Mandriva Linux

Mandriva Linux

Mandriva Linux 2011
Developer Mandriva
OS family Unix-like
Working state Discontinued
Source model Open source (with exceptions)[1]
Initial release 23 July 1998 (1998-07-23)
Latest release 2011 / 28 August 2011 (2011-08-28)
Available in Multilingual
Update method urpmi (rpmdrake)
Package manager RPM
Platforms Current: x86 (i386, i486, i586, i686), x86-64, sparc64
Historic: PowerPC (32-/64-bit), MIPS, ARM, Xbox, IA-64[2]
Kernel type Monolithic (Linux)
Userland GNU
Default user interface KDE Plasma Desktop (official)[3]
License Various free software licenses, plus proprietary binary blobs.[1]
Official website Archived 23 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine.

Mandriva Linux (a fusion of the French distribution Mandrakelinux or Mandrake Linux and the Brazilian distribution Conectiva Linux) was a Linux distribution by Mandriva. It used the RPM Package Manager.

Each release lifetime was 18 months for base updates (Linux, system software, etc.) and 12 months for desktop updates (window managers, desktop environments, web browsers, etc.). Server products received full updates for at least 5 years after their release.[4]

The last release of Mandriva Linux was in August 2011. Most developers who were laid off went to Mageia.[5] Later on, the remaining developers teamed up with community members and formed OpenMandriva, a continuation of Mandriva.[6]

History

The first release was based on Red Hat Linux (version 5.1) and K Desktop Environment 1 in July 1998. It has since moved away from Red Hat's distribution and has become a completely separate distribution in its own right. Mandriva now includes a number of original tools, mostly to ease system configuration. Mandriva Linux is the brainchild of Gaël Duval, who wanted to focus on ease of use for new users.

This goal was met as Mandrake Linux gained a reputation as "one of the easiest to install and user-friendly Linux distributions".[7] At this time Internet Explorer held a dominant share of the web browser market, and Microsoft a near monopoly in operating systems. Web browsers for Linux were limited to Mozilla, followed by a variety of poorly performing Linux-specific browsers such as Konqueror or Galeon. Mandrake Linux earned praise as a Linux distribution that users could use all the time, without dual booting into Windows for compatibility with web sites or software unavailable under Linux.[8] CNET called the user experience of Mandrake Linux 8.0 the most polished available at that time.[9]

Duval became the co-founder of Mandrakesoft, but was laid off from the company in 2006 along with many other employees.

Name changes

From its inception until the release of version 8.0, Mandrake named its flagship distribution Linux-Mandrake. From version 8.1 to 9.2 the distribution name was reversed and called Mandrake Linux.

In February 2004, MandrakeSoft lost a court case against Hearst Corporation, owners of King Features Syndicate. Hearst contended that MandrakeSoft infringed upon King Features' trademarked character Mandrake the Magician. As a precaution, MandrakeSoft renamed its products by removing the space between the brand name and the product name and changing the first letter of the product name to lower case, thus creating one word. Starting from version 10.0, Mandrake Linux became known as mandrakelinux, and its logo changed accordingly. Similarly, MandrakeMove (a Live CD version) became Mandrakemove.

In April 2005, Mandrakesoft announced the corporate acquisition of Conectiva, a Brazilian-based company that produced a Linux distribution for Portuguese-speaking (Brazil) and Spanish-speaking Latin America. As a result of this acquisition and the legal dispute with Hearst Corporation, Mandrakesoft announced that the company was changing its name to Mandriva, and that their Linux distribution Mandrake Linux would henceforward be known as Mandriva Linux.[10]

Features

Installation, control and administration

Mandriva Linux contained the Mandriva Control Center, which eases configuration of some settings. It has many programs known as Drakes or Draks, collectively named drakxtools, to configure many different settings. Examples include MouseDrake to set up a mouse, DiskDrake to set up disk partitions and drakconnect to set up a network connection. They are written using GTK+ and Perl, and most of them can run in both graphical and text mode using the ncurses interface.

Desktops

Mandriva Linux 2011 was released only with KDE Plasma Desktop, whereas other desktop environments were available but not officially supported.[11] Older Mandriva versions also used KDE as standard but others such as GNOME were also supported.

Package manager

Rpmdrake, Mandriva's graphical package manager

Mandriva Linux used a package manager called urpmi, which functions as a wrapper to the RPM package management system. It is similar to Debian & Ubuntu's apt-get, Fedora & RedHat's YUM, or openSUSE/SUSE's ZYpp in that it allows seamless installation of a given software package by automatically installing the other packages needed. It is also media-transparent due to its ability to retrieve packages from various media, including network/Internet, CD/DVD and local disk. Urpmi also has an easy-to-use graphical front-end called rpmdrake, which is integrated into the Mandriva Control Center.

Live USB

A Live USB of Mandriva Linux can be created manually or with UNetbootin.[12]

Versions

From 2007–2011, Mandriva was released on a 6-month fixed-release cycle, similar to Ubuntu and Fedora.

Latest version

The latest stable version is Mandriva Linux 2011 ("Hydrogen"), released on 28 August 2011.[13]

Development version

The development tree of Mandriva Linux has always been known as Cooker.[14] This tree is directly released as a new stable version.

Version history[15][16]

Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Current stable version Latest preview version Future release
Date Number Name
1998-07 Old version, no longer supported: 5.1 Venice
1998-12 Old version, no longer supported: 5.2 Leeloo
1999-02 Old version, no longer supported: 5.3 Festen
1999-05 Old version, no longer supported: 6.0 Venus
1999-09 Old version, no longer supported: 6.1 Helios
2000-01 Old version, no longer supported: 7.0 Air
2000-05 Old version, no longer supported: 7.1 Helium
2000-09 Old version, no longer supported: 7.2 Odyssey (called Ulysses during beta)
2001-03 Old version, no longer supported: 8.0 Traktopel
2001-09 Old version, no longer supported: 8.1 Vitamin
2002-03 Old version, no longer supported: 8.2 Bluebird
2002-09 Old version, no longer supported: 9.0 Dolphin
2003-03 Old version, no longer supported: 9.1 Bamboo
2003-09 Old version, no longer supported: 9.2 FiveStar
2004-03 Old version, no longer supported: 10.0 Community and Official
2004-10 Old version, no longer supported: 10.1 Community
2004-10 Old version, no longer supported: 10.1 Official
2005-04 Old version, no longer supported: 10.2 / 2005 LE Limited Edition 2005
2005-08 Old version, no longer supported: 2006.0 Mandriva Linux 2006
2006 Old version, no longer supported: 2007 Mandriva Linux 2007
2007-04 Old version, no longer supported: 2007.1 Mandriva Linux 2007 Spring
2007-10 Old version, no longer supported: 2008.0 Mandriva Linux 2008
2008-04-09[17] Old version, no longer supported: 2008.1 Mandriva Linux 2008 Spring
2008-10 Old version, no longer supported: 2009.0 Mandriva Linux 2009
2009-04-29[18] Old version, no longer supported: 2009.1 Mandriva Linux 2009 Spring
2009-11 Old version, no longer supported: 2010.0 Mandriva Linux 2010
2010-07 Old version, no longer supported: 2010.1 Mandriva Linux 2010 Spring
2010-12 Old version, no longer supported: 2010.2 Mandriva Linux 2010.2
2011-08-28[13] Old version, no longer supported: 2011.0 Hydrogen

Editions

Each release of Mandriva Linux was split into several different editions. Each edition is derived from the same master tree, most of which is available on the public mirrors: all free / open source software, and all non-free software which is under a license that allows unrestricted distribution to the general public, is available from the public mirrors. Only commercial software under a license that does not allow unrestricted distribution to the general public (but for which Mandriva has negotiated an agreement to distribute it with paid copies) is not available from public mirrors.

Mandriva Linux Free

Mandriva Linux Free was a 'traditional' distribution (i.e. one that comes with a dedicated installer,[19] to install the distribution to the computer before it is run). It was 'free' in both senses: it consists entirely of free and open-source software, and it was made available for public download at no charge. It was usually available in CD (three or four discs) and DVD editions for x86 32- and 64-bit CPU architectures. It was aimed at users to whom software freedom is important, and also at users who prefer a traditional installer to the installable live CD system used by One. The package selection was tailored towards regular desktop use. It consisted of a subset of packages from the 'main' and 'contrib' sections of the master tree. Mandriva Linux Free was phased in 2011 in favor of a single edition approach with Mandriva Desktop 2011.[11]

Mandriva Linux One

Mandriva Linux One's Live CD

Mandriva Linux One was a free to download hybrid distribution, being both a Live CD and an installer (with an installation wizard that includes disk partitioning tools).

Several Mandriva Linux One versions were provided for each Mandriva Linux release preceding Mandriva 2008. Users could choose between different languages, select either the KDE or GNOME desktops and include or exclude non-free software. The default version included the KDE desktop with non-free software included. The One images consist of a subset of packages from the 'main', 'contrib' and 'non-free' sections of the master tree, with the documentation files stripped from the packages to save space.

Mandriva Linux One 2008 has a smaller range of versions. There are KDE and GNOME versions with the default set of languages. There are also two KDE versions with alternative sets of languages. All versions include non-free software.

Mandriva Linux Powerpack

Mandriva Linux Powerpack was a 'traditional' distribution (in other words, one that comes with a dedicated installer, DrakX, which is first used to install the distribution to the hard disk of the computer before it is run). It is the main commercial edition of Mandriva Linux, and as such, requires payment for its use. It contains several non-free packages intended to add value for the end user, including non-free drivers like the NVIDIA and ATI graphics card drivers, non-free firmware for wireless chips and modems, some browser plugins such as Java and Flash, and some full applications such as Cedega, Adobe Reader and RealPlayer. It was sold directly from the Mandriva Store website and through authorized resellers. It was also made available via a subscription service, which allowed unlimited downloads of Powerpack editions for the last few Mandriva releases for a set yearly fee. It consisted of a subset of packages from the 'main', 'contrib', 'non-free' and 'restricted' sections of the master tree.

In Mandriva Linux 2008, the Discovery and Powerpack+ editions have been merged into Powerpack, which will become Mandriva's only commercial offering. Users will be able to choose between a novice-friendly Discovery-like setup or an installation process and desktop aimed at power users.

Mandriva Linux Discovery

Mandriva Linux Discovery was a commercial distribution aimed at first-time and novice Linux users. It was sold via the Mandriva Store website and authorized resellers, or could be downloaded by some subscribers to the Mandriva Club. Mandriva Linux 2008 does not include a Discovery edition, having added optional novice-friendly features to the Powerpack edition.

In releases prior to Mandriva Linux 2007, Discovery was a 'traditional' distribution built on the DrakX installer. In Mandriva Linux 2007 and 2007 Spring, Discovery is a hybrid "Live DVD" which can be booted without installation or installed to hard disk in the traditional manner.

Discovery was a DVD rather than a CD, allowing all languages to be provided on one disc. It consisted of a subset of packages from the 'main', 'contrib', 'non-free' and 'non-free-restricted' sections of the master tree. The package selection was tailored towards novice desktop users. A theme chosen to be appealing to novice users was used, and the 'simplified' menu layout in which applications are described rather than named and not all applications are included was the default (for all other editions, the default menu layout was the 'traditional' layout, where all graphical applications installed on the system were included and were listed by name).

Mandriva Linux Powerpack+

Mandriva Linux Powerpack+ was a version of Powerpack with additional packages, mostly commercial software. Like Powerpack, it was sold directly from the Mandriva Store website and through authorized resellers; it was also a free download for Mandriva Club members of the Gold level and above. Powerpack+ was aimed at SOHO (small office / home office) users, with the expectation that it could be used to run a small home or office server machine as well as desktop and development workstations. The package selection was tailored with this in mind, including a wide range of server packages. It consisted of a subset of packages from the 'main', 'contrib', 'non-free' and 'restricted' sections of the master tree.

Mandriva 2008 no longer includes a Powerpack+ edition; instead, the Powerpack edition includes all the available packages.

Derivatives

Derivatives are distributions that are based on Mandriva Linux, some by Mandriva itself, others by independent projects. Some maintain compatibility with Mandriva Linux, so that installing a Mandriva Linux RPM also works on the offspring.

Current

Discontinued

Mandriva Flash

Mandriva Flash is a pre-installed Mandriva Linux distribution on an 8 GB USB key.[20] The user can choose how much space is used for system files and how much is reserved for user files. An earlier version of Mandriva Flash was 4 GB and before that 2 GB in size with fixed ratios. It can be booted directly from the key on systems that support booting from USB devices, or from a 'kickstart' CD (the image for the CD is provided with the Flash) on systems that do not. Flash runs faster than live CDs due to the relative speed of flash memory, and the read/write nature of the medium allows users to save files, configuration options and even to install new packages.

Mandriva Corporate Server

Mandriva Corporate Server is a distribution specifically tailored for enterprise-level general-purpose server usage. Development is started from the basis of a previous Mandriva Linux release, with the package selection altered, important packages updated, certain extra configuration tools and applications added, and some extra support for enterprise-level hardware. The maintenance lifetime of each release is five years. The current release of Corporate Server is 4.0.

Mandriva Corporate Desktop

Mandriva Corporate Desktop is the desktop counterpart to Corporate Server. Again it is based on a Mandriva Linux release with enterprise-specific modifications and a five-year maintenance lifetime. The current release of Corporate Desktop is 4.0.

Multi Network Firewall

Linux Mandrake 7.2 had a version tailored specifically for use as a firewall, known as Single Network Firewall (SNF). Its successor, based on Mandrake 8.2, was titled Multi Network Firewall (MNF). The third iteration is named MNF 2 and is based upon Mandrakelinux 10.0.

These firewall distributions are designed to provide security for computer networks, and can be administered remotely via a browser-based interface or Secure Shell. MNF 2 is now counted as part of the Corporate product line and can only be bought, with support, from Mandriva.

GlobeTrotter

GlobeTrotter is a LaCie mobile USB drive loaded with a specific version of Mandriva Linux. Like Move, it can boot most PCs into Linux without installing first. The 40 GB hard drive makes it a convenient way to carry a Linux workstation around. GlobeTrotter was launched in August 2003 and could be ordered through Mandriva's online store.

CLIC

CLIC (aka Cluster LInux pour le Calcul) is a dedicated version of Mandrakelinux created by MandrakeSoft specifically for clustering environments. It was sponsored by the RNTL, other partners were ID-IMAG, Groupe Bull and Mandrakesoft. This project's aim was to produce a HPC Linux Distribution for 32- and 64-bit processors.

The objective of project CLIC was to allow the realization of large scientific computers while being based on free software. The objective consists of the realization a Linux distribution for clusters of machines, meeting the needs for deployment, administration and programming of clusters within the framework of exploitation for intensive calculation.

It features an automated installation of a full cluster using the Ka tools, urpmi and the clusterscripts.

This project was finished on 1 December 2003 and Mandrakesoft decided to continue that project with a product called Mandrake Linux Clustering. This product included Drakcluster (GUI) for improved usability. It was dedicated to the HPC market but it could also be used (with some modifications) to all kinds of clusters (such as High Availability, applicative or grid). It features parallel commands (bash, copying tools), deployment (disks), software upgrade/downgrade (urpmi parallel), monitoring (ganglia), etc. Clustering was available on x86 and x86-64 architectures.

Mandrake Move

A LiveMove is the set formed by a Live CD and a bootfloppy or USB flash drive.

Mandrake Move was a Mandriva product that benefits from a Mandrake Linux Live CD which doesn't need to be installed to run on a computer, and a USB key that automatically records bootloader, hardware configuration and personal data.

The first version of Mandrake Move was released in December 2003 (but only distributed to customers in January 2004, due to production delays). It brought two main innovations compared to competitors:

The second version, now simply called Move, was released in October 2004. Hardware support and stability have seen much improvement. Move is now superseded by Mandriva One and Mandriva Flash.

References

  1. 1 2 "Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems". the Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
  2. ↑ Mandriva Linux Ports, Mandriva Community Wiki
  3. ↑ "Starting from Mandriva Desktop 2011 only KDE Plasma Desktop is officially supported". Retrieved 2011-09-29.
  4. ↑ "Mandriva products lifetime policy". Mandriva. Retrieved 2013-03-01.
  5. ↑ http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/717273-the-elegant-mageia-linux-prepares-a-new-release The Elegant Mageia Linux Prepares a New Release
  6. ↑ "Mandriva SA official blog: Mandriva Linux will return to the community". Mandriva. 17 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-05-23. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
  7. ↑ "Review: Mandrake Linux 9.0".
  8. ↑ "Mandrake Linux 9.0, Desktop Magic You Can Use: A First Look". Many people have multi-boot boxes with both the Linux and Microsoft Windows operating systems installed on them. They do some tasks in Linux and some in MS Windows – from time to time rebooting into Linux from Windows, or from Windows to Linux. With Mandrake Linux 9.0, there is little need to boot into Microsoft Windows.
  9. ↑ "Linux Mandrake 8.0 Standard".
  10. ↑ "Behind the New Mandriva". linuxplanet.com. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
  11. 1 2 "2011.0 Tour - Mandriva Community Wiki". archive.openmandriva.org. Retrieved 2016-11-20. Starting with Mandriva Desktop 2011 only KDE Plasma Desktop is officially supported. If you need Mandriva with another DE or WM you can use unofficial packages or distributions prepared by community members (which are described below).
  12. ↑ "UNetbootin – Universal Netboot In". SourceForge.net. Retrieved 2013-03-01.. Starting with Mandriva Linux 2009 Spring, all ISO images are "hybrid" and can be dumped directly on USB sticks, either manually or using MandrivaSeed program.
  13. 1 2 "Mandriva 2011 "Hydrogen" is out!". blog.mandriva.com. Retrieved 2013-03-01.
  14. ↑ "Development – Mandriva Community Wiki". wiki.mandriva.com. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
  15. ↑ Karlsen, Per Øyvind. "Mandriva Release Overview – Mandriva Community Wiki". Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  16. ↑ http://archive.openmandriva.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Releases
  17. ↑ "Mandriva Linux 2008 Spring released". The Official Mandriva Blog. April 9th, 2008.
  18. ↑ "Celebrate Spring with Mandriva Linux 2009 Spring". The Official Mandriva Blog. April 29th, 2009.
  19. ↑ "Free Software / Open Source Software". mandriva.com. Retrieved 2008-03-01.
  20. ↑ 1st of August 2008
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