Miami Beach Senior High School

Miami Beach Senior High School

Hi-Tides for Life
Address
2231 Prairie Avenue
Miami Beach, Florida 33139
United States
Information
Type Public magnet
Established Original campus: July 1924
Old campus: September 1958
New campus: April 22, 2010
School district Miami-Dade County Public Schools
Principal John Donohue (2013–present)
Grades 9–12
Enrollment 2,484 (as of 2013)[1]
Student to teacher ratio 17[2]
Color(s) Scarlet and silver          
Athletics conference District 14-6A
Mascot Hi-Tide Harry
Nickname Hi-Tides
Newspaper Beachcomber
Yearbook Typhoon & Hi-Tide
Information 305-532-4515
School grade C (as of 2016-present)
Website miamibeachhigh.schoolwires.com

Coordinates: 25°47′55″N 80°08′01″W / 25.79850°N 80.13359°W / 25.79850; -80.13359

Miami Beach Senior High School (Beach High, MBSH) is a secondary school located at 2231 Prairie Avenue Miami Beach, Florida, directly around the corner from the Miami Beach Convention Center and Botanical Gardens on Prairie Avenue and Dade Boulevard. The school is located in Miami-Dade county and is part of the Miami-Dade County Public Schools, the fourth-largest school district in the United States. In addition, Miami Beach Senior High is the second oldest in Miami-Dade County (after Miami Senior High). In 2009, the school was recognized as a magnet school. In 2010, Miami Beach Senior High was recognized as an International Baccalaureate World School, meaning a select group of students get to attend a two-year program that allows them to graduate with a special diploma. The school was the first in the city to receive the designation.[3]

History

Miami Beach High opened in 1926. It was originally located at 1424 Drexel Avenue, in the heart of the South Beach district. It is one of the oldest high schools in Miami-Dade County, trailing only Miami Senior High (1903). It was designed by August Geiger.

Carl Fisher provided the funds for the purchase of the land. For the first nine years of the school, it was named after Carl's mother, Ida M. Fisher. (Mrs. Fisher's middle initial was not "M", and the use of that letter was due to a typographer's error. Carl did not care and was so pleased that the school had been named for his mother that he stated the incorrect letter did not make a difference to him.)

The school's first principal was C. C. Carson. The first class motto was: "Let us be known for our deeds." At that time, the school's nickname was the Typhoons, but this name was changed after its 1960 move to its new location at 2231 Prairie Avenue, about a block north of the South Beach district.

Under a forced desegregation order from the Florida Supreme Court, Miami Beach High underwent desegregation efforts.

Prior to the opening of North Miami Beach High School and Dr. Michael Krop High School, students from North Miami Beach were assigned to Miami Beach High School and Miami Norland High School.[4]

The original building at 14th and Drexel Avenue is now part of the Fienberg-Fisher K-8 Center compound. The school is being renovated and new buildings added to replace the demolished ones.

In the late 1990s, Beach High adopted ID numbers for every student in the school along with school ID cards following an incident in 1995 with a gang member on campus who did not belong to the school. Soon after, every other school in Miami-Dade followed suit.

Recently

Dr. Rosann Sidener was the school's principal from 2007 to 2013 and made progress with the construction and academic turnaround of Miami Beach High.

A new building that opened in 1999 was plagued with defects in the construction. Students were not permitted to use the lockers, and rain caused damage to school equipment.[5]

Miami Beach Senior High School did not make AYP in 2006. Under the No Child Left Behind program, a school makes Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) if it achieves the minimum levels of improvement determined by the state of Florida in terms of student performance and other accountability measures.

Since the 2006–2007 school year, the school has gone with a block schedule consisting of an A-Day (Odd - 1, 3, 5, 7) and B-Day (Even - 2, 4, 6, 8) on alternating school days. It consists of three classes before lunch under Secondary School Reform.

The 2007–2008 school year began with a new principal, Dr. Rosann Sidener, who improved the school's overall grade from a "D" to a "B" in her first year. This school year also saw the move from the old Beach High to the new Beach High in January 2008 with a new library and two new wings (2 and 3).

2008–2009 was the first year in which Miami Beach Sr. High students wore uniforms. In a two-to-one vote by some students' parents and guardians, the vote was ratified. Students now wear red or white shirts with school logo or no logo, along with any shorts or jeans below the knees. The parents and faculty also voted to retain the Hi-Tide name and colors over going back to the Typhoons (former name).

Starting the 2009–2010 school year, Miami Beach Senior High is recognized as a magnet school, becoming the tenth magnet high school in Miami-Dade. Beach High was selected by the school district to apply for the MSAP grant, which is reserved for schools with high minority populations like Beach High, whose student body is 70% of Hispanic origin, compared to the state average of 25%. The district agreed to sponsor Miami Beach High because there are no other magnet schools in the area, and because of the expected increase of school size to nearly 3,000 students as a result of new construction. Beach High will now be able to receive students beyond its attendance boundaries along with those who live within them.

In early 2012, Principal Sidener was named the 2012 Principal of the Year by the Florida Association of School Administrators.[6]

In May 2012, the school held its prom next to an XXXotica Porn Convention at the Miami Beach Convention Center.[7] The two events were held side-by-side, separated by a wall. The prom was held at the convention center to avoid students' drinking at hotels. It was the subject of national jokes, especially on the Jimmy Kimmel Live! late night show.[8]

Campus

The Miami Beach Senior High school band room in Building 3 is home to the school's marching band.
Inside a classroom at Miami Beach Senior High (Building 2) during final exams

Building 1

Building 1 includes the main office, counselors' offices (second floor), and the foreign language wing (second floor).

Buildings 2 and 3

The auditorium at MBSH during an assembly
Students during lunch in Building 4 hallway (formerly 900 Wing)

Building 2 is made up of three floors and includes the library (first floor), 12 student restrooms (all floors), and a variety of different classrooms. Connected by an outdoor catwalk, Building 3 includes the Academy of Entrepreneurship (second floor), Academy of Visual and Performing Arts (first floor), and Academy of Information Technology (first and second floors) classrooms. Building 3 also includes the auditorium, as well as drama, chorus, band, guitar, and MIDI lab rooms.

Buildings 4 and 5

Formerly the 9 Building, Building 4 includes the Academy of Hospitality and Tourism classroom, three science classrooms, and two student restrooms. Located across from Building 4 and formerly the 4 Building, Building 5 was remodeled as part of the ongoing construction of the new Miami Beach Senior High. Building 5 houses the NJROTC and Academy of Information Technology in its two floors. It has various classrooms and computer labs, including a remodeled weight training room.

Buildings 6 and 7

Building 6 is a brand new wing that includes the physical ed classrooms, the SCSI room, and the gymnasium. Building 6 consists of two floors and also includes the Varsity and Junior Varsity locker rooms. Building 7 includes the Scholars' Academy wing. It has various classrooms throughout the two floors. Buildings 6 and 7 are located next to the cafeteria, which has six serving bays and a holding capacity of 1,100 people.

Football and soccer field

The football field is located behind Buildings 4 and 5 beside the back parking lot. It is currently not in use.

On May 28, 2010, it was announced that the Miami Dolphins and the National Football League had contributed towards the renovation of the field. A former alumnus, majority owner Stephen M. Ross, donated half of a $164,000 grant to the school. The field was expected to be renewed by that September, and named after Ross. His $82,000 grant matched an equal donation by the Dolphins, NFL Youth Football Fund and Local Initiatives Support Corporation.

The team plays its games at Flamingo Park's Memorial Field. It is expected to continue to play there, but could move to playing games at the school in the future.[9]

Notable alumni

TV person Barbara Walters is an alumna of Beach High.
Andy García (left) and Mickey Rourke (right) are notable actors who both graduated from Beach High in the 1970s.
Brett Ratner was one of the latest alumni to work in the Hollywood film industry.
Miami Beach Senior High's notable NFL alumni at a school luncheon (from left, Chad Ochocinco, Dave Thomas, Duane Starks, and Samari Rolle)
Stephen M. Ross has contributed to the Beach High football team, giving them brand new uniforms and a much improved practice field named after him.
Tego Calderón was exposed to several cultures throughout his tenure at Beach High, eventually studying percussion and working as a drummer in a rock band.
Robert Rubin was co-CEO of Goldman Sachs.
Attended but did not graduate formally from Beach High
Broadcast journalism
Alumni Class Occupation Notable work
Roy Firestone 1971 Sports commentator Color commentator for ESPN's first season of ESPN Sunday Night Football in 1987
Angelo Sanabria 2008 TV and radio host DJ and host of Venezuela's nationwide radio station 91.1FM;[10] host of TV show Klan TRT, 2015-2016
Barbara Walters 1947 Television news journalist and anchor Hosted morning television shows Today and The View, and the television newsmagazine 20/20; co-anchor of the ABC Evening News and correspondent on ABC World News
Film, theater and acting
Alumni Class Occupation Notable work
Diora Baird 2001 Actress, former model Roles in Wedding Crashers and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning
Ellen Barkin 1972 Actress Roles in Ocean's 13 and Brooklyn's Finest
Andy García 1974 Cuban American actor Roles in The Godfather Part III, The Untouchables, Ocean's Eleven, Ocean's Twelve and Ocean's Thirteen
Mitch Glazer 1969 Producer, writer, and actor Associate producer of Lost in Translation and Magic City; director and writer of Passion Play
Annabelle Gurwitch 1979 Actress Roles in The Shaggy Dog and Boston Legal
Kim Hunter 1940 Actress Won Academy Award and Golden Globe Award as Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Stella Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire; received a Daytime Emmy Award for her work on The Edge of Night
Mark Medoff 1958 Playwright, screenwriter, film and theatre director, actor Wrote Children of a Lesser God
Nathalia Ramos 2010 Singer, actress Roles in Bratz and House of Anubis
Brett Ratner 1986 Filmmaker, music video director Director of Rush Hour, Rush Hour 2, Rush Hour 3, and X-Men: The Last Stand
Mickey Rourke 1971 Actor, former boxer Roles in The Wrestler (won Golden Globe for Best Actor), Diner, Sin City, Man on Fire, and Iron Man 2
Daniel Taradash 1929 Screenwriter Won Academy Award
Debra Zane 1979 Casting director Cast American Beauty, Ocean's 11, Ocean's 12, Ocean's 13, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn, The Hunger Games
Sports
Alumni Class Occupation Notable work
Mike Belkin 1963 Former Canadian tennis player Canada's top-ranked player five times between 1966 and 1972, a career 17-12 Davis Cup record, including a 14-7 record in singles
Skip Bertman 1956 Former Louisiana State University baseball coach Member of the College Baseball Hall of Fame and led the LSU Tigers baseball team to College World Series Championships in 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997, and 2000
Terry Cousin 1993 Former football cornerback Played for hometown Miami Dolphins in 2001
Eddie Dibbs 1969 Former professional tennis player Attained a career high ranking of World No. 5 in July 1978
Chad Johnson 1996 Professional football player (wide receiver) Super Bowl XLVI appearance (2012) with the New England Patriots, six-time Pro Bowler, appeared on Dancing with the Stars
Ricardo Louis 2012 Collegiate football player (wide receiver) Currently playing for Auburn University Tigers
Samari Rolle 1994 Professional football player (defensive back) Played for the Baltimore Ravens, one-time Pro Bowl selection
Norman Smiley 1983 Professional wrestler Appeared in World Championship Wrestling
Duane Starks 1993 Former professional football player Super Bowl XXXV Champion (2001) with Baltimore Ravens
Dave Thomas 1986 Former professional football player Super Bowl XXVIII Champion (1993) with Dallas Cowboys
Neal Walk 1965 NBA basketball player (retired) Drafted 2nd overall in 1969 NBA Draft
Elvis Yero 1984 Three-time Golden Gloves Amateur Boxing Champion, National AAU Champion
Music and entertainment
Alumni Class Occupation Notable work
Tego Calderón 1990 Puerto Rican rap artist Broke records of attendance of audience at a concert in El Salvador, Guatemala, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and Mexico; appeared in Fast & Furious and Fast Five
Luther Campbell 1979 Record label owner and rap performer One-time member and leader of 2 Live Crew
Desmond Child 1972 Musician Member of Songwriters Hall of Fame
Ann Curless 1982 Musician Member of group Exposé
Michael Gordon 1973 Composer Co-founder of the Bang on a Can festival and ensemble
Ruth W. Greenfield 1941 Musician and teacher Founder of Miami Fine Arts Conservatory
David Lucas (born David Helfman) 1955 Composer and producer Wrote many well-known commercial jingles such as AT&T's "Reach out and touch someone"; early producer for Blue Öyster Cult, sang backup vocals and came up with the idea for the cowbell in "Don't Fear the Reaper"
Andy "Mad Skrews" Diaz 2002 Music producer Produced for Lil Wayne, Ky-Mani Marley, Maffio, Trina, Jagged Edge, and Gucci Mane
Alex Omes 198?/199? Electronic music and concert promoter Co-founder of Ultra Music Festival[11]
Fernando Perdomo 1998 Producer, singer-songwriter, guitarist, record label owner Produced Linda Perhacs, Andy Pratt, and Dean Ford; recorded and toured with Mika, Todd Rundgren, Christian Castro and Paulina Rubio
Chris Price 2002 Singer-songwriter and record producer Producer for 1970s cult figures Linda Perhacs and Emitt Rhodes; recorded a solo album entirely on an IPhone 4
Business
Alumni Class Occupation Notable work
Robert Rubin 1956 Banker Former co-CEO of Goldman Sachs and United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Bill Clinton
Stephen M. Ross 1958 New York City-based real estate developer, founder of The Related Companies 95% owner of the NFL Miami Dolphins and 95% owner of Sun Life Stadium[12]
Nevin Shapiro 1986 Former University of Miami booster Convicted in a $960 million Ponzi scheme; central figure in the 2011 University of Miami athletics scandal, when he revealed that he had provided about $2 million in benefits to Miami athletes, mostly football players, in violation of NCAA rules[13]
Academia
Alumni Class Occupation Notable work
Bonnie Lyons 1952 Writer and professor Professor at University of Texas at San Antonio
Daniel Schechter 1979 Author and researcher Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Geneva, Switzerland
Politics and justice
Alumni Class Occupation Notable work
Dan Gelber 1978 Attorney Member of Florida Senate (35th District); 2010 Democratic candidate for Florida Attorney General
Alan S. Gold 1980 Politician Florida State Representative
Steven J. Green 1963 Former United States Ambassador to Singapore Honorary Consul General of the Republic of Singapore
Gerald Kogan 1958 Former Chief Justice Served as Chief Justice for the Florida Supreme Court (1987–98)
Jimmy L. Morales 1980 Politician Former Miami-Dade County Commissioner and 2004 mayoral candidate

Athletics

Miami Beach Senior High School athletics logo

Miami Beach High School has a gymnasium which is used for basketball, volleyball and wrestling. The baseball and soccer field is in Flamingo Park, located about a mile away from the school. The current athletic director is Edgar Botto. Miami Beach High offers these athletics:

Fall schedule

  • Boys' and girls' cross country
  • Junior varsity football
  • Varsity football
  • Boys' and girls' bowling
  • Boys' and girls' golf
  • Boys' and girls' swimming & diving
  • Girls' junior varsity volleyball
  • Girls' varsity volleyball

Winter schedule

  • Boys' varsity basketball
  • Boys' junior varsity basketball
  • Girls' junior varsity basketball
  • Girls' varsity basketball
  • Boys' varsity soccer
  • Girls' junior varsity soccer
  • Girls' varsity soccer
  • Boys' varsity wrestling

Spring schedule

  • Boys' varsity baseball
  • Girls' junior varsity softball
  • Girls' varsity softball
  • Boys' varsity tennis
  • Girls' varsity tennis
  • Boys' varsity track
  • Girls' varsity track
  • Boys' varsity water polo
  • Girls' varsity water polo

Year-round

  • Boys' and girls' cheerleading team

Athletic achievements

Miami Beach Senior High cheerleaders with Miami Dolphins cheerleaders at ceremonial groundbreaking for the new football field

The school's sports history and achievements are as follows:

Clubs

  • 5,000 Role Models
  • Art Club
  • Auditorium Stage Crew
  • AVID
  • Band/Orchestra
  • Beach Patrol
  • Beachcomber (newspaper)[17]
  • Best Buddies
  • Brazilian Club
  • Chess Club
  • Chorus
  • D-FY-IT
  • DECA
  • DDC (Diversity Dance Crew)
  • Drama Club
  • Drum Corps
  • Ecology Club
  • Embryo (school magazine)
  • FBLA (Future Business Leaders of America)
  • FEA (Future Educators of America)
  • Film Club
  • Florida Public Service Association
  • French Club
  • Gay Straight Alliance
  • Guitar
  • Hispanic Club
  • In-School Student Chamber of Commerce
  • Junior State of America
  • Key Club
  • Law Club
  • Leo Club
  • Miami Beach Senior High Alumni Association
  • NJROTC (Naval Junior Officers Reserve Training Corps)
  • Orchestra
  • Quill & Scroll
  • Robotics Club
  • Rock Ensemble
  • Scuba Club
  • Speech and Debate Team
  • Stage Crew
  • Student Government
  • Yearbook

Club achievements

During the DECA 50th State Career Development Conference in 2010, Isabella Mongalo became the first person in Dade County to be elected a Florida DECA state officer when she was selected by voting delegates as Florida Vice-President.

In 2015, the Speech and Debate team were the runner-ups at CFL Nationals and won the FFL State Championship, both in Public Forum Debate.[18]

Honor societies

Academies

Academy of Hospitality and Tourism: Launched in 1987, this prepares students for post-secondary education and careers through a theme-based, contextualized curriculum approach. It provides students with the requisite knowledge and skills for a successful career in one of the world's largest service industries, through a curriculum that provides an in-depth look at all aspects of tourism and hospitality, including coursework in business, geography, hospitality, and economics. The Academy of Hospitality & Tourism operates as a small learning community and is located in more than 110 high schools nationwide, including Miami Beach Senior High. It is the largest academy of the school, with nearly 200 students. Students go on annual familiarization trips to places such as Denver, Alaska, Orlando, and San Francisco.

Academy of Information Technology: For students in the 9th through 12th grades, this academy provides student internships, job shadowing opportunities, industry certifications in networking (A+ and C.I.W.), Adobe Dreamweaver, Flash and Photoshop, and in Microsoft's M.O.S. AOIT students also network with NAF (The National Academy Foundation) and community leaders who help guide the program and advocate on its behalf. This academy teaches the students about computer technology in general.

The Miami Beach Senior High school auditorium without any students during the summer. The Academy of Visual and Performing Arts stages many of its plays here.

Academy of Visual and Performing Arts: This offers program strands in drawing, painting, sculpture, photography, acting, music performance, music education, and music composition/sound engineering.

Academy of Digital Media: This offers program strands in film and television production, journalism and creative writing.

Academy of Marine and Environmental Science: This is offered to students interested in fields involving the environment or marine life.

Academy of Entrepreneurship: This is for students in grades 10–12 who wish to enhance their high school career with real-world experience in business and entrepreneurship. AOSBE introduces high school students to the global workplace and to many career opportunities available in accounting, business administration, finance, and entrepreneurship.

Academy of Education and Child Care: This offers opportunities and innovative ways to learn about the responsibilities of child care, and the future of the students with real-life situations.

AVID: Advancement Via Individual Determination is a fourth- through twelfth-grade system to prepare students in the academic middle for four-year college eligibility. It has a proven track record in bringing out the best in students, and in closing the achievement gap.

Scholars Academy: This aims to educate top achieving students at the rate and level of academic rigor commensurate with their abilities so that they graduate as confident, responsible, lifelong learners who are prepared to succeed in higher education and in the world beyond. During sophomore year, students in this academy are given the opportunity to apply for the International Baccalaureate program, which begins in the 11th grade and lasts until senior year.

Academics

The State's Accountability program grades a school by a complex formula that looks at both current scores and annual improvement on the Reading, Math, Writing and Science FCATs.

Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (school grades)
Year Grade Points Percentage tested
1998-99 D N/A 93%
1999-00 C N/A 94%
2000-01 C N/A 94%
2001-02 C 330 90%
2002-03 C 343 97%
2003-04 C 346 95%
2004-05 C 333 98%
2005-06 C 373 98%
2006-07 D 414 98%
2007-08 B 523 99%
2008-09 B 519 99%
2009-10 B 570 98%
2010-11 A 582 98%
2011-12 A 565 99%

Films and productions shot at Beach High

An episode of MTV's MADE, a self-improvement reality television series, was shot at Miami Beach Senior High in early 2010, chronicling the Miami Beach Cheer Team. It is the third episode of the 11th season of the series.[19] It premiered August 20, 2010, to mixed reviews.

In 1985, the opening scene of the movie Band of the Hand (directed by Paul Michael Glaser) was filmed at MBSH. An explosion scene was filmed by blowing out the wall to a classroom in the 100 wing.

Student demographics

The ethnic composition of the student body is:[1]

The gender composition of the student body is:

By the 1950s the majority of Miami Beach High's student body had become Jewish. At that time many non-Jewish parents began sending their children to other schools. In previous decades wealthy Christian students were the majority.[20]

School renovations

The Miami Beach Senior High gym
The school cafeteria

The school is undergoing major renovations after 47 years at its second and current location on Prairie Avenue. The school demolished three old buildings (100–300 wings) while remodeling the zero wing (now Building 7) for the Scholars' Academy. Taking their place were two new buildings (Buildings 2 and 3), which opened in early 2008 along with a remodeled CAP office, new auditorium, a new dining facility and outdoor dining area with food court style service, a new gymnasium, black box theater, media center, science and computer labs. The first phase, which includes the already completed bus lane and parking lots, parent drop-off lane, auditorium, and new classrooms, was completed in late 2007.

The completed construction and remodeling of the school was finished a few weeks before school started. This includes a fourth facility (Building 6) which houses a new gym and cafeteria and opened in time for the start of the 2009–10 school year over the former area of the 100–400 wings. The new air-conditioned gym is twice the size of the old gym, which was demolished during the summer break of 2009 in time for the first day of school. A courtyard replaced the old gym's location. The new gym has an aerobics room, dance studio, and new locker rooms.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Miami Beach Senior High School". greatschools.org. June 13, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  2. "Miami Beach Senior High School - Miami Beach, Florida - FL - School overview". Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  3. http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/04/11/1570620/miami-beach-high-to-offer-international.html
  4. Bramson, Seth. From Farms and Fields to the Future: The Incredible History of North Miami Beach. Arcadia Publishing, June 1, 2012. ISBN 1614236410, 9781614236412. Google Books PT 125. "[...] and then on to North Miami Beach Senior High, [...] or Dr. Michael Krop Senior High, [...] to complete their secondary educations. (Prior to the opening of NMB and Krop, North Miami Beach's high school-age students went to North Miami or Norland High Schools.)"
  5. Cenziper, Debbie. "At Beach High, when it rains it pours" (Archive). Miami Herald. Tuesday February 11, 2003. Retrieved on January 10, 2016.
  6. http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/05/21/2810988/beach-high-principal-named-top.html
  7. "Miami Beach prom a smut-acular event". Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  8. "YouTube". Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  9. http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/05/28/1653193/miami-dolphins-chip-in-for-new.html
  10. Estrategia, Social. "Circuito Lider - Fuerza Radial en Venezuela - Streaming de Audio y Video". Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  11. Cohen, Howard (2015-01-20). "Ultra co-founder, Miami nightlife fixture Alex Omes dies at 43". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2015-01-31.
  12. New Miami Dolphins owner Stephen Ross a lifelong fan – NFL – Yahoo! Sports
  13. Elfrink, Tim (December 16, 2010). "Nevin Shapiro Is the Caligula of South Florida's Ponzi Empire". Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  14. http://sportstrac.herald.com/SportsTrac.aspx?action=team&schoolid=175&sportsid=5
  15. http://www.miamiherald.com/620/story/243939.html
  16. http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/08/19/2365731/miami-beachs-louis-getting-a-lot.html#ixzz1YsoAziTi
  17. http://mbshbeachcomber.webs.com/
  18. "Speech and Debate Team / Awards". Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  19. "Let It Go - MTV". Retrieved November 6, 2016.
  20. Moore, Deborah Dash. To the Golden Cities: Pursuing the American Jewish Dream in Miami and L.A.. Harvard University Press, 1994. ISBN 0674893050, 9780674893054. p. 87.
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