Martin Fleischmann

Martin Fleischmann

Fleischmann showing off part of his cold fusion test apparatus.
Born (1927-03-29)29 March 1927
Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia[1]
Died 3 August 2012(2012-08-03) (aged 85)
Tisbury, England
Residence near Salisbury, England
Citizenship British[2]
Nationality British
Fields Electrochemistry
Institutions Durham University, Newcastle University, University of Southampton, University of Utah, IMRA
Alma mater Imperial College London
Notable students Stanley Pons
Known for Fundamental electrochemistry, work on cold fusion
Notable awards Fellow of the Royal Society

Martin Fleischmann FRS (29 March 1927 – 3 August 2012) was a British chemist noted for his work in electrochemistry.[3][4] Premature announcement of his cold fusion research with Stanley Pons,[5] regarding excess heat in heavy water, caused a media sensation although they continued their interest and research in cold fusion.[6]

Personal life

Born in Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia, in 1927.[6] His father was a wealthy lawyer and her mother the daughter of a high-rank Austrian civil officer.[7] Since his father was of Jewish heritage, Fleischmann's family abandoned a castle of their property and moved to the Netherlands and then to England in 1938, to avoid Nazi persecution.[6] His father died of the complications of the injuries received in a Nazi prison and afterwards Fleischmann lived for a period with his mother in a leased cottage in Rustington, Sussex.[7] His early education was obtained at Worthing High School for Boys.[7] After serving in the Czech Airforce Training Unit during the war, he moved to London in order to obtain a undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in chemistry at Imperial College London.[7] His PhD degree was awarded in 1951 under the supervision of Professor Herrington and treated on the diffusion of electrogenerated hydrogen through palladium foils.[7] He met Shelia, his future wife, as a student and remained married to her for 62 years.[7]

Picture of Bockris group at the Imperial College, London, 1947. Fleishmann is standing on the right side of the picture.

Career

Electrochemistry (1950s – 1983)

Fleischmann's professional career was focused almost entirely on fundamental electrochemistry. Fleischmann went on to teach at King's College, Durham University,[6] which in 1963 became the newly established University of Newcastle upon Tyne.[8] In 1967, Fleischmann became Professor of Electrochemistry at the University of Southampton,[9] occupying the Faraday Chair of Chemistry.[6] From 1970 to 1972, he was president of the International Society of Electrochemists.[10] In 1973, together with Patrick J. Hendra and A. James McQuillan, he played an important role in the discovery of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering effect (SERS) a contribution for which the University of Southampton was awarded a National Chemical Landmark plaque by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2013,[5][11] and he developed the ultramicroelectrode in the 1980s.[12] In 1979, he was awarded the medal for electrochemistry and thermodynamics by the Royal Society of London. In 1982 he retired from the University of Southampton. In 1985 he received the Olin Palladium Award from the Electrochemical Society, and in 1986 was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society.[13] He retired from teaching in 1983 and was given an honorary professorship at Southampton University.[10]

Fellowships, prizes and awards

Cold fusion (1983-1992)

Fleischmann confided to Stanley Pons that he might have found what he believed to be a way to create nuclear fusion at room temperatures.[9] From 1983 to 1989, he and Pons spent $100,000 in self-funded experiments at the University of Utah.[6][9] Fleischmann wanted to publish it first in an obscure journal, and had already spoken with a team that was doing similar work in a different university for a joint publication.[14][15] The details have not surfaced, but it would seem that the University of Utah wanted to establish priority over the discovery and its patents by making a public announcement before the publication.[14][15] In an interview with 60 Minutes on 19 April 2009, Fleischmann said that the public announcement was the university's idea, and that he regretted doing it.[16] This decision would later cause heavy criticism against Fleischmann and Pons, being perceived as a breach of how science is usually communicated to other scientists.[15]

On 23 March 1989 it was finally announced at a press conference as "a sustained nuclear fusion reaction,"[17] which was quickly labeled by the press as cold fusion[18][19]– a result previously thought to be unattainable. On 26 March Fleischmann warned on the Wall Street Journal Report not to try replications until a published paper was available two weeks later in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, but that did not stop hundreds of scientists who had already started work at their laboratories the moment they heard the news on 23 March,[20] and more often than not they failed to reproduce the effects.[21] Those who failed to reproduce the claim attacked the pair for fraudulent,[21][22] sloppy,[21][23][24] and unethical work;[21] incomplete,[23] unreproducible,[25] and inaccurate[25] results; and erroneous interpretations.[26] When the paper was finally published, both electrochemists and physicists called it "sloppy" and "uninformative", and it was said that, had Fleischmann and Pons waited for the publication of their paper, most of the trouble would have been avoided because scientists would not have gone so far in trying to test their work.[14][27] Fleischmann and Pons sued an Italian journalist who had published very harsh criticisms against them, but the judge rejected it saying that criticisms were appropriate given the scientists' behaviour, the lack of evidence since the first announcement, and the lack of interest shown by the scientific community, and that they were an expression of the journalist's "right of reporting".[28][29] Fleischmann, Pons and the researchers who believed that they had replicated the effect remain convinced the effect is real, but the general scientific community remains skeptical.

In 2009, Michael McKubre concluded from his attempt to duplicate the "Fleischmann-Pons Effect", that there is "heat production consistent with nuclear but not chemical energy or known lattice storage effect".[30] This was an extension of the work done by Miles at the Navy Laboratory (NAWCWD) at China Lake, California (1990-1994).[31]

Retirement (1992 – 2012)

In 1992, Fleischmann moved to France with Pons to continue their work at the IMRA laboratory (part of Technova Corporation, a subsidiary of Toyota), but in 1995 he retired and returned to England.[32][33] He co-authored further papers with researchers from the U.S. Navy[34][35] and Italian national laboratories (INFN and ENEA),[36] on the subject of cold fusion. In March 2006, "Solar Energy Limited" division "D2Fusion Inc" announced in a press release that Fleischmann, then 79, would be acting as their senior scientific advisor.[37]

Death

Fleischmann died at home, on 3 August 2012, of natural causes. He had suffered from Parkinson’s disease, diabetes and heart disease.[4] He was survived by his son Nicholas and his two daughters, Vanessa and Charlotte.[7]

Legacy

While holding the Faraday Chair of Electrochemistry he and Graham Hills established in the late 60s the now renown Electrochemistry Group of the University of Southampton.[7]

Fleischmann produced over 272 scientific papers and book chapters on the field of electrochemistry.[7] He contributed to the fundamental theory of:

Peer-reviewed papers on "Cold Fusion"

Notes

  1. ↑ Taubes, Gary (1993). Bad science: the short life and weird times of cold fusion. New York: Random House. p. 6. ISBN 0-394-58456-2.
  2. ↑ Voss, D (1999-03-01). "What Ever Happened to Cold Fusion". Physics World. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
  3. ↑ Svensson, Peter (7 August 2012). "'Cold fusion' co-discoverer Martin Fleischmann dies". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2012-08-09. By Associated Press.
  4. 1 2 Adams, Brooke (6 August 2012). "Martin Fleischmann, co-discoverer of 'cold fusion,' is dead". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
  5. 1 2 Shelley, Tom (October 2006). "Tiny reflectors boost sensing a billion". Eureka. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ball, P. (2012). "Martin Fleischmann (1927–2012)". Nature. 489 (7414): 34–39. doi:10.1038/489034a.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pletcher, D.; Tian, Z.-Q.; Williams, D.E. (2014). Developments in Electrochemistry: Science Inspired by Martin Fleischmann. Chichester: Wiley. ISBN 9781118694435.
  8. ↑ King's College, Official Records of Durham University.
  9. 1 2 3 Charles Platt (November 1998). "What If Cold Fusion Is Real?". Wired. p. 2.
  10. 1 2 William J. Broad (1989-05-09). "Brilliance and Recklessness Seen in Fusion Collaboration". The New York Times.
  11. ↑ Fleischmann, M.; PJ Hendra; AJ McQuillan (15 May 1974). "Raman Spectra of Pyridine Adsorbed at a Silver Electrode". Chemical Physics Letters. 26 (2): 163–166. Bibcode:1974CPL....26..163F. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(74)85388-1.
  12. ↑ Bard, A.J.; Faulkner, L.R. Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Edition, 2000.
  13. ↑ "Fellows of the Royal Society" (pdf). The Royal Society. August 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  14. 1 2 3 Shamoo, 2003, 86
  15. 1 2 3 Simon, 2002, 28-36
  16. ↑ Cold Fusion is Hot Again, CBS News http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/04/17/60minutes/main4952167_page4.shtml
  17. ↑ Press release, published in Huizenga, Cold fusion, Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 289
  18. ↑ Simon, 2002, p. 39. Simon says that the first article naming Fleischmann's work as "cold fusion" was: Jerry Bishop, Wall Street Journal, "Research in Utah to announce a development in fusion energy", 23 March 1989, or "Scientist sticks to claimed test-tube fusion advance", 27 March.
  19. ↑ Fleischmann, Martin; Pons, Stanley; Hawkins, M. (1989). "Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 261 (2A): 301–308. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3., and errata in Vol. 263.
  20. ↑ Simon, 2002, page 35
  21. 1 2 3 4 Shamoo, 2003, pages 76, 97
  22. ↑ Henry Krips; J. E. McGuire; Trevor Melia (1995). University of Pittsburgh Press, eds. Science, Reason, and Rhetoric (illustrated ed.). Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. xvi. ISBN 0-8229-3912-6.
  23. 1 2 Simon, 2002, p. 119
  24. ↑ Michael B. Schiffer; Kacy L. Hollenback; Carrie L. Bell (2003). University of California Press, eds. Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment (illustrated ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press. pp. 207. ISBN 0-520-23802-8.
  25. 1 2 Taubes, Gary (1993). Bad science: the short life and weird times of cold fusion. New York: Random House. p. 6. ISBN 0-394-58456-2.
  26. ↑ Thomas F. Gieryn (1999). University of Chicago Press, eds. Cultural Boundaries of Science: Credibility on the Line (illustrated ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 204. ISBN 0-226-29262-2.
  27. ↑ Simon, 2002, p. 43
  28. ↑ Simon, 2002, pags. 110-112
  29. ↑ Robert L. Park (2002). Oxford University Press, eds. Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud (reprint ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 0-19-860443-2.
  30. ↑ McKubre, M.C.H. (2009). "COLD FUSION, LENR, the Fleischmann-Pons Effect; ONE PERSPECTIVE on the STATE of the SCIENCE". In Vittorio Violante; Francesca Sarto. 15th Annual Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. Rome, Italy: ENEA. ISBN 978-88-8286-256-5.
  31. ↑ Miles, M. (2003). "Correlation Of Excess Enthalpy And Helium-4 Production: A Review.". In Peter L Hagelstein (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA) & Scott R Chubb (Naval Research Laboratory, USA). Tenth International Conference on Cold Fusion. Hackensack, New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 978-981-256-564-8.
  32. ↑ Simon, 2002, p. 137
  33. ↑ Petit, Petit (14 March 2009). "Cold panacea: two researchers proclaimed 20 years ago that they'd achieved cold fusion, the ultimate energy solution. The work went nowhere, but the hope remains.". Science News. 175 (6). pp. 20–24. doi:10.1002/scin.2009.5591750622.
  34. ↑ Szpak, S., et al., Thermal behavior of polarized Pd/D electrodes prepared by co-deposition. Thermochim. Acta, 2004. 410: p. 101.
  35. ↑ Mosier-Boss, P.A. and M. Fleischmann, Thermal and Nuclear Aspects of the Pd/D2O System, ed. S. Szpak and P.A. Mosier-Boss. Vol. 2. Simulation of the Electrochemical Cell (ICARUS) Calorimetry. 2002: SPAWAR Systems Center, San Diego, U.S. Navy.
  36. ↑ Del Giudice, E., et al. Loading of H(D) in a Pd lattice. in The 9th International Conference on Cold Fusion, Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. 2002. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China: Tsinghua University Press
  37. ↑ Park, Robert L. (31 March 2006), "Cold-Fusion Day: Does Fleischmann Still Brew Tea On Hot Plate?" What's New by Bob Park

References

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