Siraitia grosvenorii
| Siraitia grosvenorii | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Siraitia grosvenorii (luohan guo) fruits | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Cucurbitales |
| Family: | Cucurbitaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cucurbitoideae |
| Tribe: | Joliffieae |
| Subtribe: | Thladianthinae |
| Genus: | Siraitia |
| Species: | S. grosvenorii |
| Binomial name | |
| Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey ex A.M. Lu & Zhi Y. Zhang | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
|
Momordica grosvenorii Swingle | |
Siraitia grosvenorii (luo han guo or monk fruit) is a herbaceous perennial vine of the Cucurbitaceae (gourd) family, native to southern China and northern Thailand. The plant is cultivated for its fruit, whose extract is nearly 300 times sweeter than sugar and has been used in China as a low-calorie sweetener for cooling drinks and in traditional Chinese medicine.
The plant's fruit is often called in English language publications luo han guo[2] or lo han kuo (from the Chinese luóhàn guǒ, 罗汉果/ 羅漢果).[3]
The scientific species name honors Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor who as president of the National Geographic Society helped to fund an expedition in the 1930s to find the living plant in China where it was being cultivated.[4]
Etymology and regional names
The fruit was first mentioned in the records of 13th-century Chinese monks in Guangxi province in the region of Guilin.[3] The difficulty of cultivation meant the fruit did not become part of the Chinese herbal tradition which depended on more readily available products.
Luóhàn (羅漢) is a shortened form of āluóhàn (阿羅漢), which is an old transliteration of the Indian Sanskrit word arhat (prakrit: arahant). In early Buddhist traditions, a monk who becomes enlightened is called an arhat who attains the "fruition of arhatship" (Sanskrit: arhattaphala).[3] This was rendered in Chinese as luóhàn guǒ (羅漢果 lit. "arhat fruit") which later became the Chinese and western commercial designation for this type of sweet fruit.[5]
It may also be called la han qua (from Vietnamese la hán quả), Buddha fruit or longevity fruit (also used for other fruits).[5]
History and distribution
The first report in England on the herb was found in an unpublished manuscript written in 1938 by G. Weidman Groff and Hoh Hin Cheung.[3] The report stated the fruits were often used as the main ingredients of "cooling drinks" as remedies for hot weather, fever or other dysfunctions traditionally associated with warmth or heat (i.e. inflammation).[3]
The fruit was taken to the United States in the early 20th century. Groff mentioned, during a visit to the American ministry of agriculture in 1917, the botanist Frederick Coville showed him a luohanguo fruit bought in a Chinese shop in Washington DC. Seeds of the fruit which had been bought in Chinese shop in San Francisco were entered into the botanic description of the species in 1941.[3]
The first research into the sweet component of luo han guo is attributed to C. H. Lee, who wrote an English report on it in 1975, and also to Tsunematsu Takemoto, who worked on it the early 1980s in Japan (later Takemoto decided to concentrate on the similar sweet plant, jiaogulan).
The development of luohan guo products in China has continued ever since, focusing in particular on the development of concentrated extracts.[3]
Description
The vine attains a length of 3 to 5 m, climbing over other plants by means of tendrils which twine around anything they touch. The narrow, heart-shaped leaves are 10–20 cm long. The fruit is round, 5–7 cm in diameter, smooth, yellow-brownish or green-brownish in colour, containing striations from the fruit stem end of the furrows with a hard but thin skin covered by fine hairs. The inside of the fruit contains an edible pulp, which, when dried, forms a thin, light brown, brittle shell about 1 mm in thickness. The seeds are elongated and almost spherical.
The interior fruit is eaten fresh, and the bitter rind is used to make tea.
The monk fruit is notable for its sweetness, which can be concentrated from its juice. The fruit contains 25 to 38% of various carbohydrates, mainly fructose and glucose. The sweetness of the fruit is increased by the mogrosides, a group of triterpene glycosides (saponins). The five different mogrosides are numbered from I to V; the main component is mogroside V, which is also known as esgoside.[3]
Cultivation
Germination of seeds is slow and may take several months. It is grown primarily in the far southern Chinese province of Guangxi (mostly in the mountains near Guilin), as well as in Guangdong, Guizhou, Hunan, and Jiangxi provinces.[3] These mountains lend the plants shade and often are surrounded by mists which protect the plants from the sun. Nonetheless, the climate in this southern province is warm. The plant is rarely found in the wild, so it has been cultivated for hundreds of years.[3]
Records as early as 1813 mention the cultivation of this plant in the Guangxi province. At present, the Guilin mountains harbor a plantation of 16 km2 (6.2 sq mi) with a yearly output of about 100 million fruits. Most of the plantations are located in Yongfu County and Lingui County.
Longjiang Town in Yongfu County has acquired the name "home of the Chinese luohanguo fruit"; a number of companies specialised in making luohanguo extracts and finished products have been set up in the area. The Yongfu Pharmaceutical Factory is the oldest of these.
Traditional processing
Luohan guo is harvested in the form of a round, green fruit, which becomes brown on drying.[3] It is rarely used in its fresh form, as it is hard to store.
Thus, the fruits are usually dried before further use and are sold in this fashion in Chinese herbal shops. The fruits are slowly dried in ovens, preserving them and removing most of the unwanted aromas. However, this technique also leads to the formation of several bitter and astringent flavors. This limits the use of the dried fruits and extracts to the preparation of diluted tea, soup, and as a sweetener for products that would usually have sugar or honey added to them.[6]
Commercial manufacturing
The process for the manufacture of a useful sweetener from luo han guo was patented in 1995 by Procter & Gamble.[7] The patent states that natural luo han guo has many interfering flavors, which render it useless for general applications, and describes a process to remove them. The offending compounds are sulfur-containing volatile substances such as hydrogen disulfide, methional, methionol, dimethylsulfide and methylmercaptan, which are formed from amino acids that contain sulfur, such as methionine, S-methylmethionine, cystine, and cysteine. The patent describes a process for the removal of the interfering flavors.[7]
Sweetening agent
The sweet taste of the fruit comes mainly from mogrosides, a group of triterpene glycosides that make up about 1% of the flesh of the fresh fruit.[3] Through solvent extraction, a powder containing 80% mogrosides can be obtained, the main one being mogroside-5 (esgoside).[3] Other similar agents in the fruit are siamenoside and neomogroside.[3]
In this process, the shell and seeds are removed, and the pulped fruit is made into a fruit concentrate or puree.[7] Additional juice may be extracted from the remaining pulp by hot water. The juice is homogenized, slightly acidified to prevent gelling and improve the flavor, then treated with pectinase or other enzymes to break down the pectin. Most of the off-flavor agents are then removed with ion-exchange resins, such as sulfonated polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer or polyacrylic acid. Alternatively, the off-flavors can be absorbed by agents like charcoal or bentonite, which are removed by filtration; or precipitated with gelatin or other gelling agents. Most of the remaining sulfurous volatiles are then removed by low-pressure evaporation.[7] The juice is then pasteurized to inactivate remaining natural enzymes and kill micro-organisms. The process is claimed to preserve a substantial fraction of the mogrosides present in the fruit.[7]
Safety
No incidents of negative side effects of luo han guo have been reported. At least one generally recognized as safe (GRAS) notice has been received by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[8] No restrictions on consuming the fruit or its extracts have been made.
Traditional uses
The plant is most prized for its sweet fruits, which are used for medicinal purposes and as a sweetener.[9][10] In traditional Chinese medicine, it is used for cough and sore throat and in southern China it is believed to be a longevity aid.[3][5] The fruits are generally sold in dried form, and traditionally used in herbal tea or soup.
References
- ↑ "The Plant List".
- ↑ "USDA GRIN Taxonomy".
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Dharmananda S (2004). "Luo han guo: Sweet fruit used as sugar substitute and medicinal herb". Institute for Traditional Medicine Online. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- ↑ Walter T. Swingle (1941). "Momordica grosvenori sp. nov.: The source of the Chinese Lo Han Kuo". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 22: 197–203.
- 1 2 3 Ling Yeouruenn, A New Compendium of Materia Medica, 1995 Science Press, Beijing
- ↑ Hsu HY, et al., Oriental Materia Medica, 1986 Oriental Healing Arts Institute, Long Beach, California
- 1 2 3 4 5 Downton GE; et al. (2 May 1995). "Process and composition for sweet juice from cucurbitaceae fruit, patent number US 5411755 A". US Patent and Trademark Office; assignee: The Procter & Gamble Co.
- ↑ Letter Notifying FDA for GRAS Status, 2014
- ↑ Kinghorn AD and Soejarto DD (2002). "Discovery of terpenoid and phenolic sweeteners from plants". Pure Applied Chemistry. 74 (7): 1169–1179.
- ↑ Dai Yin-Fang and Liu Cheng-Jun, translated by Ron Edwards and Gong Zhi-Mei (1986). Fruits As Medicine: A Safe and Cheap Form of Traditional Chinese Food Therapy. Kuranda, Australia: The Ram's Skull Press.
External links
 |
Look up Siraitia grosvenorii in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |