List of objections

An objection is a formal protest raised in court during a trial to disallow a witness's testimony or other evidence which would be in violation of the rules of evidence or other procedural law.

Objections by body of law

United States

This is a list of objections in American law:^[1] Proper reasons for objecting to a question asked to a witness include:

• Ambiguous, confusing, misleading, vague, unintelligible: the question is not clear and precise enough for the witness to properly answer.
• Arguing the law: counsel is instructing the jury on the law.
• Argumentative: the question makes an argument rather than asking a question.
• Asked and Answered: when the same attorney continues to ask the same question and they have already received an answer. Usually seen after direct, but not always.
• Asks the jury to prejudge the evidence: the jury cannot promise to vote a certain way, even if certain facts are proved.
• Asking a question which is not related to an intelligent exercise of a peremptory challenge or challenge for cause: if opposing counsel asks such a question during voir dire (i.e. the jury selection process.)
• Assumes facts not in evidence: the question assumes something as true for which no evidence has been shown.
• Badgering: counsel is antagonizing the witness in order to provoke a response, either by asking questions without giving the witness an opportunity to answer or by openly mocking the witness.
• Best evidence rule: requires that the original source of evidence is required, if available; for example, rather than asking a witness about the contents of a document, the actual document should be entered into evidence. Full original document should be introduced into evidence instead of a copy, but judges often allow copies if there is no dispute about authenticity. Some documents are exempt by hearsay rules of evidence.^[2]
• Beyond the scope: A question asked during cross-examination has to be within the scope of direct, and so on.
• Calls for a conclusion: the question asks for an opinion rather than facts.
• Calls for speculation: the question asks the witness to guess the answer rather than to rely on known facts.
• Compound question: multiple questions asked together.
• Hearsay: the witness does not know the answer personally but heard it from another. However, there are several exceptions to the rule against hearsay in most legal systems.^[2]
• Incompetent: the witness is not qualified to answer the question.
• Inflammatory: the question is intended to cause prejudice.
• Leading question (Direct examination only): the question suggests the answer to the witness. Leading questions are permitted if the attorney conducting the examination has received permission to treat the witness as a hostile witness. Leading questions are also permitted on cross-examination, as witnesses called by the opposing party are presumed hostile.
• Narrative: the question asks the witness to relate a story rather than state specific facts. This objection is not always proper even when a question invites a narrative response, as the circumstances of the case may require or make preferable narrative testimony.
• Privilege: the witness may be protected by law from answering the question.
• Irrelevant or immaterial: the question is not about the issues in the trial.
• Misstates evidence / misquotes witness / improper characterization of evidence: this objection is often overruled, but can be used to signal a problem to witness, judge and jury.^[3]
• Counsel is testifying: this objection is sometimes used when counsel is "leading" or "argumentative" or "assumes facts not in evidence".

A few of the foregoing objections may also apply to the witness's response, particularly hearsay, privilege, and relevance.

Proper reasons for objecting to material evidence include:

• Lack of foundation: the evidence lacks testimony as to its authenticity or source.
• Fruit of the poisonous tree: the evidence was obtained illegally, or the investigative methods leading to its discovery were illegal. Can be circumvented; see inevitable discovery
• Incomplete: opposing party only introducing part of the writing (conversation/act/declaration), taken out of context. Under the evidence rule providing for completeness, other party can move to introduce additional parts.^[4] If any documents presented for the review, the judge and other party entitled to a complete copy, not a partial copy, of the document. When a witness is presented with a surprise document, he should be able to take time to study it, before he can answer any questions.
• Best evidence rule or hearsay evidence: requires that the original source of evidence is required, if available. However, some documents are self-authenticating under Rule 902, such as (1) domestic public documents under seal, (2) domestic public documents not under seal, but bearing a signature of a public officer, (3) foreign public documents, (4) certified copies of public records, (5) official publications, (6) newspapers and periodicals, (7) trade inscriptions and the like, (8) acknowledged documents (i.e. by a notary public), (9) commercial paper and related documents, (10) presumptions under Acts of Congress, (11) certified domestic records of regularly conducted activity, (12) certified foreign records of regularly conducted activity.^[2]
• More prejudicial than probative: Under Federal Rule of Evidence 403, a judge has the discretion to exclude evidence if "its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury."

Proper reasons for objecting to a witness's answer include:

• Narrative: the witness is relating a story in response to a question that does not call for one. Not all witnesses' answers are susceptible to this objection, as questions can and often do call for a narrative response, especially on direct examination.
• Non-responsive: the witness's response constitutes an answer to a question other than the one that was asked, or no answer at all
• Nothing pending: the witness continues to speak on matters irrelevant to the question.

Example: “Did your mother call?” “Yeah. She called at 3:00." Opposing counsel can object to the latter part of this statement, since it answers a question that was not asked. With some concern for annoying the court, counsel will selectively use this to prevent a witness from getting into self-serving answers.

References