List of place names in the United States of Native American origin
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Many places throughout the United States of America take their names from the languages of the indigenous Native American/American Indian tribes. The following list includes settlements, geographic features, and political subdivisions whose names are derived from these ous languages.
State names
Main article: List of U.S. state name etymologies
- Alabama – Named for the Alibamu, a tribe whose name derives from a Choctaw phrase meaning "thicket-clearers"[1] or "plant-cutters" (from albah, "(medicinal) plants", and amo, "to clear"). The modern Choctaw name for the tribe is Albaamu.[2]
- Alaska – from Aleut alaxsxaq, "the mainland" (literally "the object towards which the action of the sea is directed").[3]
- Arizona – may be from O'odham ali ṣona-g, "having a little spring", though it may come from Basque: aritz zonak ("Good oaks").[4]
- Arkansas – from the Illinois rendering of the tribal autonym kką:ze (see Kansas, below), which the Miami and Illinois used to refer to the Quapaw.[4][5][6]
- Connecticut – from some Eastern Algonquian language of southern New England (perhaps Mahican), meaning "at the long tidal river" (after the Connecticut River).[7][8] The name reflects Proto-Eastern-Algonquian *kwən-, "long"; *-əhtəkw, "tidal river"; and *-ənk, the locative suffix[9]
- Hawaii - Hawaiian language name Hawaiʻi - from Hawaiki, legendary homeland of the Polynesians.[10] Hawaiki is believed to mean "place of the gods"[11]
- Idaho – may be from Plains Apache ídaahę́, "enemy", used to refer to the Comanches,[12] or it may have been an invented word.
- Illinois – from the French rendering of an Algonquian (perhaps Miami) word apparently meaning "s/he speaks normally" (c.f. Miami ilenweewa),[13] from Proto-Algonquian *elen-, "ordinary" + -wē, "to speak",[14][15] referring to the Illiniwek.
- Iowa – from Dakota ayúxba or ayuxwe, via French Aiouez.[16][17][18]
- Kansas – from the autonym kką:ze.[5]
- Kentucky – from an Iroquoian word meaning "at the meadow" or "on the prairie"[19] (c.f. Seneca gëdá’geh [kẽtaʔkeh], "at the field").[20]
- Massachusetts – from an Algonquian language of southern New England, and apparently means "near the small big mountain", usually identified as Great Blue Hill on the border of Milton and Canton, Massachusetts[21] (c.f. the Narragansett name Massachusêuck).[21]
- Michigan – from Ottawa mishigami, "large water" or "large lake".".[22][23]
- Minnesota – from Dakota mni-sota, "turbid water".[8][24]
- Mississippi – from an Algonquian language, probably Ojibwe, meaning "big river" (Ojibwe misiziibi).[22][25]
- Missouri – named for the Missouri tribe, whose name comes from Illinois mihsoori, "dugout canoe".[26]
- Nebraska – from Chiwere ñįbraske, "flattened water".[27]
- New Mexico – the name "Mexico" comes from Nahuatl Mēxihco, of unknown derivation.[28]
- North and South Dakota – dakhóta comes from the Sioux word for "friend" or "ally".[27]
- Ohio – from Seneca ohi:yo’, "beautiful river".[29][30]
- Oklahoma – invented by Chief Allen Wright as a rough translation of "Indian Territory"; in Choctaw, okla means "people", "tribe", or "nation", and homa- means "red", thus: "Red people".[8][31]
- Tennessee – Derived from the name of a Cherokee village, Tanasi, whose etymology is unknown.[32]
- Texas – ultimately from Caddo táyshaʔ, "friend".[33][34]
- Utah – from a language of one of the Ute tribe's neighbors, such as Western Apache yúdah, "high up".[35]
- Wisconsin – originally "Mescousing", from an Algonquian language, though the source and meaning is not entirely clear; most likely from the Miami word Meskonsing meaning "it lies red"[36][37] (c.f. Ojibwe miskosin).[22]
- Wyoming – from Munsee Delaware xwé:wamənk, "at the big river flat".[38]
Alabama
Main article: List of place names in Alabama of Native American origin
- Tuscaloosa and Tuscaloosa County - derived from Muskogean words tashka (warrior) and lusa (black). Chief Tuskaloosa is remembered for leading a battle against Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto in southern Alabama in 1540. The Black Warrior River, originally named Tuskaloosa River, is also named in his honor.[39]
- Tuskegee - from the Koasati word tasquiqui (warriors).[40]
Alaska
- Denali, Denali National Park – from Koyukon deenaalee, "the tall one" (with -naał-, "be long/tall").[41]
Arizona
- Tucson – from Pima O'odham cuk ṣon, "black base".[42]
California
- Malibu – from Ventureño <Umalibu>, perhaps reflecting [(hu)maliwu], "it (the surf) makes a loud noise all the time over there".[43]
- Pismo Beach - from Chumash "Pismu" for "tar"
- Simi Valley – from Ventureño <Simiyi>.[44]
Connecticut
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin
- Housatonic River From the Mohican phrase "usi-a-di-en-uk", translated as "beyond the mountain place"
- Niantic River and Niantic village – For the Niantic tribe, called the Nehântick or Nehantucket in their own language
- Quinnipiac River – From an Algonquian phrase for "long water land".
District of Columbia
- Anacostia—from the Piscataway name Anakwashtank, meaning 'a place of traders'.[45] Originally the name of a village of the Piscataway tribe on the Anacostia River. Also rendered as Nacochtank or Nacostine.
- Potomac River—from the Piscataway language or from a northern dialect of Virginia Algonquian, original form patawomek, meaning 'they bring it' (for trading).
- Takoma—originally the name of Mount Rainier, from Lushootseed [təqʷúbəʔ] (earlier *təqʷúməʔ), 'snow-covered mountain'.[46] The location on the boundary of DC and Maryland was named Takoma in 1883 by DC resident Ida Summy, who believed it to mean 'high up' or 'near heaven'.[47]
Florida
- Abacoa, Florida – Originally the name of a village of the Jaega tribe.[48]
- Alachua County and Alachua – from the Timucuan chua, meaning sinkhole .[49]
- Alafaya – After the Alafay people, a sub-group of the Pohoy
- Apalachicola – from Choctaw Apalachee + oklah, "people".[50] Name of the Apalachicola tribe.
- Apopka, Florida – from probably Seminole Aha, meaning "Potato," and papka, meaning "eating place".
- Caloosahatchee River – from Calusa + hatchee, Choctaw for river.
- Hialeah – From Muscogee meaning "pretty prairie".
- Immokalee – from Choctaw(?) im-okli, "his/her home".[51]
- Kissimmee - Disputed meaning, perhaps derived from Ais word "Cacema" meaning "long water".[52]
- Loxahatchee River – from Seminole for river of turtles.
- Manatee County – from Taíno manatí meaning "breast".
- Miami – Native American name for Lake Okeechobee and the Miami River, precise origin debated; see also Mayaimi. [53]
- Micanopy – named after Seminole chief Micanopy.
- Myakka City, Florida – from unidentified Native American language.
- Ocala, Florida – from Timucua meaning "Big Hammock".
- Okaloosa County, Florida – Okaloosa is named from the Choctaw words oka (water) and lusa (black).
- Okeechobee County, Florida – Okeechobee is named from the Hitchiti words oki (water) and chobi (big), a reference to Lake Okeechobee, the largest lake in Florida.
- Osceola County, Florida – Osceola is named after Osceola, the Native American leader who led the Second Seminole War.
- Paynes Prairie – Named after leading chief of the Seminoles King Payne.
- Pensacola – from the Choctaw name of a Muskogean group, "hair people", from pashi, "hair" + oklah, "people".[54]
- Seminole County, Florida – Seminole is named after the Seminole Native American tribe.lp
- Steinhatchee – From the Muscogee "hatchee" meaning creek
- Suwannee River – From Timucua "suwani" meaning echo river.[55]
- Tallahassee – from the name of a Creek town, talahá:ssi, perhaps from (i)tálwa, "tribal town" + ahá:ssi, "old, rancid".[56]
- Tampa – probably from the name of a Calusa village, with no further known etymology.[57]
- Tequesta – Named for the Tequesta tribe.
- Thonotosassa, Florida – from the Seminole-Creek words thlonto and sasse, meaning the place was a source of valuable flint.
- Wekiva Springs, Florida – from Creek word for "spring".
- Withlacoochee River (Florida) – from Creek we (water), thlako (big), and chee (little), or little big water.
Idaho
Illinois
- Algonquin
- Chicago - derived from the French rendering of a Miami-Illinois word for a type of wild onion
- Peoria - named after the Peoria Tribe which previously lived in the area
- Pocahontas, Illinois
Indiana
- Mishawaka - named after Shawnee Princess Mishawaka [58]
- Shipshewana - named after Potawatomi Chief Shipshewana [59]
- Wanatah - named after the Potawatomi Chief Wanatah, meaning ‘Knee Deep in Mud’, "He who Charges His Enemies" or "The Charger".[60]
- Delaware County - named for the Delaware, who were moved to the area in the 1840s.[61]
- Miami County - named for the Miami, a Native American people, many of whom still live in this area.[62]
- Mississinewa River - partly derived from the Miami Indian word namahchissinwi which means "falling waters" or "much fall in the water".[63]
- Tippecanoe River - name comes from a Miami-Illinois word for buffalo fish, reconstructed as */kiteepihkwana/.[64]
- Salamonie River - derived from the Miami Indian word osahmonee which means "yellow paint". The Indians would make yellow paint from the bloodroot plant that grew along the river banks.[65][66]
- Wabash River - French traders named the river after the Miami Indian word for the river, waapaahšiiki, meaning "it shines white", "pure white", or "water over white stones"[67]
- Lake Wawasee - named for Miami chief Wawasee (Wau-wuh-see), brother of Miami chief Papakeecha, which translated means "Flat Belly."[68]
- Wapahani High School - Wapahani is a Delaware Indian word for "White River".[69]
Kansas
- Topeka – from Kansa dóppikʔe, "a good place to dig wild potatoes".
- Wichita – Wichita (/ˈwɪtʃᵻtɔː/ WICH-ə-taw) disputed; from Choctaw, "Big Arbor".Osage, "Scattered Lodges". Kiowa, "Tattooed Faces". Creek, "Barking Water".
Louisiana
- Atchafalaya River - from Choctaw words meaning 'long river' (similar to Bogue Falaya's meaning, below); a distributary of the Red River and Mississippi River
- Atchafalaya Swamp - the largest wetland area in the United States
- Avoyelles Parish - for the Avoyel people
- Baton Rouge - meaning 'red stick,' in French; a red stick was used by area Native Americans to mark the boundaries of tribal territory; Louisiana's capital city since 1849.
- E. Baton Rouge Parish - see Baton Rouge
- W. Baton Rouge Parish - see Baton Rouge, above
- Bayou Nezpique - French for 'tattooed nose bayou,' a reference to the art of tattooing practiced by Native Americans in the area
- Bayou Plaquemine Brule - Acadian French, translating as 'burnt persimmon bayou,' from the Atakapa language
- Bogue Falaya - tributary of the Tchefuncte River, from the Choctaw words for 'long' and 'river'
- Caddo Parish - for the Caddo Native Americans
- Calcasieu Parish - means 'crying eagle,' the name of an Atakapa leader
- Catahoula Lake - from a Taensa word meaning 'big, clear lake'
- Catahoula Parish - for Catahoula Lake
- Houma - for the Houma people; seat of Terrebonne Parish
- Mississippi River - from the Ojibwe name for the waterway, 'Great River'
- Natchez, Louisiana - present-day village in Natchitoches Parish; after the Natchez people
- Natchitoches - after the Natchitoches people; Natchitoches was founded in 1714.
- Natchitoches Parish - for the town
- Opelousas – for the native Appalousa people who formerly occupied the area
- Ouachita Parish - for the Ouachita River
- Ouachita River - for the Ouachita tribe, one of several Native American tribal groups who lived along the river.
- Plaquemine - town in Iberville Parish, in the vicinity of Bayou Plaquemine Brulé (see above)
- Plaquemines Parish - based on the Atakapa word for persimmon, as the early French colonists found persimmon trees growing in the lands near the mouth of the Mississippi River.
- Ponchatoula is a name signifying "falling hair" or "hanging hair" or "flowing hair" from the Choctaw Pashi "hair" and itula or itola "to fall" or "to hang" or "flowing". The Choctaw name Ponchatoula means "flowing hair", arrived at by the Choctaw as a way of expressing the beauty of the location with much moss hanging from the trees. "Ponche" is a Choctaw word meaning location, an object, or a person . See the eponymous Ponchatoula Creek.
- Saint Tammany Parish - for the legendary Native American chief Tamanend
- Tangipahoa, Louisiana - a present-day village in Tangipahoa Parish (see below)
- Tangipahoa Parish - for the Tangipahoa River
- Tangipahoa River - for the Tangipahoa tribe, closely related to the Acolapissa people; the name is said to refer to those who grind corn.
- Tchefuncte River - for the historic Tchefuncte culture
- Tensas Parish - for the Taensa people
- Tickfaw, Louisiana - a present-day village in Tangipahoa Parish (see Tickfaw River)
- Tickfaw River - appears to have the same linguistic roots as Tangipahoa River.
- Tunica - a community in West Feliciana Parish, for the Tunica people
- Tunica Hills - a forest region and wildlife management area, also for the Tunica people
Maine
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin
Maryland
Massachusetts
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin
- Housatonic River From the Mohican phrase "usi-a-di-en-uk", translated as "beyond the mountain place"
Michigan
From the Ottawa word mishigani meaning Large Water or Large Lake
- Menominee, Michigan - named for Menominee tribe which roughly translates into "wild rice".
- Muskegon, Michigan - derived from the Ottawa tribe term "Masquigon", meaning "marshy river or dulce".
- Pontiac, Michigan - derived from the Ottawa Chief 1720 – April 20, 1769.
Minnesota
Political units
The following are state, county, townships, cities, towns, villages and major city neighborhoods of Minnesota with placenames of indigenous origin in the Americas.
- Ah-gwah-ching, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Agwajiing "Outdoors"
- County and City of Anoka
- Bejou, Minnesota
- Bemidji, Minnesota – Shortened from the Ojibwe language: Bemijigamaag "Traversing lake".
- Bena, Minnesota
- Chanhassen, Minnesota
- Chaska, Minnesota
- Chengwatana, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Zhingwaadena "Pine-town"
- Chippewa County, Minnesota
- Chisago County, Minnesota – Shortened from the Ojibwe language: Gichi-zaaga'igan "Big lake".
- Chokio, Minnesota
- Cohasset, Minnesota
- Cokato, Minnesota
- Dakota County, Minnesota
- Endion, Duluth, Minnesota
- Eyota, Minnesota
- Hackensack, Minnesota
- Hanska, Minnesota
- Hokah, Minnesota
- County and City of Isanti
- Kanabec County, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Ginebiko-ziibiing "At the Snake River"
- County and City of Kandiyohi
- Kasota, Minnesota
- Keewatin, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Giiwedin "North"
- Keewaydin, Minneapolis, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Giiwedin "North"
- Koochiching County, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Goojijiing "At the inlet"
- County and City of Mahnomen – From the Ojibwe language: Manoomin "Wild rice"
- former Manomin County, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Manoomin "Wild rice"
- Mahtomedi, Minnesota
- Mahtowa, Minnesota
- Mankato, Minnesota
- Menahga, Minnesota
- Mendota, Minnesota
- Mendota Heights, Minnesota
- Minnehaha, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minneiska, Minnesota
- Minnetonka, Minnesota
- Nashwauk, Minnesota
- Nokomis, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Nokomis East, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Nisswa, Minnesota
- Township and City of Ogema
- Okabena, Minnesota
- Onamia, Minnesota
- Otsego, Minnesota
- Owatonna, Minnesota
- Pequot Lakes, Minnesota
- Pokegama, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Bakegamaa "Side lake"
- Shakopee, Minnesota – From the Dakota language: Shák'pí "Six"
- Squaw Lake, Minnesota
- Wabasso, Minnesota
- Waconia, Minnesota
- Wadena, Minnesota
- Wahkon, Minnesota
- Waseca, Minnesota
- Waubun, Minnesota – From the Ojibwe language: Waaban "Dawn/East"
- Wayzata, Minnesota
- Wenonah, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Winona, Minnesota
Water bodies
- Lake Bemidji
- Kawishiwi River
- Minnehaha Creek and Falls
- Minnesota River
- Mississippi River
- Nemadji River
- Sauk River (Minnesota)
- Us-kab-wan-ka River
- Watab River
- Lake Winnibigoshish
Landforms
Mississippi
- Attala County
- Biloxi
- Bogue Chitto
- Chickasaw County
- Coahoma County
- Conehatta
- Copiah County
- Choctaw, Bolivar County, Mississippi
- Choctaw, Neshoba County, Mississippi
- Choctaw County
- Issaquena County
- Itawamba County
- Lake Tangipahoa
- Leflore County - named for an influential, mixed-race Choctaw chief, Greenwood LeFlore
- Mississippi River - from the Ojibwe 'Great River'
- Natchez
- Neshoba County
- Noxubee County
- Panola County
- Oktibbeha County
- Pontotoc County
- Pascagoula
- Pascagoula River
- Tallahatchie County
- Tallahatchie River
- Tangipahoa River
- Tennessee River
- Tippah County
- Tishomingo County
- Tombigbee River
- Tunica
- Tunica County
- Tunica Resorts
- Tuscumbia River
- Yalobusha County
- Yazoo City
- Yazoo County
- Yazoo River
Missouri
- Chilhowee, Missouri
- Chillicothe, Missouri
- Koshkonong, Missouri
- Lake Tapawingo, Missouri
- Lake Winnebago, Missouri
- Meramec River, Missouri
- Miami, Missouri
- Neosho, Missouri
- Niangua, Missouri
- Osage Beach, Missouri
- Osage County, Missouri
- Osceola, Missouri
- Saginaw, Missouri
- Sarcoxie, Missouri
- Seneca, Missouri
- Shawnee Mac Lakes, Missouri
- Syracuse, Missouri
- Tallapoosa, Missouri
- Tecumseh, Missouri
- Wasola, Missouri
Nebraska
New Jersey
Main article: List of place names in New Jersey of aboriginal origin
New Hampshire
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin
New York
Main article: List of place names in New York of aboriginal origin
- Canandaigua
- Coxsackie (town), New York - <cook-sakē>, it means 'Hoot of the Owl'.
- Geneseo - Gen-nis-he-yo it means "beautiful valley"
- Manhattan – probably from <man-ǎ-hǎ-tonh>, which seems to reflect Munsee Delaware [ˈeːnta mənaˈhahteːŋk], "where one gathers bows" (with -/aht/-, "bow").[70]
- Niagara Falls
- Oneida
- Onondaga
- Poughkeepsie
- Seneca Lake
- Skaneateles
- Schoharie
North Carolina
- Ahoskie
- Catawba
- Cherokee
- Lumber River
- Chowan County
- Cullowhee
- Currituck County
- Eno River
- Hatteras
- Manteo
- Lake Mattamuskeet
- Neuse River
- Ocracoke
- Pamlico County
- Pasquotank County
- Perquimans County
- Roanoke Island
- Sauratown Mountains
- Saxapahaw
- Swannanoa
- Wanchese
- Watauga County
- Waxhaw
- Yadkin River[71][72][73]
Ohio
- Ashtabula—from Lenape ashtepihəle, 'always enough (fish) to go around, to be given away';[74] contraction from apchi 'always'[75] + tepi 'enough' + həle (verb of motion).[76]
- Chillicothe—from Shawnee Chala·ka·tha, referring to members of one of the five divisions of the Shawnee people: Chalaka (name of the Shawnee group, of unknown meaning) + -tha 'person';[77] the present Chillicothe is the most recent of seven places in Ohio that have held that name, because it was applied to the main town wherever the Chalakatha settled as they moved to different places.
- Conneaut—probably derived from Seneca ga-nen-yot, 'standing stone'. See the article conneaut. Compare Juniata, originating from the name Onayutta or Onojutta in another Iroquoian language (probably Susquehannock), and the Oneida nation, whose name Onę˙yóteˀ also means 'standing stone'.
- Coshocton—derived from Unami Lenape Koshaxkink 'where there is a river crossing', probably adapted as Koshaxktun 'ferry' ('river-crossing device').[78]
- Cuyahoga—originally Mohawk Cayagaga 'crooked river', possibly related to kayuha 'creek' or kahyonhowanen 'river'. The Mohawk form of the name "Cayagaga" means 'crooked river', though it became assimilated to the Seneca name "Cuyohaga," meaning 'place of the jawbone' in Seneca.[79] The river is in an area mainly settled by the Seneca people in the 18th century, and the Seneca name stuck.
- Geauga—Onondaga jyo’ä·gak,[80] Seneca jo’ä·ka’, 'raccoon'[81] (originally the name of the Grand River).[82]
- Mingo and Mingo Junction—named after the Mingo people, Iroquoians who moved west to Ohio in the 18th century, largely of the Seneca nation; alternate form Minqua, both derived from Lenape Menkwe,[83] referring to all Iroquoian peoples in general, possibly from Onondaga yenkwe, 'men'.[84]
- Muskingum—Shawnee Mshkikwam 'swampy ground' (mshkikwi- 'swamp' + -am 'earth');[85] taken to mean 'elk's eye' in Lenape by folk etymology, as if < mus 'elk'[86] + wəshkinkw 'its eye'.[87]
- Ohio River—from Seneca Ohiyo 'the best river' or 'the big river'.[88] Ohiyo (pronounced "oh-ˈhee-yoh") is the Iroquois translation of the Algonquian name Allegheny, which also means 'the best river'. The Indians considered the Allegheny and Ohio to be all one river.[89]
- Olentangy—an Algonquian name, probably from Lenape ulam tanchi or Shawnee holom tenshi, both meaning 'red face paint from there'. The Vermilion River likewise was named with a translation of the original Ottawa name Ulam Thipi, 'red face paint river'.[90]
- Piqua—Shawnee Pekowi, name of one of the five divisions of the Shawnee.
- Sandusky—from Wyandot saandusti meaning 'water (within water-pools)'[91] or from andusti 'cold water'.[92]
- Scioto—derived from Wyandot skɛnǫ·tǫ’, 'deer'[92][93] (compare Shenandoah, also derived from the word for deer in a related Iroquoian language).
- Tuscarawas—after the Iroquoian Tuscarora people, who at one time had a settlement along the river of that name.[94]
- Wapakoneta—from Shawnee Wa·po’kanite 'Place of White Bones' (wa·pa 'white'+(h)o’kani 'bone'+-ite locative suffix).[95][96][97]
Oklahoma
- Anadarko - Caddo language - Derived from Nadá-kuh, means "bumblebee place."
- Bokchito - Choctaw language - "Big creek"
- Bokoshe - Choctaw language - "little creek"
- Camargo - Cheyenne language - "little dog"
- Catoosa - Cherokee language - phonetically pronounced "Ga-du-si" or "Ga-tu-si". Various interpretations of this word exist, including: "between two hills", "on the hill", "into the hills", and possibly signifying a prominent hill or place thereon.
- Chickasha - Choctaw language - Chickasaw Indian tribe
- Eucha - Cherokee language - named for Principal Chief Oochalata
- Eufaula - Creek language - from the Eufaula tribe, part of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy
- Gotebo - Kiowa language - named for Kiowa Gotebo (Qodebohon)
- Inola - Cherokee language - "black fox"
- Keota - Choctaw language - "the fire gone out"
- Kinta - Choctaw language - "beaver"
- Konawa, Oklahoma - Seminole language - "string of beads"
- Neodesha - Osage language - Derived from ni-o-sho-de "The water is smoky with mud"
- Nowata - Lenape - Derived from nuwita "Welcome"
- Nuyaka (Creek Nation) - Creek language - Derived from "New York"
- Oochelata - Cherokee language - named for Principal Chief Oochalata
- Eufaula - Creek language - from the Eufaula tribe, part of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy
- Okemah - Kickapoo language - "Things up high"
- Okmulgee - Creek language - "Boiling waters"
- Olustee - Creek language - "black water"
- Oologah - Cherokee language - "Dark Cloud"
- Owasso - Osage language - "End of the trail" or "turnaround"
- Pawhuska - Osage language - "White hair"
- Pocola - Choctaw language - "ten"
- Sasakwa - Seminole language - "wild goose"
- Skullyville - Choctaw language -derivation from iskuli - "money"
- Tahlequah - Cherokee language - "Open place where the grass grows"
- Talihina - Choctaw language - "iron road" (railroad)
- Tamaha - Choctaw language - "town"
- Taloga - Creek language - "beautiful valley" or "rocking water"
- Tulsa - Creek language - Derived from tallasi "Old town"
- Tushka - Choctaw language - "warrior"
- Tuskahoma - Choctaw language - "red warrior"
- Wapanucka - Lenape language -"Eastern land people"
- Watonga - Arapaho language - "black coyote"
- Weleetka - Creek language - "Running water"
- Wetumka - Creek language - "Tumbling water"
- Wewoka - Seminole language - "Barking water"
Oregon
- Clackamas, multiple places named for the Clackamas tribe
- Multnomah Falls, named for the Multnomah people
- Tillamook, multiple places named for the Tillamook people
- Tualatin, multiple places named for the Tualatin people
- Willamette, multiple places from the Clackamas name for the Columbia River
Pennsylvania
- Allegheny—probably from Lenape welhik hane[98][99] or oolik hanna, which means 'best flowing river of the hills' or 'beautiful stream'.[100] Originally the name of the Allegheny River, later used to name the Allegheny Mountains too. David Zeisberger published a divergent view in 1780, giving the original form of the name as "Alligewinenk, which means 'a land into which they came from distant parts'."[101]
- Aliquippa—Lenape alukwepi 'hat';[102] after Queen Aliquippa, who was named that because she wore a large hat.[103]
- Conemaugh—Lenape kwənəmuxkw 'otter'.[104][105]
- Conshohocken—Lenape kanshihakink 'in elegant land': kanshi 'elegant' + haki 'land' + -nk locative suffix.[106][107]
- Juniata River—from onoyutta, 'standing stone' in an Iroquoian language, probably Susquehannock. The Juniata Tribe lived by the river's banks and set up a tall standing stone with inscriptions in the center of their sacred meeting ground at the confluence of the Juniata River and Standing Stone Creek (in present-day Huntingdon). Compare Conneaut, Oneida.
- Kingsessing—The name Kingsessing or Chinsessing comes from the Delaware Indian word for "a place where there is a meadow".
- Kiskiminetas—derived from Lenape kishku manitu 'make daylight' (kishku 'day'[108] + manitu 'make'[109] ), a command to warriors to break camp and go on maneuvers while it is still night (as though it were daylight), according to John Heckewelder.[110]
- Kittanning—Lenape kithanink 'on the main river': kit 'great, large, big' + hane 'swift river from the mountains' + -ink locative suffix,[111] "the big river" or "the main river" being an epithet for the Allegheny-cum-Ohio, according to John Heckewelder.[112]
The Lackawanna Valley by George Inness (c. 1855)
- Lackawanna—Lenape laxaohane 'fork of a river'[113][114]
- Loyalhanna—after the name of a Lenape town, Layalhanning, meaning 'at the middle of the river': layel or lawel 'middle' + hane 'river' + -ink locative suffix.[115]
- Lycoming—from Lenape lekawink 'place of sand' or lekawi hane 'sandy stream', from lekaw 'sand'.[116]
- Manayunk—Lenape məneyunk 'place of drinking': məne 'drink' + yu 'here' + -nk locative suffix.[117]
- Mauch Chunk—Lenape maxkw-chunk 'bear mountain'.[118]
- Monongahela—Lenape Mənaonkihəla 'the high riverbanks are washed down; the banks cave in or erode',[119] inanimate plural of mənaonkihəle 'the dirt caves off (such as the bank of a river or creek; or in a landslide)'[120] < mənaonke 'it has a loose bank (where one might fall in)'[121] + -həle (verb of motion).
- Muckinipattis—Lenape for 'deep running water', from mexitkwek 'a deep place full of water'[122] or mexakwixen 'high water, freshet'.[123]
- Muncy–after the Munsee people < Munsee language mənsiw, 'person from Minisink' (minisink meaning 'at the island': mənəs 'island' + -ink locative suffix) + -iw attributive suffix.[124]
- Nemacolin, Pennsylvania—after the 18th-century Lenape chief Nemacolin.
- Nittany—'single mountain', from Lenape nekwti 'single'[125] + ahtəne 'mountain'.[126]
- Ohiopyle—from the Lenape phrase ahi opihəle, 'it turns very white',[127][128] referring to the frothy waterfalls.[129]
- Passyunk—from Lenape pahsayunk 'in the valley',[130] from pahsaek 'valley' (also the name of Passaic, New Jersey).
- Pennypack–Lenape pənəpekw 'where the water flows downward'.[131]
- Poconos—Lenape pokawaxne 'a creek between two hills'.[132]
- Punxsutawney—Lenape Punkwsutenay 'town of sandflies or mosquitoes': punkwəs 'sandfly' (<punkw 'dust' + -əs diminutive suffix) + utenay 'town'.[133]
- Pymatuning—Lenape Pimhatunink 'where there are facilities for sweating'[74] < pim- 'to sweat in a sweat lodge'[134] + hatu 'it is placed'[135] + -n(e) inanimate object marker + -ink locative suffix.
- Queonemysing—Lenape kwənamesink 'place of long fish': kwəni 'long' + names 'fish' + -ink locative suffix.[136]
- Quittapahilla Creek—Lenape kuwe ktəpehəle 'it flows out through the pines':[137] kuwe 'pine tree'[138] + ktəpehəle 'it flows out'.[139]
- Shackamaxon—Lenape sakimaksink 'place of the chiefs':[140] sakima 'chief'[141] + -k plural suffix + -s- (for euphony) -ink locative suffix
- Shamokin—Lenape Shahəmokink[142] 'place of eels', from shoxamekw 'eel'[143] + -ink locative suffix.
- Sinnemahoning—Lenape ahsəni mahonink 'stony lick', from ahsən 'stone'[144] and mahonink 'at the salt lick'.[145]
- Susquehanna—Lenape siskuwihane 'muddy river': sisku 'mud' + -wi- (for euphony) + hane 'swift river from the mountains'.[146]
- Tinicum—Lenape mahtanikunk 'Where they catch up with each other'.[147]
- Tulpehocken—Lenape tulpehakink 'in the land of turtles': tulpe 'turtle' + haki 'land' + -nk locative suffix.[148]
View on the Wissahickon by James Peale (1830)
- Tunkhannock—Lenape tank hane 'narrow stream',[149] from tank 'small' + hane 'stream'.
- Wiconisco—Lenape wikin niskew 'A muddy place to live',[150] from wikin 'to live in a place'[151] + niskew 'to be dirty, muddy'.[152]
- Wissahickon—contraction of Lenape wisamekwhikan 'catfish creek': wisamekw 'catfish'[153] (literally 'fat fish':[154] <wisam 'fat' + -èkw, bound form of namès 'fish'[155] ) + hikan 'ebb tide, mouth of a creek'.[156][157]
- Wyoming Valley—Munsee xwēwamənk 'at the big river flat': xw- 'big' + ēwam 'river flat' + ənk locative suffix.[158]
- Youghiogheny—Lenape yuxwiakhane 'stream running a contrary or crooked course', according to John Heckewelder.[159]
Rhode Island
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin
Tennessee
- Chattanooga – based on cvto, a Muskogean term for 'rock'
- Etowah – Muskogean term for 'town'
- Euchee Old Fields (ceremonial planting ground)
- Ooltewah
- Sewanee
- Unicoi County, Unicoi town, and Unicoi Range – Cherokee word meaning "white," "hazy," "fog-like," or "fog draped."
Texas
- Waco – from Wichita [wiːko], the name of a tribal subgroup, the Waco people.[160]
- Nacogdoches - from Caddo language, Nacogdoche tribe of the Caddo
- Quanah - named for the Comanche Chief, Quanah Parker
Utah
- Utah County, Utah Lake, etc. – "Utah" via "Yudah" or "Yutah" from a language of one of the Ute tribe's neighbors, such as Western Apache yúdah, "high up".[35]
- Mount Timpanogos – from Paiute for "rocks and runny water."
- Moab, Utah – from Paiute "moapa," meaning "mosquitoes;" possibly named after the biblical Moab.
- Wasatch Mountains, Wasatch County, etc. – from "wasatch," a Ute word for "mountain passage."
- Juab County – from Paiute word for "flat plain."
- Kanab, Utah – from Paiute word for willow tree.
- Kamas, Utah – from indigenous word for an edible, wild bulb.
- Oquirrh Mountains – from Goshute for "glowing, or wooded mountain."
- Uintah County – from Ute for "pine land."
- Various municipal street names including Arapeen Drive ("Arapeen" was a notable 19th-century Paiute), Chipeta Way ("chipeta" is Ute for "rippling water") and Wasatch Boulevard ("wasatch" is Ute for "mountain pass").[161]
Vermont
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin
Virginia
- Accomack County, Virginia
- Allegheny Mountains and Alleghany County, Virginia
- Appomattox River and Appomattox County, Virginia, after the Appomattoc
- Chesapeake Bay and city of Chesapeake, Virginia
- Chickahominy River, after the Chickahominy people
- Mattaponi River, after the Mattaponi
- Meherrin River, after the Meherrin
- Nansemond River, after the Nansemond
- Nottoway County, after the Nottoway people
- Occoquan River
- Pamunkey River, after the Pamunkey
- Pohick Creek
- City of Poquoson
- Powhatan County
- Rappahannock River, Rappahannock County, and town of Tappahannock, Virginia
- Roanoke River and city and county of Roanoke, Virginia
- Shenandoah River and Shenandoah Valley
- Yeocomico River
Washington
- Seattle – named after Chief Seattle, whose Lushootseed name was Siʔáł.[162]
- Tacoma – from Lushootseed [təqʷúbəʔ] (earlier *təqʷúməʔ), "snow-covered mountain".[46]
- Yakima
- Puyallup
- Kitsap Peninsula, Kitsap County – named after Chief Kitsap
- Alki Beach
- Snohomish – Lushootseed [sduhúbʃ], the name of a Salishan group (earlier *snuhúmʃ).[163]
- Chelan, Chelan County, Lake Chelan - a Salish language word, "Tsi - Laan," meaning 'Deep Water'.
- Chiwawa River
- Chinook, Chinook Pass
- Cle Elum, Cle Elum River
- Copalis Beach, Copalis Crossing
- Cowlitz County, Cowlitz River
- Dosewallips River
- Duckabush River
- Duwamish River
- Entiat, Entiat River
- Hamma Hamma River
- Hoh River
- Hoquiam
- Humptulips, Humptulips River
- Hyak
- Issaquah
- Kachess Lake
- Kalaloch
- Kittitas County, Kittitas
- Neah Bay
- Palouse
- Pysht River
- Sol Duc River
- Spokane – from the Spokane dialect of Interior Salish spoqín.[164]
- Tillicum
- Tonasket
- Tulalip Bay
- Tumwater
- Twisp, Twisp River
- Wishkah River
- Walla Walla
- Stehekin
- Okanogan
- Omak
- Orondo
- Sammamish
- Sequim
- Skagit River
- Skookumchuck River
- Squaxin Island
- Stillaguamish River
- Suquamish
- Nooksack River
- Nisqually River
- Chehalis, Chehalis River
- Wenatchee, Wenatchee River
- La Push – lapoos or labush is the Chinook Jargon adaptation of the fr. la bouche ("mouth")
- Nespelem
- Pasayten River, Pasayten Wilderness
- Snoqualmie, Snoqualmie Pass, Snoqualmie River
- Skykomish River
- Wenatchee
- Toppenish
- Wapato
Wisconsin
Counties
- Calumet County, Wisconsin
- Chippewa County – the Ojibwe (or Chippewa) people
- Iowa County – the Iowa people
- Kenosha County – Kenosha (ginoozhe), an Ojibwe word meaning pike (fish).
- Kewaunee County – for either a Potawatomi word meaning river of the lost or an Ojibwe word meaning prairie hen, wild duck or to go around.
- Manitowoc County – Manitowoc (manidoowag) is an Ojibwe word meaning spirits.
- Menominee County – the Menominee people
- Milwaukee and Milwaukee County – Algonguin word Millioke which means The Good Land, or Gathering place by the water. Another interpretation is beautiful or pleasant lands.
- Oneida County – the Oneida people.
- Oshkosh – Menominee Chief Oshkosh, whose name meant "claw"[165] (cf. Ojibwe oshkanzh, "the claw").[166]
- Outagamie County – the Outagamie (Meskwaki, Fox) people.
- Ozaukee County – Ozaukee (Ozaagii) is the Ojibwe word for the Sauk people.
- Waukesha and Waukesha County – Potawatomi word meaning little foxes.
- Waupaca County – Menominee word meaning white sand bottom or brave young hero.
- Waushara County – a Native American word meaning good earth.
- Winnebago County – the Winnebago people.
Cities, Towns and Villages
- Algoma, Winnebago County, Wisconsin
- Altoona, Wisconsin
- Amnicon Falls, Wisconsin
- Aniwa, Wisconsin
- Antigo, Wisconsin
- Arkansaw, Wisconsin
- Ashippun, Wisconsin
- Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin
- Astico, Wisconsin
- Aztalan, Wisconsin
- Baraboo, Wisconsin
- Carcajou, Wisconsin
- Catawba, Wisconsin
- Chetek, Wisconsin
- Chenequa, Wisconsin
- Chicago Junction, Wisconsin
- Chippecotton, modern-day Racine, Wisconsin (so named "Chippecotton" or "Kipiwaki", meaning 'root'; "Racine" is French for 'root')
- Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin
- Coloma, Wisconsin
- Couderay, Wisconsin
- Dakota, Wisconsin
- Horicon, Wisconsin
- Huron, Wisconsin
- Iola, Wisconsin
- Kaukauna, Wisconsin (named for early French settler pronunciation "Kakalin," and later Grand Kakalin, bastardized either from Menomonee "Ogag-kane" or "O-gau-gau-ning," meaning 'the place where fish stop' due to the massive amounts of fish they found where the river fell 52 feet beneath the falls. Because of the forceful rushing rapids, travelers were forced to carry their canoes around it)
- Kegonsa, Wisconsin
- Kenosha, Wisconsin
- Kekoskee, Wisconsin
- Keshena, Wisconsin
- Kewaskum, Wisconsin
- Kinnickinnic, Wisconsin
- Koshkonong, Wisconsin
- Koshkonong Mounds, Wisconsin
- Lake Koshkonong, Wisconsin
- Lake Nebagamon, Wisconsin
- Lake Wisconsin, Wisconsin
- Lake Wissota, Wisconsin
- Manawa, Wisconsin
- Manitowish Waters, Wisconsin
- Manitowoc, Wisconsin (named 'Spirit's Home' for the Manitou spirit commonly seen at the mouth of the eponymous Manitowoc River, it is derived from Ojibwe "Manitou+woc", where "Manitou" means 'spirit' and "-woc" means a suffix for 'home')
- Mazomanie, Wisconsin
- Menasha, Wisconsin (from a Menominee phrase meaning 'thorn in the island')
- Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin
- Menomonie, Wisconsin
- Mequon, Wisconsin
- Merrimac, Wisconsin
- Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- South Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Minnesota Junction, Wisconsin
- Minocqua, Wisconsin
- Misha Mokwa, Wisconsin
- Mishicot, Wisconsin
- Monona, Wisconsin
- Moquah, Wisconsin
- Mosinee, Wisconsin
- Mukwonago, Wisconsin (from Potowatomi, meaning 'a ladle/bend in the stream')
- Muscoda, Wisconsin
- Muskego, Wisconsin
- Nashotah, Wisconsin
- Niagara, Wisconsin
- Necedah (town), Wisconsin
- Neda, Wisconsin
- Neenah, Wisconsin (from Winnebago "Neenah," meaning 'running water')
- Nekoosa, Wisconsin
- Neopit, Wisconsin
- Neshkoro, Wisconsin
- Oconomowoc, Wisconsin (from Potowatomi, meaning 'waterfall')
- Oconto, Wisconsin
- Oconto Falls, Wisconsin
- Odanah, Bad River Reservation, Wisconsin
- Ogema, Wisconsin
- Okauchee Lake, Wisconsin
- Onalaska, Wisconsin
- Ono, Wisconsin
- Ontario, Wisconsin
- Oregon, Wisconsin
- Oshkosh, Wisconsin
- Osseo, Wisconsin
- Otsego, Wisconsin
- Penokee, Wisconsin
- Peshtigo, Wisconsin
- Pewaukee, Wisconsin
- Pokegama, Wisconsin
- Potosi, Wisconsin
- Poy Sippi, Wisconsin
- Poynette, Wisconsin
- Requa, Wisconsin
- Sauk City, Wisconsin
- Saukville, Wisconsin
- Shawano, Wisconsin
- Sheboygan, Wisconsin (of obscure but likely Algonquian origins, it may derive from "Shawb-wa-way-kum", meaning either 'thundering under the ground' or 'path between the lakes'; bastardized through French "Cheboigan")
- Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin
- Sioux, Wisconsin
- Suamico, Wisconsin
- Tamarack, Wisconsin
- Taycheedah, Wisconsin
- Tichigan, Wisconsin
- Tomahawk, Wisconsin
- Viroqua, Wisconsin
- Wabeno (community), Wisconsin
- Waubeka, Wisconsin
- Waucoosta, Wisconsin
- Waukesha, Wisconsin (originally known by local tribes as "Tshee-gas-cou-tak," meaning 'burnt, fire-land', possibly later derived from Ojibwe "Wagosh" meaning 'fox', or alternatively from a Chief 'Leatherstrap' or "Wau-tsha", met by the early white settler Morris Cutler, who honored him with the namesake)
- Waumandee, Wisconsin
- Waunakee, Wisconsin
- Waupaca, Wisconsin
- Waupun, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin (meaning 'east, daybreak, dawn')
- Wausau, Wisconsin (from Chippewa, meaning 'far away')
- Wausaukee, Wisconsin
- Wautoma, Wisconsin
- Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
- Weyauwega, Wisconsin
- Winneboujou, Wisconsin
- Winneconne (town), Wisconsin
- Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin
- Wonewoc, Wisconsin
- Wyocena, Wisconsin
- Wyoming (community), Wisconsin
- Wyoming, Iowa County, Wisconsin
- Wyoming, Waupaca County, Wisconsin
- Yuba, Wisconsin
Bodies of Water, Forests, Parks or Regions
- Ahnapee River
- Allequash Lake
- Amnicon Falls
- Amnicon River
- Aztalan State Park
- Baraboo River
- Big Muskellunge Lake
- Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest
- Chequamegon Waters Flowage
- Cherokee Marsh
- Chequamegon Bay
- Chicago Bay, Lake Chippewa
- Lake Chippewa
- Chippewa Falls
- Chippewa River (Wisconsin)
- Couderay River
- Lake Gogebic
- Gogebic Range
- Lake Horicon
- Horicon Marsh
- Iola Lake
- Lower Kaubashine Lake
- Upper Kaubashine Lake
- Lake Kawaguesaga
- Lake Kegonsa
- Kentuck Lake
- Kewaskum Woods
- Kickapoo River
- Kickapoo Woods
- Kinnickinnic River (Milwaukee River)
- Kinnickinnic River (St. Croix River)
- Koshkonong Mounds
- Lake Koshkonong
- Kurikka Creek
- Lenawee Creek
- Lake Leota
- Linnunpuro Creek
- Little Muskie Lake
- Machickanee Flowage
- Manitou Island (Wisconsin)
- Manitowish Lake
- Manitowoc River
- Maunesha River
- Mawikwe Bay
- Mecan River
- Lake Mendota
- Menominee Creek
- Little Menominee River
- Menominee River
- Michigan Island
- Milwaukee Bay, Lake Chippewa
- Milwaukee Bay, Lake Michigan
- Milwaukee River
- Lake Minocqua
- Minong Flowage
- Misha-Mokwa (Mother Bear) Trail
- Moccasin Lake
- Lake Mohawksin
- Lake Monona
- Muskego Lake
- Little Muskego Lake
- Musky Bay, Lake Chippewa
- Nagamicka Lake
- Naga-waukee Park
- Lake Namakagon
- Namekagon River
- Lake Nebagamon
- Lower Nemahbin Lake
- Upper Nemahbin Lake
- Nemadji River
- Neopit Mill Pond
- Lake Nokomis
- Oconomowoc Lake
- Okauchee Lake
- Oneida Lake
- Oulu Pioneer Memorial Park
- Papkee Lake
- Papoose Creek
- Pecatonica River
- Pesabic Lake
- Peshtigo River
- Pewaukee Lake
- Pokegama Lake
- Lake Puckaway
- Sauk Prairie
- Scuppernong Prairie
- Shawano Lake
- Sheboygan Marsh
- Sheboygan River
- Sinissippi Lake
- Sinsinawa River
- Siskiwit Bay
- Siskiwit Lake (Wisconsin)
- Siskiwit River
- Skanawan Creek
- Squaw Creek (Wisconsin)
- Squaw Lake
- Tamarack Creek
- Taycheedah Creek
- Tichigan Forest (Wildlife Area)
- Tichigan Lake
- Token Creek (Tokaunee Creek)
- Totagatic Lake
- Totagatic River
- Tourtillotte Creek
- Lake Towanda
- Lake Wandawega
- Wayka Creek
- Lake Waubesa
- Waunakee Marsh
- Waupee Lake
- Waupee Swamp
- Wauzeka Bottoms
- Lake Wingra
- Lake Winnebago
- Lake Wisconsin
- Lake Wissota
- Wyalusing Forest
- Wyona Lake
- Yahara River
- Yawkey Lake
Wyoming
- Cheyenne – From Dakota Šahíyena, the diminutive of Šahíya, "Cree".[167]
See also
- List of placenames of indigenous origin in the Americas
- List of federally recognized tribes by state: As of May 2013, there were 566 Native American tribes legally recognized by the U.S. Government, according to the article, "List of federally recognized tribes."
- Native Americans in the United States
References
- ↑ "Alabama: The State Name". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
- ↑ Bright (2004:29)
- ↑ Ransom, J. Ellis. 1940. Derivation of the Word ‘Alaska’. American Anthropologist n.s., 42: pp. 550–551
- 1 2 Bright (2004:47)
- 1 2 Rankin, Robert. 2005. "Quapaw". In Native Languages of the Southeastern United States, eds. Heather K. Hardy and Janine Scancarelli. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pg. 492
- ↑ "Arkansas". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Connecticut". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
- 1 2 3 Campbell (1997:11)
- ↑ Afable, Patricia O. and Madison S. Beeler (1996). "Place Names", in "Languages", ed. Ives Goddard. Vol. 17 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 193
- ↑ Crowley, Terry. 1992. An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 289
- ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
- ↑ Bright (2004:177)
- ↑ "Comments by Michael McCafferty on "Readers' Feedback (page 4)"". The KryssTal. Archived from the original on 2006-10-31. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
- ↑ "Illinois". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
- ↑ Bright (2004:181)
- ↑ 2001. "Plains", ed. Raymond J. DeMallie. Vol. 13 of "Handbook of North American Indians", ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 445
- ↑ "Iowa". American Heritage Dictionary. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
- ↑ Bright (2004:185)
- ↑ Mithun, Marianne. 1999. Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 312
- ↑ Bright (2004:213)
- 1 2 Salwen, Bert, 1978. Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period. In "Northeast", ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of "Handbook of North American Indians", ed. William C. Sturtevant, pp. 160–176. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Quoted in: Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 401
- 1 2 3 "Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary".
- ↑ "Michigan in Brief: Information About the State of Michigan" (PDF). Michigan.gov. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
- ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Minnesota". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ↑ "Mississippi". American Heritage Dictionary. Yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
- ↑ McCafferty, Michael. 2004. Correction: Etymology of Missouri. American Speech, 79.1:32
- 1 2 Koontz, John. "Etymology". Siouan Languages. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
- ↑ Campbell (1997:378)
- ↑ "Native Ohio". American Indian Studies. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ↑ Bright (2004:3??)
- ↑ Bruce, Benjamin (2003). "Halito Okla Homma! (Chahta Anumpa – Choctaw Language)". Hello Oklahoma!. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
- ↑ "Tennessee". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ↑ Bright (2004:491)
- ↑ Harper, Douglas. "Texas". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- 1 2 1986. "Great Basin", ed. Warren L. d'Azevedo. Vol. 11 of Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Cited in: Bright (2004:534)
- ↑ McCafferty, Michael. 2003. On Wisconsin: The Derivation and Referent of an Old Puzzle in American Placenames. Onoma 38: 39-56
- ↑ "Wisconsin's Name: Where it Came from and What it Means". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ↑ Bright (2004:576)
- ↑ Hudson, Charles M. (1997). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun. University of Georgia Press. pp. 230–232.
- ↑ Bright, William (2004). Native American placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 525. ISBN 0-8061-3576-X. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
- ↑ Bright (2004:134)
- ↑ Bright (2004:516)
- ↑ Bright (2004:262)
- ↑ Bright (2004:444)
- ↑ Burr, Charles R. (1920). "A Brief History of Anacostia, Its Name, Origin and Progress". Records of the Columbia Historical Society. 23: 167–179. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
- 1 2 Bright (2004:469)
- ↑ Kohn, Diana (November 2008). "Takoma Park at 125" (PDF). Takoma Voice. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
- ↑ Joe Forzano. "Abacoa Takes Name From Village Mentioned By Ponce de Leon". Palm Beach Post.
- ↑ Simpson, J. Clarence (1956). Mark F. Boyd, ed. Florida Place-Names of Indian Derivation. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida Geological Survey.
- ↑ Bright (2004:43)
- ↑ Bright (2004:182)
- ↑ Katherine Long. "Historians Try To Trace Origins Of Indian-named Places". Orlando Sentinel.
- ↑ Bright (2004:282)
- ↑ Bright (2004:378)
- ↑ Florida Center for Instructional Technology. "The Suwannee River". University of South Florida.
- ↑ Bright (2004:475)
- ↑ Bright (2004:477-478)
- ↑ "History of Mishawaka", Retrieved on March 24, 2013.
- ↑ "Shipshewana History", Retrieved on March 24, 2013.
- ↑ "About Wanatah", Retrieved on March 24, 2013.
- ↑ De Witt Clinton Goodrich & Charles Richard Tuttle (1875). An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana. Indiana: R. S. Peale & co. p. 556.
- ↑ De Witt Clinton Goodrich & Charles Richard Tuttle (1875). An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana. Indiana: R. S. Peale & co. p. 578.
- ↑ Godfroy, Clarence (1987) [1961]. Miami Indian Stories. Winona Lake, IN: Life and Life Press. p. 164.
- ↑ Bright, William (2004). Native American placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 496. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- ↑ "Bloodroot Trail" (PDF). Indiana State Parks and Reservoirs. 6 March 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
- ↑ Godfroy, Clarence (1987) [1961]. Miami Indian Stories. Winona Lake, IN: Life and Life Press. p. 166.
- ↑ Hay, Jerry M (2008). "Wabash River guide book", pg. 26, Indiana Waterways. ISBN 1-60585-215-5.
- ↑ Lilly, Eli. Early Wawasee Days. Indianapolis: Studio Press Inc., 1960.
- ↑ http://www.chacha.com/question/what-does-the-word-%22wapahani%22-mean%3F-%3C3
- ↑ Bright (2004:265)
- ↑ https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_z5CpX0tgegJ:www.ncmuseumofhistory.org/collateral/articles/S06.language.tells.NC.history.pdf+american+indian+place+names+north+carolina&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh_weonEWHwbM-ry3YGFfT1mpKZfd9M7NR4dwMCjG7YtE1ovMVdmxJQuHWz5-FtWfM1WksRMrydQ5kADIhpb49T9oEaJ2J7MU-x8RllxBa45g_PEOschCqCi-0L9li8zSM3CsQ_&sig=AHIEtbQ1UXE9d45gEodPV1OW1yI-D2ODDQ
- ↑ http://chenocetah.wordpress.com/index-2/
- ↑ http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/northcarolina/
- 1 2 Mahr, August C. (November 1959). "Practical Reasons for Algonkian Indian Stream and Place Names". Ohio Journal of Science. 59 (6): 365–375. ISSN 0030-0950. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ↑ "apchi". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ↑ "tèpihële". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ↑ Greene, Don; Noel Schutz (2008). Shawnee Heritage: Shawnee Genealogy and Family History. Oregon: Vision ePublications. p. 16. ISBN 9781435715738. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- ↑ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. Ohio Historical Society. 66 (2): 137–158. Retrieved 2012-01-07. (Mahr's footnote references Zeisberger's Indian Dictionary, p. 49.)
- ↑ "Cuyahoga River". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
- ↑ "Onondaga Animal Words". Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ↑ "Seneca Animal Words". Native Languages of the Americas. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ↑ "Geauga County, Ohio". Rootsweb. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ↑ "Menkwe". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
- ↑ Brinton, Daniel Garrison (1885). The Lenâpé and Their Legends. Philadelphia: D.G. Brinton. p. 14 n. (Although Brinton makes no attempt to account for the change of initial y- to m-.)
- ↑ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. Ohio Historical Society. 66 (2): 137–158. Retrieved 2012-05-22. "The Muskingum River was the channel by which eastern Ohio was penetrated, mainly by the Delawares during the first half of the eighteenth century, and to a much lesser extent by bands of Shawnees preceding the Delawares by a few decades. In its present form Muskingum, this river name has been in use among both Indians and whites for more than two centuries as another one of those terms of Indian-white travel-and-trade lingo, such as Ohio, Scioto, and others. Whatever its aboriginal form may have been, Muskingum as a river name was fragmentary, requiring in any Indian language the addition of a term signifying 'river.' Zeisberger and other Moravian missioners spelled it Muskingum, as we do today, as well as Mushkingum (transliterated from German-based Muschkingum). Most likely, both of these spellings represented two different pronunciations current among the Delawares. Zeisberger's definition of the name, based on a combination of moos, 'an elk,' and wuschking, 'eye' (in his own spelling), meaning 'elk's eye,' looks like a folk etymology resting on the similarity in sound between Muschkingum and wuschgingunk (Zeisberger's spelling), defined as 'on or in the eye.' John Johnston states that 'Muskingum is a Delaware word, and means a town on the river side.' This is partly correct and partly wrong. Muskingum (or Mushkingum, for that matter) indeed is a Delaware word, but by no stretch of the imagination does it mean 'a town on the river side.' It is certain though that it named a town on the river side. Possibly this town was an old Shawnee settlement whose name the nearby Delawares adapted to their own tongue in the form of *M'shkiink'm (Mushkinkum), and by force of folk etymology understood it to mean 'elk's eye.' It appears quite probable that the original Shawnee place name as assimilated by the Delawares, may have been *m'shkeenkw/aam(-), a Shawnee term combining *m'shkeenkw-, 'swampy,' with -aam, a stem approximately denoting '(land, soil, etc.) being as indicated,' and invariably followed by -'chki or some other adverbial determinant, with the composite meaning, 'where the land is swampy, soggy.' Where this place was located, it is impossible to ascertain. Evidently, in their assimilation of this Shawnee place name, the Delawares, disregarding as unessential the final locative affix, were solely concerned with *M'shkeenkwaam, from which it was but a small step, over intermediary *M'shkeenk'm, to folk-etymologically conditioned *Muushkiink'm ( Mushkinkum; Muskingum).
- ↑ "mus". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ↑ "wëshkinkw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ↑ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. Ohio Historical Society. 66 (2): 138. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
- ↑ Trumbull, J. Hammond (1870). The Composition of Indian Geographical Names. Hartford, Conn. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 2013-01-21. Alleghany, or as some prefer to write it, Allegheny,—the Algonkin name of the Ohio River, but now restricted to one of its branches,—is probably (Delaware) welhik-hanné or [oo]lik-hanné, 'the best (or, the fairest) river.' Welhik (as Zeisberger wrote it) is the inanimate form of the adjectival, meaning 'best,' 'most beautiful.' In his Vocabulary, Zeisberger gave this synthesis, with slight change of orthography, as "Wulach'neü" [or [oo]lakhanne[oo], as Eliot would have written it,] with the free translation, "a fine River, without Falls." The name was indeed more likely to belong to rivers 'without falls' or other obstruction to the passage of canoes, but its literal meaning is, as its composition shows, "best rapid-stream," or "finest rapid-stream;" "La Belle Riviere" of the French, and the Oue-yo´ or O hee´ yo Gä-hun´-dä, "good river" or "the beautiful river," of the Senecas. For this translation of the name we have very respectable authority,—that of Christian Frederick Post, a Moravian of Pennsylvania, who lived seventeen years with the Muhhekan Indians and was twice married among them, and whose knowledge of the Indian languages enabled him to render important services to the colony, as a negotiator with the Delawares and Shawanese of the Ohio, in the French war. In his "Journal from Philadelphia to the Ohio" in 1758, after mention of the 'Alleghenny' river, he says: "The Ohio, as it is called by the Sennecas. Alleghenny is the name of the same river in the Delaware language. Both words signify the fine or fair river." La Metairie, the notary of La Salle's expedition, "calls the Ohio, the Olighinsipou, or Aleghin; evidently an Algonkin name,"—as Dr. Shea remarks. Heckewelder says that the Delawares "still call the Allegany (Ohio) river, Alligéwi Sipu.
- ↑ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. Ohio Historical Society. 66 (2): 141–143. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
- ↑ Johnston, John (1858). Vocabularies of the Shawanoese and Wyandott Languages, etc.
- 1 2 "Wyandot Dictionary" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ↑ Hanna, Charles A. (1911). The Wilderness Trail. New York: Knickerbocker Press. p. 118. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- ↑ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. Ohio Historical Society. 66 (2): 137–158. Retrieved 2012-05-22."Until after 1800 the name Muskingum also applied to its north branch, today officially called Tuscarawas. The latter name commemorates the Iroquoian Tuscarora Indians, who once had a settlement, Tuscarawi, or Tuscarawas, at its upper course, near present Bolivar, on the line of Stark and Tuscarawas counties."
- ↑ Mahr, August C. (1957). "Indian River and Place Names in Ohio". Ohio History. Ohio Historical Society. 66 (2): 137–158. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
- ↑ Schutz, Noel. "Colors". Shawnee Traditions. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- ↑ "bone: hoʔkani" Wick R. Miller, "An Outline of Shawnee Historical Phonology" International Journal of American Linguist Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jan., 1959), pp. 16-21 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1263919
- ↑ "welhik". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ↑ "Heckewelder here does not give the strict meaning of hanne. The word in common use among Algonkin [i.e., Algonquian] tribes for river is sipu, and this includes the idea of 'a stream of flowing water'. But in the mountainous parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia sipu did not sufficiently convey the idea of a rapid stream, roaring down mountain gorges, and hanne takes its place to designate not a mere sipu, or flowing river, but a rapid mountain stream." Russell, Erret (1885). "Indian Geographical Names". The Magazine of Western History. 2 (1): 53–59. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ↑ Alleghany, or as some prefer to write it, Allegheny,—the Algonkin name of the Ohio River, but now restricted to one of its branches,—is probably (Delaware) welhik-hanné or [oo]lik-hanné, 'the best (or, the fairest) river.' Welhik (as Zeisberger wrote it) is the inanimate form of the adjectival, meaning 'best,' 'most beautiful.' In his Vocabulary, Zeisberger gave this synthesis, with slight change of orthography, as "Wulach'neü" [or [oo]lakhanne[oo], as Eliot would have written it,] with the free translation, "a fine River, without Falls." The name was indeed more likely to belong to rivers 'without falls' or other obstruction to the passage of canoes, but its literal meaning is, as its composition shows, "best rapid-stream," or "finest rapid-stream;" "La Belle Riviere" of the French, and the Oue-yo´ or O hee´ yo Gä-hun´-dä, "good river" or "the beautiful river," of the Senecas. For this translation of the name we have very respectable authority,—that of Christian Frederick Post, a Moravian of Pennsylvania, who lived seventeen years with the Muhhekan Indians and was twice married among them, and whose knowledge of the Indian languages enabled him to render important services to the colony, as a negotiator with the Delawares and Shawanese of the Ohio, in the French war. In his "Journal from Philadelphia to the Ohio" in 1758, after mention of the 'Alleghenny' river, he says: "The Ohio, as it is called by the Sennecas. Alleghenny is the name of the same river in the Delaware language. Both words signify the fine or fair river." La Metairie, the notary of La Salle's expedition, "calls the Ohio, the Olighinsipou, or Aleghin; evidently an Algonkin name,"—as Dr. Shea remarks. Heckewelder says that the Delawares "still call the Allegany (Ohio) river, Alligéwi Sipu,"—"the river of the Alligewi" as he chooses to translate it. In one form, we have wulik-hannésipu, 'best rapid-stream long-river;' in the other, wuliké-sipu, 'best long-river.' Heckewelder's derivation of the name, on the authority of a Delaware legend, from the mythic 'Alligewi' or 'Talligewi,'—"a race of Indians said to have once inhabited that country," who, after great battles fought in pre-historic times, were driven from it by the all-conquering Delawares,—is of no value, unless supported by other testimony. Trumbull, J. Hammond (1870). The Composition of Indian Geographical Names. Hartford, Conn. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
- ↑ "All this land and region, stretching as far as the creeks and waters that flow into the Alleghene the Delawares called Alligewinenk, which means 'a land into which they came from distant parts'. The river itself, however, is called Alligewi Sipo. The whites have made Alleghene out of this, the Six Nations calling the river the Ohio."Zeisberger, David (1999). David Zeisberger's History of the Northern American Indians in 18th Century Ohio, New York and Pennsylvania. Wennawoods Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 1-889037-17-6.
- ↑ "alukwèpi". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ Edgar Um Bucholtz (2009-07-23). "Life in Aliquippa (1993)". Telecorps All-Inclusive. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ Storey, Henry Wilson (1907). History of Cambria County, Pennsylvania. 1. New York: Lewis. p. 63. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
- ↑ "kwënëmuxkw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ↑ "kanshihakink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "Kanshihakink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "kishku". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ↑ "manitu". Lenape Talking Dictionary. 2012-05-26.
- ↑ Donehoo, George Patterson (1998). A History of the Indian Villages and Place Names in Pennsylvania. Harrisburg: Telegraph Press. p. 82.
- ↑ "kithanink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ Smith, Robert Walker (1883). History of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. Chicago: Waterman, Watkins, & Co.
- ↑ Hodge, Frederick Webb (1911). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. 1. Washington: Government Printing Office. p. 751. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ↑ "làxaohane". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-22.
- ↑ Sipe, Chester Hale (1971). The Indian Wars of Pennsylvania. Amos Press. p. 750.
- ↑ "lèkaw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ↑ "mëne". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "màxkwchunk". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
- ↑ "Mënaonkihëla". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "mënaonkihële". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "mënaonke". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "mèxitkwèk". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
- ↑ Brinton & Anthony, ed. (1889). A Lenâpé-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 77. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
- ↑ Goddard, Ives (1978). "Delaware". In Trigger, Bruce. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 15. Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 236–237. ISBN 0-16-004575-4.
- ↑ "nèkwti". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ↑ "kitahtëne". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ↑ "ahi". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ↑ "òpihële". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ↑ Russell, Erret (1885). "Indian Geographical Names". The Magazine of Western History. 2 (1): 53–59. Retrieved 2011-10-22.
- ↑ "pahsayunk". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
- ↑ "pënëpèkw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-05-25.
- ↑ Brinton; Anthony, eds. (1888). A Lenâpé-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 118.
- ↑ "Punkwsutènay". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "pimëwe". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
- ↑ "hatu". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
- ↑ "Kwënamèsink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "Quittapahilla Creek". Quittapahilla Watershed Association. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "kuwe". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "ktëpehële". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ Du Ponceau, Peter S.; Fisher, J. Francis (1836). "A Memoir of the History of the Celebrated Treaty Made by William Penn with the Indians under the Elm Tree at Shackamaxon, in the Year 1682". Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, vol. III, part III. Philadelphia. pp. 183–184. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "sakima". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "Shahëmokink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ↑ "shoxamèke". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ↑ "ahsën". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-03.
- ↑ Brinton, Daniel G.; Anthony, Albert Seqaqkind, eds. (1889). A Lenâpé-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 71. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ↑ "siskuwihane". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "mahtanikunk". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "tulpehakink". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ "tànkhane". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
- ↑ "Wiconisco Township". Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ↑ "wikin". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ↑ "niske". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- ↑ "wisamèkw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ↑ Brinton, Daniel G.; Anthony, Albert Seqaqkind, eds. (1888). A Lenâpé-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 162. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ↑ "alëmèkw". Lenape Talking Dictionary. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ↑ Del Collo, Deborah (2011). Roxborough. Charleston: Arcadia. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7385-7555-1. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ↑ Brinton; Anthony, eds. (1888). A Lenâpé-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania. p. 48. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ↑ "Wyoming: Word Origin & History". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ Errett, Russell (1885). "Indian Geographical Names II". Magazine of Western History. 2 (1): 238–246. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ↑ Bright (2004:538)
- ↑ Utah Place Names by John W. Van Cott, The New Utah’s Heritage by S. George Ellsworth, and A Teacher's Guide for the Maps and Chart Series Conquest for Indian America by Doloris Riley and Will Numkena
- ↑ Bright (2004:427)
- ↑ Bright (2004:454)
- ↑ Bright (2004:459)
- ↑ Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin History Chief Oshkosh
- ↑ "Ojibwe Dictionary". Freelang. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
- ↑ Bright (2004:95)
Bibliography
- Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 080613576X.
- Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195094271
- O'Brien, Frank Waabu (2010). "Understanding Indian Place Names in Southern New England". Colorado: Bauu Press.
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