Marathon world record progression

This list is a chronological progression of record times for the marathon. World records in the marathon are now ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the international governing body for the sport of athletics. The IAAF world record for men is 2:02:57, set by Dennis Kimetto of Kenya on September 28, 2014 at the Berlin Marathon.[1][2] The IAAF recognizes two world records for women, a "Mixed Gender" record of 2:15:25, set by Paula Radcliffe of the United Kingdom on April 13, 2003 at the London Marathon, and a "Women Only" record of 2:17:42, also set by Radcliffe, on April 17, 2005 in the London Marathon.[1][3]

As noted below, a marathon performance must meet certain criteria to be eligible for ratification as a world record. In recognizing Kenyan Geoffrey Mutai's mark of 2:03:02 at the 2011 Boston Marathon as (at the time) "the fastest Marathon ever run", the IAAF has noted: "Due to the elevation drop and point-to-point measurements of the Boston course, performances [on that course] are not eligible for World record consideration."[4] The IAAF Congress at 2011 World Championships in Athletics passed a motion changing the record eligibility criteria effective January 2012, so that women's world records must be set in all-women competitions.[5] The result of the change was that Radcliffe's 2:17:42 performance at the 2005 London Marathon would supplant the existing women's mark as the "world record"; the earlier performance was to be referred to as a "world best".[5] The decision was met with strong protest, and in November 2011 an IAAF council member reported that Radcliffe's original mark would be allowed to stand, with the eventual decision that both marks would be recognized as "world records," the faster one as a "Mixed Gender" mark, the other as a "Women Only" mark.[6]

Criteria for record eligibility

In order for a performance to be ratified as a world record by the IAAF, the marathon course on which the performance occurred must be 42.195 kilometers[7] and measured in a defined manner using the calibrated bicycle method[8] and meet other criteria that rule out "artificially fast times" produced on courses aided by downhill slope or tailwind.[9] The criteria include:

Road racing events like the marathon were specifically excepted from IAAF rule 260 18(d) that rejected from consideration those track and field performances set in mixed competition.[7]

The Association of Road Racing Statisticians, an independent organization that compiles data from road running events, also maintains an alternate marathon world best progression but with standards they consider to be more stringent.[10][11]

Performances claiming world best or world record status on "point-to-point" courses such as the Boston Marathon have historically been rejected by USA Track & Field.[12] Performances on these courses could be aided by slope and/or tailwinds.[13]

History

Marathon races were first held in 1896, but the distance was not standardized by the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF) until 1921.[14][15] The actual distance for pre-1921 races frequently varied slightly from the present figure of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards). In qualifying races for the 1896 Summer Olympics, Greek runners Charilaos Vasilakos (3:18:00) and Ioannis Lavrentis (3:11:27) won the first two modern marathons.[16] On April 10, 1896, Spiridon Louis of Greece won the first Olympic marathon in Athens, Greece in a time of 2:58:50;[17] however, the distance for the event was reported to be only 40,000 meters.[18][nb 1] Three months later, British runner Len Hurst won the inaugural Paris to Conflans Marathon (also around 40 km) in a time of 2:31:30.[20] In 1900, Hurst would better his time on the same course with a 2:26:28 performance.[nb 2] Later, Shizo Kanakuri of Japan was reported to have set a world record of 2:32:45 in a November 1911 domestic qualification race for the 1912 Summer Olympics, but this performance was also run over a distance of approximately 40 km.[24][nb 3] The first marathon over the now official distance was won by American Johnny Hayes at the 1908 Summer Olympics.[26]

It is possible that Stamata Revithi, who ran the 1896 Olympic course a day after Louis, is the first woman to run the modern marathon.[27] The IAAF credits Violet Piercy's 1926 performance as the first woman to race what is now the standard marathon distance; however, other sources report that the 1918 performance of Marie-Louise Ledru in the Tour de Paris set the initial mark for women.[10][28][29][30] Other "unofficial" performances have also been reported to be world bests or world records over time. Although her performance is not recognized by the IAAF, Adrienne Beames from Australia is frequently credited as the first woman to break the 3-hour barrier in the marathon.[31][nb 4]

In the 1953 Boston Marathon, the top three male finishers were thought to have broken the standing world record,[33] but Keizo Yamada's mark of 2:18:51 is now considered to have been set on a short course.[34] The Boston Athletic Association does not report Yamada's performance as a world best.[35] On October 25, 1981, American Alberto Salazar and New Zealander Allison Roe set apparent world bests at the New York City Marathon (2:08:13 and 2:25:29); however, these marks were invalidated when the course was later found to have been nearly 150 meters short.[36][37] Although the IAAF's progression notes three performances set on the same course in 1978, 1979, and 1980 by Norwegian Grete Waitz, the Association of Road Racing Statisticians considers the New York City course suspect for those performances, too.[38]

On April 18, 2011, the Boston Marathon produced what were at that time the two fastest marathon performances of all time. Winner Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya recorded a time of 2:03:02,[39] followed by countryman Moses Mosop in 2:03:06. Whilst the Boston course does not meet the criteria for record attempts, these times have been bettered only by the current world record.

Eight world records have been set at the Polytechnic Marathon (1909, 1913, 1952–54, 1963–65).[40] World records have been broken at all five World Marathon Majors on numerous occasions; seven times at the Berlin Marathon, three times at the Boston Marathon, and four times each at the Chicago, London, and New York City Marathons. However, the records established in the Boston event have been disputed on grounds of a downhill point-to-point course, while three of the four New York records have been disputed on grounds of a short course.

Men

Table key:
  Listed by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best prior to official acceptance[41]
  Ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best (since January 1, 2003) or world record (since January 1, 2004)[41]
  Recognized by the Association of Road Racing Statisticians[10]

Time Name Nationality Date Event/Place Source Notes
2:55:18.4 Johnny Hayes  United States July 24, 1908 London, United Kingdom IAAF[41] Time was officially recorded as 2:55:18 2/5.[42] Italian Dorando Pietri finished in 2:54:46.4, but was disqualified for receiving assistance from race officials near the finish.[43] Note.[44]
2:52:45.4 Robert Fowler  United States January 1, 1909 Yonkers,[nb 5] United States IAAF[41] Note.[44]
2:46:52.8 James Clark  United States February 12, 1909 New York City, United States IAAF[41] Note.[44]
2:46:04.6 Albert Raines  United States May 8, 1909 New York City, United States IAAF[41] Note.[44]
2:42:31.0 Henry Barrett  United Kingdom May 26, 1909[nb 6] Polytechnic Marathon, London, United Kingdom IAAF[41] Note.[44]
2:40:34.2 Thure Johansson  Sweden August 31, 1909 Stockholm, Sweden IAAF[41] Note.[44]
2:38:16.2 Harry Green  United Kingdom May 12, 1913 Polytechnic Marathon IAAF[41] Note.[49]
2:36:06.6 Alexis Ahlgren  Sweden May 31, 1913 Polytechnic Marathon IAAF[41] Report in The Times claiming world record.[50] Note.[49]
2:38:00.8 Umberto Blasi  Italy November 29, 1914 Legnano, Italy ARRS[10]
2:32:35.8 Hannes Kolehmainen  Finland August 22, 1920 Antwerp, Belgium IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] The course distance was officially reported to be 42,750 meters/26.56 miles,[51] however, the Association of Road Racing Statisticians estimated the course to be 40 km.[19]
2:29:01.8 Albert Michelsen  United States October 12, 1925 Port Chester, United States IAAF[41] Note.[52]
2:30:57.6 Harry Payne  United Kingdom July 5, 1929 London ARRS[10]
2:26:14 Sohn Kee Chung Korea March 21, 1935 Tokyo, Japan ARRS[10] Competed for Japan as Kitei Son because of Japan's occupation of the Korean Peninsula
2:27:49.0 Fusashige Suzuki  Japan March 31, 1935 Tokyo, Japan IAAF[41] According to the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, Suzuki's 2:27:49 performance occurred in Tokyo on March 21, 1935, during a race in which he finished second to Sohn Kee-chung (sometimes referred to as Kee-Jung Sohn or Son Kitei) who ran a 2:26:14.[53]
2:26:44.0 Yasuo Ikenaka  Japan April 3, 1935 Tokyo, Japan IAAF[41] Note.[54]
2:26:42 Sohn Kee Chung  Korea November 3, 1935 Tokyo, Japan IAAF[41] Note.[54]
2:25:39 Suh Yun-bok  Korea April 19, 1947 Boston Marathon IAAF[41] Disputed (short course).[55] Disputed (point-to-point).[56] Note.[57]
2:20:42.2 Jim Peters  United Kingdom June 14, 1952 Polytechnic Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] MarathonGuide.com states the course was slightly long.[58] Report in The Times claiming world record.[59]
2:18:40.4 Jim Peters  United Kingdom June 13, 1953 Polytechnic Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] Report in The Times claiming world record.[59]
2:18:34.8 Jim Peters  United Kingdom October 4, 1953 Turku Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:17:39.4 Jim Peters  United Kingdom June 26, 1954 Polytechnic Marathon IAAF[41] Point-to-point course. Report in The Times claiming world record.[60]
2:18:04.8 Paavo Kotila  Finland August 12, 1956 Pieksämäki, Finland ARRS[10]
2:15:17.0 Sergei Popov  Soviet Union August 24, 1958 Stockholm, Sweden IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] The ARRS notes Popov's extended time as 2:15:17.6[10]
2:15:16.2 Abebe Bikila  Ethiopia September 10, 1960 Rome, Italy IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:15:15.8 Toru Terasawa  Japan February 17, 1963 Beppu-Ōita Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:14:28 Leonard Edelen  United States June 15, 1963 Polytechnic Marathon IAAF[41] Point-to-point course. Report in The Times claiming world record and stating that the course may have been long.[61]
2:14:43 Brian Kilby  United Kingdom July 6, 1963 Port Talbot, Wales ARRS[10]
2:13:55 Basil Heatley  United Kingdom June 13, 1964 Polytechnic Marathon IAAF[41] Point-to-point course. Report in The Times claiming world record.[62]
2:12:11.2 Abebe Bikila  Ethiopia October 21, 1964 Tokyo, Japan IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:12:00 Morio Shigematsu  Japan June 12, 1965 Polytechnic Marathon IAAF[41] Point-to-point course. Report in The Times claiming world record.[63]
2:09:36.4 Derek Clayton  Australia December 3, 1967 Fukuoka Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:08:33.6 Derek Clayton  Australia May 30, 1969 Antwerp, Belgium IAAF[41] Disputed (short course).[64]
2:09:28.8 Ron Hill  United Kingdom July 23, 1970 Edinburgh, Scotland ARRS[10]
2:09:12 Ian Thompson  United Kingdom January 31, 1974 Christchurch, New Zealand ARRS[10]
2:09:05.6 Shigeru So  Japan February 5, 1978 Beppu-Ōita Marathon ARRS[10]
2:09:01 Gerard Nijboer  Netherlands April 26, 1980 Amsterdam Marathon ARRS[10]
2:08:18 Robert De Castella  Australia December 6, 1981 Fukuoka Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:08:05 Steve Jones  United Kingdom October 21, 1984 Chicago Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:07:12 Carlos Lopes  Portugal April 20, 1985 Rotterdam Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:06:50 Belayneh Dinsamo  Ethiopia April 17, 1988 Rotterdam Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:06:05 Ronaldo da Costa  Brazil September 20, 1998 Berlin Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:05:42 Khalid Khannouchi  Morocco October 24, 1999 Chicago Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:05:38 Khalid Khannouchi  United States April 14, 2002 London Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] First "World's Best" recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[65] The ARRS notes Khannouchi's extended time as 2:05:37.8[10]
2:04:55 Paul Tergat  Kenya September 28, 2003 Berlin Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] First world record for the men's marathon ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[66]
2:04:26 Haile Gebrselassie  Ethiopia September 30, 2007 Berlin Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:03:59 Haile Gebrselassie  Ethiopia September 28, 2008 Berlin Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] The ARRS notes Gebrselassie's extended time as 2:03:58.2[10]
2:03:38 Patrick Makau  Kenya September 25, 2011 Berlin Marathon IAAF,[67] IAAF[68]
2:03:23 Wilson Kipsang  Kenya September 29, 2013 Berlin Marathon IAAF[69] IAAF[70]
2:02:57 Dennis Kimetto  Kenya September 28, 2014 Berlin Marathon IAAF[71] IAAF[72]

Women

Table key:
  Listed by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best prior to official acceptance[41]
  Ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best (since January 1, 2003) or world record (since January 1, 2004)[41]
  Recognized by the Association of Road Racing Statisticians[10]

Time Name Nationality Date Event/Place Source Notes
5:40:xx Marie-Louise Ledru  France September 29, 1918 Tour de Paris Marathon ARRS[10]
3:40:22 Violet Piercy  United Kingdom October 3, 1926 London [nb 7] IAAF[41] The ARRS indicates that Piercy's 3:40:22 was set on August 2, 1926, during a time trial on a course that was only 35.4 km.[10]
3:37:07 Merry Lepper  United States December 16, 1963[nb 8] Culver City, United States IAAF[41] Disputed (short course).[76]
3:27:45 Dale Greig  United Kingdom May 23, 1964 Ryde IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
3:19:33 Mildred Sampson  New Zealand July 21, 1964[nb 9] Auckland, New Zealand IAAF[41] Disputed by ARRS as a time trial.[nb 9][79]
3:15:23 Maureen Wilton  Canada May 6, 1967 Toronto, Canada IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] The ARRS notes Wilton's extended time as 3:14:22.8[10]
3:07:27.2 Anni Pede-Erdkamp  West Germany September 16, 1967 Waldniel, West Germany IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] The ARRS notes Pede-Erdkamp's extended time as 3:07:26.2[10]
3:02:53 Caroline Walker  United States February 28, 1970 Seaside, OR IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
3:01:42 Elizabeth Bonner  United States May 9, 1971 Philadelphia, United States IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
3:00:35 Sara Mae Berman United States May, 1970 Brockton, Massachusetts unverified yet Plodder's Marathon - last world record prior to sub-3 hour times
2:55:22 Elizabeth Bonner  United States September 19, 1971 New York City Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:49:40 Cheryl Bridges  United States December 5, 1971 Culver City, United States IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:46:36 Michiko Gorman  United States December 2, 1973 Culver City, United States IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] The ARRS notes Gorman's extended time as 2:46:37[10]
2:46:24 Chantal Langlacé  France October 27, 1974 Neuf-Brisach, France IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:43:54.5 Jacqueline Hansen  United States December 1, 1974 Culver City, United States IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] The ARRS notes Hansen's extended time as 2:43:54.6[10]
2:42:24 Liane Winter  West Germany April 21, 1975 Boston Marathon IAAF[41] Disputed (point-to-point).[56]
2:40:15.8 Christa Vahlensieck  West Germany May 3, 1975 Dülmen IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:38:19 Jacqueline Hansen  United States October 12, 1975 Eugene, United States IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:35:15.4 Chantal Langlacé  France May 1, 1977 Oiartzun, Spain IAAF[41]
2:34:47.5 Christa Vahlensieck  West Germany September 10, 1977 Berlin Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:32:29.8 Grete Waitz  Norway October 22, 1978 New York City Marathon IAAF[41] Disputed (short course).[38][82]
2:27:32.6 Grete Waitz  Norway October 21, 1979 New York City Marathon IAAF[41] Disputed (short course).[38][83]
2:31:23 Joan Benoit  United States February 3, 1980 Auckland, New Zealand ARRS[10]
2:30:57.1 Patti Catalano  United States September 6, 1980 Montreal, Canada ARRS[10]
2:25:41.3 Grete Waitz  Norway October 26, 1980 New York City Marathon IAAF[41] Disputed (short course).[38][84]
2:30:27 Joyce Smith  United Kingdom November 16, 1980 Tokyo, Japan ARRS[10]
2:29:57 Joyce Smith  United Kingdom March 29, 1981 London Marathon ARRS[10]
2:29:01.6 Charlotte Teske  West Germany January 16, 1982 Miami, United States ARRS[10]
2:26:12 Joan Benoit  United States September 12, 1982 Eugene, United States ARRS[10]
2:25:28.7 Grete Waitz  Norway April 17, 1983 London Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:22:43 Joan Benoit  United States April 18, 1983 Boston Marathon IAAF[41] Disputed (point-to-point).[56]
2:24:26 Ingrid Kristiansen  Norway May 13, 1984 London Marathon ARRS[10]
2:21:06 Ingrid Kristiansen  Norway April 21, 1985 London Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:20:47 Tegla Loroupe  Kenya April 19, 1998 Rotterdam Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:20:43 Tegla Loroupe  Kenya September 26, 1999 Berlin Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:19:46 Naoko Takahashi  Japan September 30, 2001 Berlin Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:18:47 Catherine Ndereba  Kenya October 7, 2001 Chicago Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10]
2:17:18 Paula Radcliffe  United Kingdom October 13, 2002 Chicago Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] First "World's Best" recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[65] The ARRS notes Radcliffe's extended time as 2:17:17.7[10]
2:15:25 Paula Radcliffe  United Kingdom April 13, 2003 London Marathon IAAF,[41] ARRS[10] First world record for the women's marathon ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[85] The ARRS notes Radcliffe's extended time as 2:15:24.6[10]

Gallery of marathon world record holders

Notes

  1. ↑ The Association of Road Racing Statisticians has estimated the course distance to be 37–38 km.[19]
  2. ↑ According to the "Sporting Records" section of The Canadian Year Book for 1905: "Len Hurst won the Marathon race, 40 kilometres (24 miles, 1505 yards), over roads, Conflans to Paris, Fr., in the record time of 2.26:27 3-5, July 8, 1900."[21] Other sources confirm that the direction of the 1900 race was reversed but note Hurst's finishing time as 2:26:47.4[22] or 2:26:48.[23]
  3. ↑ Road running historian Andy Milroy writing for the Association of Road Racing Statisticians has indicated that "25 miles was the distance of the first Japanese marathon held in 1911". Predating Kanakuri's performance, Milroy also indicated that a "professional world record" at the 25 mile distance of 2:32:42 was set by British runner Len Hurst on August 27, 1903.[25]
  4. ↑ According to the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, Beames' performance of 2:46:30 on August 31, 1971, in Werribee, Australia is regarded as a time trial.[32]
  5. ↑ Many references incorrectly refer to this race as the Yonkers Marathon. The Yonkers Marathon, which during the early 1900s was traditionally run during late November, was won over a month earlier by Jim Crowley.[45][46]
  6. ↑ According to the progression of world bests listed by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), James Clark set a world best of 2:46:52.8 in New York on February 12, 1909, Albert Raines broke Clark's mark with a 2:46:04.6 in New York on May 8, 1909, and Henry Barrett broke Raines' mark with a 2:42:31.0 in London on May 26, 1909.[47] Ian Ridpath, a former director of the Polytechnic marathon, has indicated on his website that some sources have wrongly listed the date of Barrett performance as May 26, 1909, and has confirmed the true date as May 8, 1909.[40] An article in The Times dated May 10, 1909, provides strong evidence that Ridpath is correct.[48] Given that Barrett's marathon in London most likely concluded before Raines' marathon held on the same date in New York, it is also likely that Barrett rather than Raines broke the world best set by Clark three months earlier.
  7. ↑ Piercy's mark was set on the Polytechnic Marathon course between Windsor and London.[73] A number of sources, including Kathrine Switzer, have reported that the venue for Piercy's mark was the actual Polytechnic Marathon,[74] however, records from the Association of Road Racing Statisticians confirm that the 1926 Polytechnic Marathon was held on May 18.[75]
  8. ↑ The Association of Road Racing Statisticians notes the date of the race as December 14, 1963.[76][77]
  9. 1 2 Peter Heidenstrom, a statistician for Athletics New Zealand, has been reported as providing a date of December 1964,[78] however, the Association of Road Racing Statisticians notes the date of Sampson's performance was August 16, 1964.[79] Other sources from August to October 1964 support the August date.[80][81] The ARRS also notes that Sampson's mark was set during a time trial and does not recognize it in their progression of marathon world bests.[10][76]

References

  1. 1 2 "Stats/Records by Event/Marathon". Monaco: International Association of Athletics Federations. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  2. ↑ Fahey, Ciaran (September 28, 2014). "Dennis Kimetto Sets World Mark at Berlin Marathon". ABC News. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  3. ↑ "Women's outdoor Marathon - Records - iaaf.org". iaaf.org.
  4. ↑ Monti, David (April 18, 2011). "Strong winds and ideal conditions propel Mutai to fastest Marathon ever - Boston Marathon report". www.iaaf.org. International Association of Athletics Federations. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  5. 1 2 Baldwin, Alan (September 20, 2011). "Argument erupts over Radcliffe's marathon record". Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  6. ↑ "Paula Radcliffe keeps her marathon world record in IAAF about-turn". The Guardian. London. November 10, 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "IAAF Competition Rules 2016-2017" (PDF). 2015. p. 275. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  8. ↑ "IAAF Publication, "The Measurement of Road Race Courses", Second Edition, 2004, Updated 2008." (PDF). Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  9. ↑ May, Peter (April 18, 2011). "Kenya's Mutai Wins Boston in 2:03:02". The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 ARRS World Best Progressions - Road 2015.
  11. ↑ "Association of Road Racing Statisticians". ARRS. January 1, 2003. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  12. ↑ Rosenthal, Bert (April 14, 1990). "Boston Marathon: For the record, race doesn't measure up". The Free-Lance Star. Fredricksburg, Virginia. AP. p. 13. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  13. ↑ "OTR04WomenSup.qxd" (PDF). Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  14. ↑ "The Marathon journey to reach 42.195km". european-athletics.org. April 25, 2008. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  15. ↑ Martin, David E.; Roger W. H. Gynn (May 2000). The Olympic Marathon. Human Kinetics Publishers. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-88011-969-6.
  16. ↑ Martin, Dr. David (2000). "Marathon running as a social and athletic phenomenon: historical and current trends". In Pedoe, Dan Tunstall. Marathon Medicine. London: Royal Society of Medicine Press. p. 31. ISBN 9781853154607.
  17. ↑ De Coubertin, Pierre; Timoleon J. Philemon; N. G. Politis; Charalambos Anninos (1897). "The Olympic Games, B.C. 776 - A.D. 1896, Second Part, The Olympic Games in 1896" (PDF). Charles Beck (Athens), H. Grevel and Co. (London). Retrieved October 16, 2008.
  18. ↑ "Athletes | Olympic Medalist | Olympians | Gold Medalists | Medal Count". Olympic.org. July 19, 1996. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
  19. 1 2 "untitled".
  20. ↑ Milroy, Andy. "The origins of the marathon". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  21. ↑ "Sporting Records". The Canadian Year Book for 1905. Toronto Canada: Alfred Hewitt. 8: 147. 1905.
  22. ↑ Martin, David E.; Roger W. H. Gynn (May 2000). The Olympic Marathon. Human Kinetics Publishers. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-88011-969-6.
  23. ↑ Noakes, Tim (2003). The Lore of Running (Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-87322-959-2.
  24. ↑ "Running Training Blog Entry | Lydiard Foundation Members". Lydiardfoundation.org. July 15, 1912. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
  25. ↑ "ARRS - Association of Road Racing Statisticians".
  26. ↑ "Profiles - Johnny Hayes". Running Past. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  27. ↑ Tarasouleas, Athanasios (October–November 1997). "Stamata Revithi, "Alias Melpomeni"" (PDF). Olympic Review. 26 (17): 53–55. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Tour de Paris Marathon". Arrs.net. May 28, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
  29. ↑ Fast Tracks: The History of Distance Running Since 884 B.C. by Raymond Krise, Bill Squires. (1982).
  30. ↑ Endurance by Albert C. Gross. (1986)
  31. ↑ Howe, Charles. "Out of the bushes, ahead of the ambulance, and into the spotlight: milestones in the history of women's (mostly distance) running, Part I" (PDF). Rundynamics. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  32. ↑ "World Marathon Rankings for 1971". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved July 29, 2009. Unverified (probably a time trial)
  33. ↑ "Boston Marathon history - Boston Globe". Boston.com. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  34. ↑ "World Marathon Rankings for 1953". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved November 2, 2009. Short Course (41.1 km)
  35. ↑ 114th B.A.A Boston Marathon Official Program. April 19, 2010.
  36. ↑ http://static.worldmarathonmajors.com/downloads/CourseRecordProgressions_10-11-09.pdf
  37. ↑ "World Marathon Rankings for 1981". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved July 29, 2009. Short Course (150 m short on remeasurement)
  38. 1 2 3 4 "New York City Marathon". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved July 29, 2009. The course used for the 1981 race was remeasured at 42.044 km or 151 meters short of the full marathon distance. Since a major part of the shortness was within the Central Park portion of the course, all "five borough" races prior to 1981 must also be considered suspect (1976–1980) and are not considered acceptable for statistical purposes.
  39. ↑ "Mutai wins Boston in world-record time: Kilel edges American in women's race". Boston Herald. Associated Press. April 18, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  40. 1 2 "The Polytechnic Marathon 1909–1996". Ianridpath.com. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 IAAF Statistics Handbook - Daegu 2011.
  42. ↑ Cook, Theodore Andrea (1909). "The Fourth Olympiad being The Official Report The Olympic Games of 1908" (PDF). The British Olympic Association, London. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  43. ↑ "Athletes | Olympic Medalist | Olympians | Gold Medalists | Medal Count". Olympic.org. July 19, 1996. Archived from the original on May 20, 2009. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Men's World Record Times - 1905 to 1911". Marathonguide.com. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  45. ↑ Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Yonkers Marathon. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
  46. ↑ "J.F. CROWLEY WINS YONKERS MARATHON; Irish-American Runner Leads Big Field Over Westchester County Roads.". New York Times. November 27, 1908. p. 7. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
  47. ↑ "12th IAAF World Championships In Athletics: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Berlin 2009." (PDF). Monte Carlo: IAAF Media & Public Relations Department. 2009. p. Page 565. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  48. ↑ "Image: 1909Timesreport.jpg, (550 × 1188 px)". ianridpath.com. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  49. 1 2 "Men's World Record Times - 1910 to 1916". Marathonguide.com. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  50. ↑ "Image: 1913Timesreport.jpg, (434 × 452 px)". ianridpath.com. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  51. ↑ "Olympic Games Official Report 1920" (PDF). Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  52. ↑ "Men's World Record Times - 1922 to 1928". Marathonguide.com. October 12, 1925. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  53. ↑ "World Marathon Rankings for 1935". Arrs.net. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  54. 1 2 "Men's World Record Times - 1932 to 1938". Marathonguide.com. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  55. ↑ "World Marathon Rankings for 1947". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved July 29, 2009. Short Course (25.54 mi. = 41.1 km)
  56. 1 2 3 The Association of Road Racing Statisticians does not consider performances on the Boston Marathon course to qualify for world record status due to the possibility that they could be aided by slope and/or tailwinds. (See .) This mirrors the IAAF's current criteria regarding record eligible courses.
  57. ↑ "Men's World Record Times - 1944 to 1950". Marathonguide.com. April 19, 1947. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  58. ↑ "Men's World Record Times - 1949 to 1955". Marathonguide.com. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  59. 1 2 "Image: 1952Timesreport.jpg, (359 × 1700 px)". ianridpath.com. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  60. ↑ "Image: 1954Timesreport.jpg, (339 × 1244 px)". ianridpath.com. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  61. ↑ "Image: 1963Timesreport.jpg, (1733 × 1242 px)". ianridpath.com. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  62. ↑ "Image: 1964Timesreport.jpg, (1362 × 1353 px)". ianridpath.com. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  63. ↑ "Image: 1965Timesreport.jpg, (704 × 1260 px)". ianridpath.com. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
  64. ↑ "World Marathon Rankings for 1969". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved July 29, 2009. Short Course (ca 500 m short)
  65. 1 2 "Stat Corner: First World Road Records," Track and Field News, Volume 56, No. 2, February 2003, Page 50
  66. ↑ "Del's Athletics Almanac Olympics Commonweath European World Championship Results [Event Information]". Athletics.hitsites.de. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  67. ↑ "Makau stuns with 2:03:38 marathon world record in Berlin | iaaf.org". IAAF. September 25, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  68. ↑ "World records ratified | iaaf.org". IAAF. December 20, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  69. ↑ "Kipsang sets world record of 2:03:23 at Berlin Marathon | iaaf.org". IAAF. September 29, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  70. ↑ "World Record Ratified | iaaf.org". IAAF. November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  71. ↑ "Kimetto breaks marathon world record in Berlin with 2:02:57 | iaaf.org". IAAF. September 28, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  72. ↑ "World Record Ratified | iaaf.org". IAAF. November 24, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  73. ↑ Noakes, Tim (2003). The Lore of Running (Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 675. ISBN 0-87322-959-2.
  74. ↑ "Washington Running Report - Feature Article". Runwashington.com. February 23, 1981. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
  75. ↑ "untitled".
  76. 1 2 3 "Western Hemisphere Marathon". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  77. ↑ "World Marathon Rankings for 1963". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  78. ↑ Jutel, Anne-Marie (2007). "Forgetting Millie Sampson: Collective Frameworks for Historical Memory" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Media Studies. 10 (1): 31–36.
  79. 1 2 "World Marathon Rankings for 1964". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved July 29, 2009. Note: Mildred Sampson (NZL) ran 3:19:33 in a time trial on 16 Aug 1964 at Auckland NZL.
  80. ↑ "Housewife's Marathon Record Run". The Age. Melbourne. August 18, 1964. p. 22. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  81. ↑ Rogin, Gilbert (October 5, 1964). "The Fastest Is Faster". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved May 21, 2010. One Saturday last August, a Mrs. Millie Sampson, a 31-year-old mother of two who lives in the Auckland suburb of Manurewa, went dancing until 1 am The next day she cooked dinner for 11 visitors. In between, she ran the marathon in 3:19.33, presumably a record.
  82. ↑ "World Marathon Rankings for 1978". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved July 29, 2009. Short Course (measurements on subsequent course were 150 m short, this course probably short as well)
  83. ↑ "World Marathon Rankings for 1979". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved July 29, 2009. Short Course (measurements on subsequent course were 150 m short, this course probably short as well)
  84. ↑ "World Marathon Rankings for 1980". Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved July 29, 2009. Short Course (remeasurements of a nearly identical course in 1981 was 150 m short, this course probably short as well)
  85. ↑ "Del's Athletics Almanac Olympics Commonweath European World Championship Results [Event Information]". Athletics.hitsites.de. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved November 11, 2015.

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