Mary the Jewess
Mary or Maria the Jewess (Latin: Maria Prophetissima), also known as Mary or Miriam the Prophetess, is an early alchemist who is known from the works of the Gnostic Christian writer Zosimos of Panopolis.
The figure of Maria Prophetissima may have been developed from Miriam, a sister of Moses. On the basis of Zosimos's comments, she lived between the first and third centuries A.D.[1] Taylor and Lippmann list her as one of the first alchemical writers, dating her works at no later than the first century.[2] She is credited with the invention of several kinds of chemical apparatus and is considered to be the first true alchemist of the Western world.[3]
History
The primary source for the existence of "Mary the Jewess" within the context of alchemy is Zosimos of Panopolis, who wrote, in the 4th century, the oldest extant books on alchemy. Zosimos described several of Mary's experiments and instruments. In his writings, Mary is almost always mentioned as having lived in the past, and she is described as "one of the sages."
George Syncellus, a Byzantine chronicler of the 8th century, presented Mary as a teacher of Democritus, whom she had met in Memphis, Egypt, during the time of Pericles.
The 10th century Kitāb al-Fihrist of Ibn al-Nadim cited Mary as one of the 52 most famous alchemists and stated that she was able to prepare caput mortuum, a purple pigment.
The Roman philosopher Morieno called her "Mary the Prophetess," and the Arabs knew her as the "Daughter of Plato" — a name which, in Western alchemical texts, was reserved for white sulfur.[4]
Writings
Although none of Mary's writings have survived, some quotations credited to her are found in hermetic writings. The most notable of these are found in The Dialogue of Mary and Aros on the Magistery of Hermes, which is an extract made by an anonymous Christian philosopher. Operations are described in this document which would later become the basis of alchemy, such as leukosis (whitening) and xanthosis (yellowing). The document describes, for the first time, an acid salt and other acids. There are also several recipes for making gold from plants (mandragora, for example).
Several cryptic alchemical precepts have been attributed to Mary. She is said to have spoken of the union of opposites:[5]
Join the male and the female, and you will find what is sought.
The following was known as the Axiom of Maria:
One becomes two, two becomes three, and out of the third comes the one as the fourth.
Marie-Louise von Franz, an associate of psychologist Carl Jung, gives an alternative version:[6]
Out of the One comes Two, out of Two comes Three, and from the Third comes the One as the Fourth.
Carl Jung used this axiom as a metaphor for wholeness and individuation.
Inventions
Mary is said to have discovered hydrochloric acid, though this is not accepted by most science texts.[7]
Mary, along with Agathodaemon, Pseudo-Democritus, and Hermes Trismegistus, was mentioned by Zosimos of Panopolis in his descriptions of certain devices, such as the tribikos, the kerotakis, and the bain-marie. But her contributions are disputed and not clear.[8]
Tribikos
The tribikos was a kind of alembic with three arms that was used to obtain substances purified by distillation. It is not known whether Mary invented it, but Zosimos credits the first description of the instrument to her. It is still used today in alchemy and chemistry labs. In her writings (quoted by Zosimos), she recommends that the copper or bronze used to make the tubes should be the thickness of a frying pan and that the joints between the tubes and the still-head should be sealed with flour paste.[9]
Kerotakis
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The kerotakis is a device used to heat substances used in alchemy and to collect vapors. It is an airtight container with a sheet of copper upon its upper side. When working properly, all its joints form a tight vacuum. The use of such sealed containers in the hermetic arts led to the term "hermetically sealed." The kerotakis was said to be a replication of the process of the formation of gold that was occurring in the bowels of the earth.
This instrument was later modified by the German chemist Franz von Soxhlet in 1879 to create the extractor that bears his name, the Soxhlet extractor.
Bain-marie
Mary's name survives in her invention of the bain-marie (Mary's Bath), which limits the maximum temperature of a container and its contents to the boiling point of a separate liquid: essentially a double boiler. It is extensively used in chemical processes for which a gentle heat is necessary.[10] This term was introduced by Arnold of Villanova in the 14th century. The bain-marie is also used for cooking food.[11]
See also
References
- ↑ Chemical History Tour, Picturing Chemistry from Alchemy to Modern Molecular Science Adele Droblas Greenberg Wiley-Interscience 2000 ISBN 0-471-35408-2
- ↑ Taylor, F. Sherwood. “A Survey of Greek Alchemy”. The Journal of Hellenic Studies 50 (1930): 109–139.
- ↑ Patai, Raphael (1995). The Jewish Alchemists: A History and Source Book. Princeton University Press. pp. 60–91. ISBN 9780691006420. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
- ↑ Alic, Margaret. El legado de Hipatia: historia de las mujeres en la ciencia desde la antigüedad hasta fines del siglo XIX.
- ↑ Patai, p. 66.
- ↑ von Franz, Marie-Louise (1974). Number and Time: Reflections Leading Towards a Unification of Psychology and Physics. London: Rider & Company. p. 65. ISBN 0-09-121020-8.
- ↑ Bunch, Bryan; Hellemans, Alexander (2004). "Sci & Tech Chronology". History of Science and Technology. Houghton Mifflin Company. Also mentioned in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1901–1906). Others attribute the discovery to Andreas Libavius.
- ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/364828/Maria
- ↑ Taylor, Frank Sherwood. Alchemists, Founders of Modern Chemistry. pp. 38–39.
- ↑ Holmyard, E.J. (1957). Alchemy. New York: Dover, 1990. pp. 48f.
- ↑ Webster's International Dictionary of the English Language. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co. 1900. p. 112.
A vessel for holding hot water in which another vessel may be heated without scorching its contents; —used for warming or preparing food or pharmaceutical preparations.
Bibliography
- Patai, Raphael (1995). The Jewish Alchemists. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691032904.
- Haeffner, Mark (2004). The Dictionary of Alchemy: From Maria Prophetissa to Isaac Newton. London: Aeon. ISBN 1904658121. (Paperback edition)
External links
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Alchemy: Maria the Jewess". Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company.- Mary the Prophetess: The Dialogue of Mary and Aros on the Magistery of Hermes.