Malaysian general election, 1990

20 – 21 October 1990

All 180 seats to the Dewan Rakyat 91 seats needed for a majority

Registered	8,000,000
Turnout	5,751,725 (72.3%)
	First party	Second party	Third party

Leader	Mahathir Mohammed	Lim Kit Siang	Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah
Party	Barisan Nasional	DAP	Semangat 46
Leader since	16 July 1981	October 1969	1989
Leader's seat	Kubang Pasu	Tanjong	Gua Musang
Last election	148 seats, 57.3%	24 seats, 21.1%	New Party
Seats won	127	20	8
Seat change	21	4
Popular vote	2,985,392	985,228	826,398
Percentage	53.4%	17.1%	14.8%
Swing	3.9%	4.0%

	Fourth party	Fifth party
	PAS	PBS
Leader	Fadzil Noor	Joseph Pairin Kitingan
Party	PAS	PBS
Leader since	1989	5 March 1985
Leader's seat	No seat	Keningau
Last election	1 seat, 15.5%	10 seats (part of Barisan Nasional)
Seats won	7	14
Seat change	6	4
Popular vote	391,813	128,260
Percentage	7.0%	2.3%
Swing	9.5%

Prime Minister before election

Mahathir Mohammed
Barisan Nasional

Prime Minister-designate

Mahathir Mohammed
Barisan Nasional

A general election was held between Saturday, 20 October and Sunday, 21 October 1990 for members of the 8th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 180 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament.^[1] State elections also took place in 351 state constituencies in 11 (out of 13, except Sabah and Sarawak) states of Malaysia on the same day.

The result was a victory for the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the federal level and 10 of the 11 state elections. The opposition alliance Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) won a landslide victory over BN in the state of Kelantan, winning all 39 state assembly seats. Voter turnout was 72.3%.

Background

The elections marked the first after United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party split and the subsequent constitutional crisis in 1988. The reconstituted UMNO Baru (New UMNO), led by incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, and the newly formed Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46), led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, contested for the first time in the elections.

It also marked the first time in country general election history when a credible,multi-ethnic coalition have been formed the challenge the dominance of Barisan Nasional.This also lead the country political scene from a dominant party system into two party system.^[2] The Muslim opposition parties, Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Semangat 46, Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia (BERJASA) and Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia (HAMIM) teamed up to form the Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU). On the other hand, Semangat 46, Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), which withdrew from the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the eleventh hour of the general election, teamed up as Gagasan Rakyat. However, these two opposition alliances cooperated in the election but not openly due to the sensitivity of the secular DAP and the Islamic PAS working together.

Results

Dewan Rakyat

At the federal level, the BN coalition under the leadership of incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad won 127 of the 180 parliament seats to form the federal government.

**Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results**
Party				Vote		Seats
Party				Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	2,985,392	53.38	127	70.56	-21
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO			71	39.44	-12
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA			18	10.00	+1
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB			10	5.56	+2
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC			6	3.33	0
		United Sabah National Organisation	USNO			6	3.33	+1
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan			5	2.78	0
		Sarawak Native People's Party	PBDS			4	2.22	-1
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP			4	2.22	0
		Sarawak National Party	SNAP			3	1.67	-1
		People's Progressive Party	PPP			0	0.00	0
	Parties in the informal coalition, Muslims Unity Movement		APU	1,218,211	21.78	15	8.33	New
	Parties in the informal coalition, People's Concept		GR	1,113,488	19.91	34	18.89	New
	Democratic Action Party^{[lower-alpha 2]}		DAP	985,228	17.61	20	11.11	-4
	Semangat 46^{[lower-alpha 3]}		S46	826,398	14.77	8	4.44	New
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party^{[lower-alpha 3]}		PAS	391,813	7.01	7	3.89	+6
	United Sabah Party^{[lower-alpha 2]}		PBS	128,260	2.29	14	7.78	+4
	Malaysian People's Party		PRM			0	0.00	0
	People's Justice Front		AKAR			0	0.00	New
	Sarawak Malaysian People's Association		PERMAS			0	0.00	New
	Sarawak United Labour Party		PLUS			0	0.00	0
	Independents and other parties			276,136	4.94	4	2.22	0
Valid votes				5,593,227
Invalid/blank votes				158,498
Total (turnout: 72.3%)				5,751,725	100.00	180	100.00	+3
Did not vote				2,248,275
Registered voters				8,000,000
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)				8,882,000
Malaysian population				17,764,000
Source: Nohlen et al.

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
1 2 Parties in the informal coalition, People's Concept (Gagasan Rakyat). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.
1 2 Parties in the informal coalition, Muslims Unity Movement (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

Results by state

Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian Dewan Rakyat election results by state

**Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Perlis**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	2	47,767	65.45	2	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	2	47,767	65.45	2	100.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	1	13,154	18.02	0	0.00	0
	Semangat 46		S46	1	12,056	16.52	0	0.00	New
Valid votes					72,977
Invalid/blank votes					2,544
Total votes (voter turnout: 76.21%)					75,521	100.00	2	100.00	0
Did not vote					23,570
Registered voters					99,091
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Perlis's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

**Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Kedah**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	14	300,705	62.32	14	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	12	258,834	53.64	12	85.71	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2	41,871	8.68	2	14.29	0
	Semangat 46		S46	8	99,007	20.52	0	0.00	New
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	6	76,936	15.94	0	0.00	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	1	5,360	1.11	0	0.00	0
	Independents		IND	1	537	0.11	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					482,545
Invalid/blank votes					14,838
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					497,383	100.00	14	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters					'
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Kedah's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

**Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Kelantan**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	Semangat 46		S46	7	140,284	34.19	7	53.85	New
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	13	134,273	32.73	0	0.00	-12
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	13	134,273	32.73	0	0.00	-12
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	6	133,251	32.48	6	46.15	+5
	Independents		IND	7	2,463	0.60	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					410,271
Invalid/blank votes					10,228
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					420,499	100.00	13	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters					'
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Kelantan's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

**Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Terengganu**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	8	141,855	54.14	6	75.00	-2
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	8	141,855	54.14	6	75.00	-2
	Semangat 46		S46	4	62,006	23.66	1	12.50	New
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	4	57,593	21.98	1	12.50	+1
	Independents		IND	2	566	0.22	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					262,020
Invalid/blank votes					7,068
Total votes (voter turnout: 82.44%)					269,088	100.00	8	100.00	0
Did not vote					57,328
Registered voters					326,416
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Terengganu's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

**Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Penang**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	11	213,532	51.00	5	45.45	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	4	85,315	20.38	4	36.36	0
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan	4	64,485	15.40	1	9.09	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	3	63,732	15.22	0	0.00	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	7	170,053	40.61	6	54.55	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	2	14,322	3.42	0	0.00	0
	Malaysian People's Party		PRM	1	13,620	3.25	0	0.00	0
	Semangat 46		S46	1	7,174	1.71	0	0.00	New
Valid votes					418,701
Invalid/blank votes					9,371
Total votes (voter turnout: 73.75%)					428,072	100.00	11	100.00	0
Did not vote					152,336
Registered voters					580,408
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Penang's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

**Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Perak**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	23			19	82.61	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO				11	47.83	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA				3	13.04	0
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan				3	13.04	0
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC				2	8.70	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				4	17.39	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					'	100.00	23	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters					'
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Perak's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

**Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Pahang**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	10			10	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	7			7	70.00	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	3			3	30.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					'	100.00	10	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters					'
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Pahang's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

**Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Selangor**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	14			11	78.57	-1
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	7			7	50.00	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	5			2	14.29	-1
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	2			2	14.29	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				3	21.43	+1
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					'	100.00	14	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters					'
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Selangor's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Template:Malaysian general election, 1990 (Kuala Lumpur)

**Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Negeri Sembilan**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	7			7	100.00	+2
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	4			4	57.14	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			2	28.57	+2
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	1			1	14.29	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				0	0.00	-2
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					'	100.00	7	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters					'
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Negeri Sembilan's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

**Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Malacca**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	5			4	80.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	3			3	60.00	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			1	20.00	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				1	20.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					'	100.00	5	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters					'
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Malacca's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

**Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Johor**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	18			18	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	12			12	66.67	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	5			5	27.78	0
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	1			1	5.56	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				0	0.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					'	100.00	18	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters					'
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Johor's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Template:Malaysian general election, 1990 (Labuan)

**Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Sabah**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	United Sabah Party		PBS				14	70.00	+7
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	20			6	30.00	-2
		United Sabah National Organisation	USNO				6	30.00	-2
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					'	100.00	20	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters					'
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Sabah's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

**Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Sarawak**
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front^{[lower-alpha 1]}		BN	27			21	77.78	0
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB				10	37.04	+2
		Sarawak Native People's Party	PBDS				4	14.81	-1
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP				4	14.81	0
		Sarawak National Party	SNAP				3	11.11	-1
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				2	7.41	+1
	Independents		IND				4	14.81	+2
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					'	100.00	27	100.00	+3
Did not vote
Registered voters					'
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)					'
Sarawak's population					'
Source:

↑ Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

State Assemblies

Main article: Malaysian state elections, 1990

At the state level, the BN won 10 out of the 11 state elections. The APU won all 39 state seats in Kelantan to form the state government, with 24 seats going to PAS and 15 for Semangat 46.^[3]

References

↑ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p152 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
↑ Khong, (1991) Malaysia's General Election 1990: Continuity, Change, and Ethnic Politics, p1 ISBN 981-3035-77-3
↑ Francis Kok-Wah Loh; Francis Loh Kok Wah; Boo Teik Khoo; Khoo Boo Teik (2002). Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0-7007-1161-9.

Arah Aliran Malaysia: Penilaian Pilihan Raya satu himpunan kerta kertas 62-halaman daripada Institut Penyelidikan Asia Tenggara selepas pilihan raya 1999.

Elections in Malaysia

General elections	1955 1959 1964 1969 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1995 1999 2004 2008 2013 next by-elections

State elections	1954 1955 1959 1963 1964 1967 1969 1971 1974 1976 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 1985 1986 1987 1990 1991 1994 1995 1996 1999 2001 2004 2006 2008 2011 2013 2016 by-elections

Local elections	1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965

See also: Elections in Johor Kedah Kelantan Kuala Lumpur Labuan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Putrajaya Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu

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