatization of electricity, food, mail, barbershop and cosmetics. Other services were to be kept under the responsiblty of the kibbutz, these include: healthcare, education and welfare. The dispute mainly concerned the privatization of the dining room.^[29] At the end of the discussions, most privatization initiatives were rejected, and only a few minor changes that had no practical effect on the collective lifestyle were accepted.

Education

Music lessons on the kibbutz, 1956

The educational institution of the kibbutz, named The Shomeria, was established in 1930^[17] and was the first regional educational institution of the Kibbutz Artzi movement (later merged with other movements to the Kibbutz Movement).^[7] The institution was infused with the socialist ideology of the Hashomer Hatzair movement. The system of the education was "an independent children's society", responsible for all its own needs. The institution operated as a multi-age boarding school and the children were able to see their parents only during vacations or in a small number of visits during the course of the year. The children had a daily schedule, where the mornings were devoted to education, the afternoons to work in the kibbutz, and the evenings to cultural activities. At first, the institution was housed in a number of rickety cabins, but shortly after its establishment the Kibbutz Artzi movement decided to dedicate a new a building to this purpose. It was designed by architect Joseph Neufeld and was built in 1937 on a hill above the kibbutz. The location was symbolic, as the location on a hill higher than the rest of the kibbutz was to signify the importance of education. Apart from Mishmar HaEmek, the institution was intended to provide education to four other kibbutz communities that were established in the Jezreel Valley: Beit Alfa, Sarid, Mizra and Merhavia. They were later joined by children from Kibbutz Gan Shmuel and young people from the Youth Aliyah. After the establishment of the State of Israel, similar educational institutions were created in other kibbutzim and the uniqueness of the school in Mishmar HaEmek faded. The building was still used for dormitories and classes until it was completely abandoned in the 1980s.^[17]

Since the 1980s the children in Mishmar HaEmek learn at the Megiddo regional School located in Kibbutz Ein HaShofet. The Shomeria was turned into a boarding school.^[17] In 2011 there were 190 young members from Mishmar HaEmek and other kibbutzim such as Giv'at Oz, Megiddo and HaYogev. The youth wing of Hashomer Hatzair movement operate in the institution and organise activities with the students. The Shomeria tries to retain the old structure of "independent children's society" and deals with education only.^[30]

Notable residents

• Eli Amir, author
• Mordechai Bentov, government minister and signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence. Member of the Mapam political party.
• Yaakov Hazan, member of Knesset. (Mapam, Alignment)
• Amnon Linn, member of Knesset. (Mapai, Alignment, Likud)
• Hillel Omer, poet and writer
• Emry Ron, member of Knesset (Alignment)
• Moshe Shamir, author and playwright
• Mordechai Shenhavi, one of the founders of Hashomer Hatzair
• Adin Talbar, athlete and sports official
• Emma Talmi, member of Knesset (Mapam)
• Zellig Harris, linguist
• Bruria Kaufman, physicist
• Svein Sevje, Norwegian diplomat
• Shneior Lifson, chemical physicist
• Irma Lindheim, Zionist fund-raiser and educator

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mishmar HaEmek.

Bibliography

• Yoav Gelber, Independence Versus Nakba; Kinneret–Zmora-Bitan–Dvir Publishing, 2004, ISBN 965-517-190-6