Min Ko Naing

Min Ko Naing
Born Paw Oo Tun
(1962-10-18) 18 October 1962
Mudon, Mon State, Burma
Education Rangoon Arts & Sciences University, 3rd year B.S. Zoology[1]
Organization All Burma Federation of Student Unions
88 Generation Students Group
The 88 Generation Peace and Open Society
Movement 8888 Uprising
Religion Buddhism[1]
Parent(s) U Thet Nyunt, Daw Hla Kyi[1]
Awards Gwangju Prize for Human Rights (2009)
Civil Courage Prize (2005)
John Humphrey Freedom Award (1999)
National Order of Merit (2015)[2]
Website Min Ko Naing
Signature

Paw Oo Tun (Burmese: ပေါ်ဦးထွန်း [pɔ̀ ʔú tʰʊ́ɴ]); better known by his alias Min Ko Naing, (မင်းကိုနိုင် [mɪ́ɴ kò nàɪɴ], lit. "conqueror of kings") is a leading democracy activist and dissident from Myanmar. He has spent most of the years since 1988 imprisoned by the state for his opposition activities. The New York Times has described him as Burma's "most influential opposition figure after Daw Aung San Suu Kyi".[3]

Early life/student years

Min Ko Naing was born in Yangon, the third son of Thet Nyunt and Hla Kyi, a mon couple from Mudon in Mon State.[4] He has three sisters: Kyi Kyi Nyunt, Ye Ye Nyunt, and Thadar Nyunt.

Min Ko Naing's interest in politics began at the Rangoon Arts and Science University in the mid-1980s where he studied Zoology. During his student years, he was an active member of the arts club, where he enjoyed reading, writing poems and drawing cartoons, especially satirical ones. According to classmates, Min Ko Naing was a member of a performance troupe which took part in the traditional Than Gyat competition during Thingyan (Burma's annual Water Festival) in April. Taking the name "Goat-Mouth and Spirit-Eye", the troupe performed satirical plays and sketches satirizing Burma's military government and the lack of freedom and democracy. Though the troupe was popular, it also attracted the attention of Burmese Military Intelligence agents, who began to track Min Ko Naing's movements. Despite the illegality of forming student unions in Burma, Min Ko Naing and other students formed clandestine study groups to discuss Burma's political situation, which grew into a secret student union.[5]

8-8-88 Uprising and the All Burma Federation of Student Unions

In September 1987, Ne Win voided most denominations of the kyat without warning, causing many people to lose their savings overnight.[6] Students who saved money for tuition fees were particularly affected.[6] The announcement led to riots at several universities.[7] The situation was further exacerbated by the shooting of protesting student Phone Maw in a 12 March 1988 clash with police.[8] On 16 March, Min Ko Naing organized a rally of 3,000 students on the RASU campus in which he spoke about the role of student movements in Burmese history. When the students attempted to march to the Rangoon Institute of Technology, where Phone Maw had been killed, they encountered a barbed wire barricade at Inya Lake and were attacked by riot police, resulting in several deaths and many arrests.[5]

Shortly after this, Ne Win's government closed the universities, and the movement went underground. Min Ko Naing continued to organize protesters and circulate posters of the violence at Inya Lake.[5] Ne Win soon agreed to step down from office, and on 7 July, many imprisoned student activists were released. The following day, Min Ko Naing and others released the first statement in the name of the new All Burma Federation of Student Unions (ABFSU), an organization that had previously been known for its struggle against British colonial rule: "We shouldn't be swayed by the release of our fellow students. We will continue to fight."The ABSFU continued to release statements by Min Ko Naing urging protests to the military government, including one calling for a general strike on 8-8-88, a number which would later become synonymous with the movement itself.[5]

The 8-8-88 general strike drew hundreds of thousands of people to the streets of Yangon, and is widely seen as a turning point in the Burmese democracy movement. Min Ko Naing continued to speak to crowds in front of the US Embassy and Rangoon General Hospital, the sites of previous killings of protesters by Burmese government forces.[5] He also arranged for the daughter of independence hero Aung San, Aung San Suu Kyi, to make her first speech to a crowd at Shwedagon Pagoda.[5] Aung San Suu Kyi would go on to be elected prime minister in the 1990 general election, only to be denied office and imprisoned by the State Law and Order Restoration Council, the new military government.[9]

The protests lasted until 18 September, at which point soldiers opened fire on the crowds, resulting in at least 3,000 deaths.[6]

15 years political imprisonment until 2004

Forced to go underground, Min Ko Naing continued his organizing work while moving from house to house every night to avoid arrest. After several months, he was captured along with other students. He was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment, under Section 5(j) of the 1950 Emergency Provisions Act for instigating "disturbances to the detriment of law and order, peace and tranquility". His sentence was commuted to 10 years under a general amnesty in January 1993. He was considered a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International, which intensively campaigned for his release.[10][11]

According to Amnesty International, Min Ko Naing was severely tortured and ill-treated during the early stages of his detention. His health suffered as a consequence. During his interrogation he was reportedly forced to stand in water for two weeks until he collapsed, and as a result, his left foot became totally numb. On 19 November 2004, he was released from prison, after being imprisoned for 15 years.

Second imprisonment

Min Ko Naing was rearrested in late September 2006. Htay Kywe, Ko Ko Gyi, Pyone Cho and Min Zeya were arrested along with him, in advance of Burma's 2006 national convention.[12] In January 2007, they were released, without official explanation for either their original arrest or their sudden release.[12]

Campaigns

Following his release from prison, Min Ko Naing helped to found the 88 Generation Students Group, which continued to fight for democracy in Burma.[12] From 10 October 2006 to 18 October 2006 (his 44th birthday), some of the "88 generation" students organized a nationwide campaign, “White Expression” to pressure the military government to release him and all of political prisoners. Participants wore white clothing in a show of support for the release of all political prisoners. They also organized the signature campaign to pressure the junta to release him and all political prisoners. It was started a week after Min Ko Naing and four colleagues were arrested. Many well-known artists from Myanmar (such as Ludu Daw Amar and Zarganar) signed the petition.

On 4 January 2007, the 88 Generation Students organized the "Open Heart Campaign". He said to the Irrawaddy Magazine that the campaign was to encourage the people to exercise freedom of expression. People could write to State Peace and Development Council leader senior general Than Shwe about their feelings under the military government.[13]

The 88 Generation Students Group also conducted a “White Sunday” campaign from 11 March 2007 to 20 May 2007 to express support for family members of political prisoners. They visited the families of political prisoners in Yangon every Sunday during this period.[13]

Political imprisonment in 2007

He was arrested again around midnight on 21 August 2007, with other 13 leaders of the 88 Generation Students for organizing peaceful demonstrations. United States Government condemned the Burmese junta's arrest of them. On 11 November 2008 Min Ko Naing was sentenced to 65 years imprisonment, as 22 others had been for their role in the August 2007 demonstrations. On 15 November 2008 Min Ko Naing was transferred to Kengtung prison in Shan State, where isolated, bleak cells were constructed in mid-2000 for solitary confinement.

Release and Political Career

Min Ko Naing was released along with numerous other activists on 13 January 2012, as part of a mass presidential pardon for political activists.[14]

It was believed that he would contest the 2015 general elections, for a seat in Assembly of the Union[15] but he was not contested in the election. Many observers have said that beyond Aung Sann Suu Kyi, he and his colleagues are best suited to steer the country’s political landscape.[15][16]

International recognition

Min Ko Naing has won numerous international awards for his activism. These include the 2009 Gwangju Prize for Human Rights;[17] the 2005 Civil Courage Prize, which he shared with Anna Politkovskaya and Munir Said Thalib;[18] the 2000 Homo Homini Award of People In Need;[19] the 2001 Student Peace Prize; and the 1999 John Humphrey Freedom Award, which he shared with Cynthia Maung of the Mae Tao Clinic.[20]

In 2012, he was announced the winner of an award from the US National Endowment for Democracy, but stated his intention not to attend the ceremony in solidarity with other Burmese activists who had been denied visas.[21]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Political Prisoner Profile - Min Ko Naing" (PDF). Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma). 20 June 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
  2. ↑ "မင်းကိုနိုင် ပြင်သစ် National Order of Merit ဂုဏ်ထူးဆောင်ဆု ချီးမြှင့်ခံရ" [Leader to be awarded the French National Order of Merit]. VOA. July 1, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  3. ↑ Seth Mydans (13 October 2007). "Myanmar Arrests 4 Top Dissidents, Human Rights Group Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  4. ↑ Ko Htwe (19 October 2009). "Detained Min Ko Naing Turns 47". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aung Zaw (18 October 2011). "A Spirit That Never Dies". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 "Burma's 1988 protests". BBC News. 25 September 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  7. ↑ Lwin, Nyi Nyi. (1992). Refugee Student Interviews. A Burma-India Situation Report.
  8. ↑ Boudreau, Vincent. (2004). Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83989-1. p. 193.
  9. ↑ "Profile: Aung San Suu Kyi". BBC News. 15 November 2010. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  10. ↑ "Myanmar: Min Ko Naing". Amnesty International. 1 January 2001. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  11. ↑ "Myanmar political prisoners still fighting for their rights behind bars". Amnesty International. 19 November 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  12. 1 2 3 "Profile: 88 Generation Students". BBC News. 22 August 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  13. 1 2 Bertil Lintner (25 January 2007). "Myanmar's 88 Generation comes of age". Asia Times. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  14. ↑ "High-profile dissidents freed in Burma amnesty". BBC News. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  15. 1 2 "Ko Ko Gyi: Changing face of Burma | DVB Multimedia Group". Dvb.no. 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  16. ↑ "More than a Wedding Gift". Irrawaddy.org. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  17. ↑ "Gwangju Prize for Human Rights". May 18 Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  18. ↑ "2005 Civil Courage Prize Honorees". civilcourageprize.org. 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  19. ↑ "Previous Recipients of the Homo Homini Award". People in Need. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  20. ↑ Cynthia Maung. "Min Ko Naing and Cynthia Maung (Burma)". Rights & Democracy. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  21. ↑ "Myanmar activist cancels trip to US to show solidarity with other activists denied passports". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 15 September 2012. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
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