List of members of the Senate of Northern Ireland

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This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Northern Ireland 1921–72

This is a list of members of the Senate of Northern Ireland.

Elected Senators

Term Senators Term Senators
1921–1929 Henry Armstrong (Unionist) Harold Barbour (Unionist) Sir Basil Brooke (Unionist); resigned March 1922 Joseph Cunningham (Unionist) Sir James Johnston (Unionist); died 13 April 1924 James Graham Leslie (Unionist) Marquess of Londonderry (Unionist) William John McDowell (Unionist) Viscount Pirrie (Unionist); died 7 June 1924 John Porter-Porter (Unionist) Thomas Sinclair (Unionist) Joseph Andrew Woods (Unionist) died 6 October 1925 1921–1925 Duke of Abercorn (Unionist); disqualified 12 December 1922 Viscount Bangor (Unionist) Hugh T. Barrie (Unionist); died 18 April 1922 Samuel Cunningham (Independent Unionist) James Hill Dickson (Unionist) Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (Unionist) Adam Duffin (Unionist); died 13 March 1924 Thomas Greer (Unionist) John Andrew Long (Unionist) Viscount Massereene and Ferrard (Unionist) Robert Percival-Maxwell (Unionist) Robert Sharman-Crawford (Unionist)
Sir Emerson Herdman (Unionist) from 16 June 1923 John Clements Glendinning (Unionist) from 30 June 1922[lower-alpha 1] Sir Thomas Dixon, Bt. (Unionist) from 24 April 1924
Hugh Montgomery 12 April 1922[lower-alpha 2] – 8 October 1924 (deceased); Viscount Charlemont (Unionist) from 14 May 1925 Sir William Coates, Bt. (Unionist) 23 May 1924 – March 1929 (resigned); Edward Sullivan Murphy (Unionist) from 22 March 1929 Sir George Clark, Bt. (Unionist) from 14 May 1925 William Barclay (Unionist) from 10 November 1925 1925–1933 Sir Emerson Herdman (Unionist) Viscount Bangor (Unionist) John Clements Glendinning (Unionist) Samuel Cunningham (Unionist) James Hill Dickson (Unionist) Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (Unionist); died 21 July 1930 Sir Thomas Dixon, Bt. (Unionist) Thomas Greer (Unionist); died 19 February 1928 John Andrew Long (Unionist) Viscount Massereene and Ferrard (Unionist); resigned 1929 Robert Dorman (Labour) Robert Sharman-Crawford (Unionist)
1929–1937 Henry Armstrong (Unionist) Thomas Joseph Campbell (Nationalist); resigned June 1934 Viscount Charlemont (Unionist) Joseph Cunningham (Unionist) Thomas Stanislaus McAllister (Nationalist) James Graham Leslie (Unionist) John McHugh (Nationalist) William John McDowell (Unionist); died 29 June 1929 Sir George Clark, Bt. (Unionist); died 23 March 1935 John Porter-Porter (Unionist) Thomas Sinclair (Unionist) William Barclay (Unionist) Thomas Lavery (Unionist) from 23 October 1930 Hercules Pakenham (Unionist) from 4 April 1928 Arthur Frederick Dobbs (Unionist) from 29 July 1929
John Clements Glendinning (Unionist) from 17 October 1934 Andrew Quigley (Unionist) from 29 July 1929; died 14 June 1937 Dr William Gibson (Unionist) from 30 April 1935 1933–1941 Sir Emerson Herdman (Unionist) Viscount Bangor (Unionist) James Woods Gyle (Independent Unionist); died 2 December 1934 Samuel Cunningham (Unionist) James Hill Dickson (Unionist); died 5 July 1938 Thomas Lavery (Unionist); died 11 January 1940 Sir Thomas Dixon, Bt. (Unionist) Hercules Pakenham (Unionist); died 28 March 1937 John Andrew Long (Unionist) Thomas McLaughlin (Nationalist) James McMahon (Nationalist); died 25 April 1936 Robert Sharman-Crawford (Unionist); died 20 March 1934
1937–1945 John Boyle (Unionist) John Clements Glendinning (Unionist) Viscount Charlemont (Unionist); resigned December 1937 Joseph Cunningham (Unionist) Thomas Stanislaus McAllister (Nationalist) James Graham Leslie (Unionist) John McHugh (Nationalist) Hugh Duff (Unionist); died 10 June 1940 Dr William Gibson (Unionist); resigned 26 November 1942 Joseph Maguire (Nationalist) Thomas Sinclair (Unionist); died 25 November 1940 William Barclay (Unionist) Sir Joseph Davison (Unionist) from 7 January 1935 Henry Taylor (Unionist) from 11 October 1938 William Kingan (Unionist) from 25 January 1940 Arthur Frederick Dobbs (Unionist) from 23 April 1937 Sir Roland Nugent (Unionist) from 29 May 1936 Robert McBride (Unionist) 25 April 1934 – 26 November 1934 (died); Robert Perceval-Maxwell (Unionist) from 7 January 1935
John Hanna Robb (Unionist) 15 December 1937 – 6 May 1943 (disqualified); Rev Robert Corkey (Unionist) from 1 June 1943 William Ernest Stevenson (Unionist) from 2 July 1940 Gerald Browne (Unionist) from 17 December 1942 George Whaley (Unionist) from 23 December 1940 1941–1949 Sir Emerson Herdman (Unionist); died February 1949 Viscount Bangor (Unionist) Sir Joseph Davison (Unionist); died 15 July 1948 Samuel Cunningham (Unionist); resigned 22 March 1945 Henry Taylor (Unionist) William Kingan (Unionist); died 8 December 1946 Sir Thomas Dixon, Bt. (Unionist) Arthur Frederick Dobbs (Unionist) John Andrew Long (Unionist); died 30 July 1941 Thomas McLaughlin (Nationalist); died 4 April 1944 Sir Roland Nugent (Unionist) Thaddeus Lynch (Nationalist)
1945–1953 John Boyle (Unionist); died 10 May 1950 John Clements Glendinning (Unionist); resigned January 1946 Rev Robert Corkey (Unionist) Joseph Cunningham (Unionist) Thomas Stanislaus McAllister (Nationalist); died 29 April 1950 James Graham Leslie (Unionist); died 16 May 1949 Thomas Nelson (Unionist); resigned 6 October 1949 William James Smyth (Labour); died 28 January 1950 Gerald Browne (Unionist); died 7 February 1951 Joseph Maguire (Nationalist); died 29 June 1951 William McConnell Wilton (Independent Unionist) William Barclay (Unionist); died September 1945 Marquess of Hamilton (Unionist) from 22 March 1949 Sir Wilson Hungerford (Unionist) from 27 August 1948 Kennedy Stewart (Unionist) from 24 April 1945 John McCormick (Unionist) from 30 January 1947 Robert Perceval-Maxwell (Unionist) from 5 September 1941 Gerry Lennon (Nationalist) from 8 May 1944
Marion Greeves (Unionist) from 20 June 1950 William Moore Wallis Clark (Unionist) from 12 March 1946 John McNally (Nationalist) from 20 June 1950 David Bill (Unionist) from 21 June 1949 Henry Richardson (Unionist) from 15 November 1949 Dr Herbert Quin (Unionist) from 21 February 1950 Sir George Clark, Bt. (Unionist) from 13 March 1951 Charles Bradley (Nationalist) from 21 August 1951 Henry Fleming (Unionist) from 24 October 1945 1949–1957 Marquess of Hamilton (Unionist) (Duke of Abercorn from 1953) Viscount Bangor (Unionist); died 17 November 1950 Sir Wilson Hungerford (Unionist) Kennedy Stewart (Unionist); resigned 15 March 1955 Henry Taylor (Unionist); died 23 January 1957 John McCormick (Unionist) Louis Lynch (Nationalist) Arthur Frederick Dobbs (Unionist); died 17 December 1955 Paddy O'Hare (Nationalist) Gerry Lennon (Nationalist) Sir Roland Nugent (Unionist) William Ernest Stevenson (Unionist); resigned 31 March 1954
1953–1961 Marion Greeves (Unionist) William Moore Wallis Clark (Unionist) Prof Robert Corkey (Unionist) Joseph Cunningham (Unionist) Dr John Patrick Donaghy (Independent) David Bill (Unionist); resigned 29 October 1956 Henry Richardson (Unionist); resigned 29 January 1957 Dr Herbert Quin (Unionist) Sir George Clark, Bt. (Unionist) Charles Bradley (Nationalist); died 29 June 1957 Paddy McGill (Nationalist) Henry Fleming (Unionist); died 28 February 1956 Alexander Gordon (Unionist) from 5 December 1950 Samuel Boyd (Unionist) from 18 April 1955 Daniel McGladdery (Unionist) from 19 February 1957 James Bailie (Unionist) from 25 March 1955 James Pollock (Unionist) from 23 April 1954
Alexander McConnell (Unionist) from 20 November 1956 Albert Walmsley (Unionist) from 19 February 1957 John McGlade (Nationalist) from 19 July 1957 Robert Armstrong (Unionist) 16 April 1956 – 25 May 1961 (died) 1957–1965 Duke of Abercorn (Unionist); resigned 8 May 1962 Alexander Gordon (Unionist); resigned 20 July 1964 James Glencairn Cunningham (Unionist) Samuel Boyd (Unionist); resigned 27 November 1962 Daniel McGladdery (Unionist) John McCormick (Unionist); died 20 August 1958 Joseph Fisher (Unionist); died 5 July 1963 James Bailie (Unionist) Paddy O'Hare (Nationalist) Gerry Lennon (Nationalist) Sir Roland Nugent (Unionist); resigned 18 February 1961 William Stewart (Unionist)
1961–1969 Marion Greeves (Unionist) Alec Cooke (Unionist) Prof Robert Corkey (Unionist); died 26 January 1966 Joseph Cunningham (Unionist); died 14 July 1965 Dr John Patrick Donaghy (Nationalist) John Cherry Drennan (Unionist) Albert Walmsley (Unionist); resigned 6 July 1964 Dr Herbert Quin (Unionist); died 16 April 1968 Sir George Clark, Bt. (Unionist) John McGlade (Nationalist); died 2 June 1967 Paddy McGill (Nationalist) Arnold Schofield (Labour) John Barnhill (Unionist) from 26 July 1962 Jack Andrews (Unionist) from 6 August 1964 Dr Samuel Rodgers (Unionist) from 20 December 1962 John Stewart Johnston (Unionist) from 24 October 1958 Samuel Kinghan (Unionist) from 15 November 1963 Lord Glentoran (Unionist) from 13 March 1961
James Glencairn Cunningham (Unionist) from 24 February 1966 Nelson Elder (Unionist) from 11 February 1966 Lord Robert Grosvenor (Unionist) 20 October 1964 – 24 July 1967 (resigned); William Wilson (Unionist) from 16 July 1968 David McClelland (Unionist) from 27 June 1967 1965–1972 John Barnhill (Unionist); died 12 December 1971 Jack Andrews (Unionist) Norman Kennedy (Labour) Dr Samuel Rodgers (Unionist); died 17 June 1970 Daniel McGladdery (Unionist) Patrick Francis Mallon (Nationalist) Samuel Kinghan (Unionist) James Bailie (Unionist); died 15 July 1967 Paddy O'Hare (Nationalist) Gerry Lennon (Nationalist) Lord Glentoran (Unionist) William Stewart (Unionist)
1969–1972 William Cameron (Unionist) Archibald Gibson (Unionist) James Glencairn Cunningham (Unionist) Nelson Elder (Unionist) William James Morgan (Unionist); resigned 2 April 1970 John Cherry Drennan (Unionist) William Wilson (Unionist) Charles McCullough (Unionist) Paddy Wilson (Republican Labour) David McClelland (Unionist) Paddy McGill (Nationalist) Claude Wilton (Liberal) Edith Taggart (Unionist) from 24 November 1970 John Stewart Johnston (Unionist) from 23 November 1967
Ian McClure (Unionist) from 5 November 1970
  1. Date of taking the oath.
  2. Date of taking the oath.

Senators ex officio

Lord Mayor of Belfast

Start Name Party Notes
20 June 1921 Sir William Frederick Coates, Bt. Unionist
27 February 1923 Sir William George Turner Unionist
5 March 1929 Sir William Frederick Coates, Bt. Unionist
10 March 1931 Sir Crawford McCullagh, Bt. Unionist
22 May 1942 George Ruddell Black Unionist Died 28 December 1942
6 January 1943 Sir Crawford McCullagh, Bt. Unionist
12 November 1946 Sir William Frederick Neill Unionist
8 November 1949 William Ernest George Johnston Unionist
1 June 1951 Sir James Henry Norritt Unionist
12 June 1953 Sir Percival Brown Unionist
18 May 1955 Robert Harcourt Unionist
29 May 1957 Cecil McKee Unionist
29 May 1959 Robin Kinahan Unionist
30 May 1961 Martin Kelso Wallace Unionist
29 May 1963 William Jenkins Unionist
27 May 1966 Sir William Duncan Geddis Unionist
29 May 1969 Sir Joseph Foster Cairns Unionist

Mayor of Londonderry

Start Name Party Notes
20 June 1921 Hugh O'Doherty Nationalist Did not take the oath
27 February 1923 Maxwell Scott Moore Unionist
13 March 1925 John Gilbert Magee Unionist
15 March 1927 James Hamilton Unionist
26 February 1929 Dudley McCorkell Unionist
10 July 1935 James McIlmunn Wilton Unionist
23 May 1939 Sir Basil McFarland, Bt. Unionist
28 May 1940 Frederick Simmons Unionist
20 July 1945 Sir Basil McFarland, Bt. Unionist
3 May 1950 Gerald Stanley Glover Unionist
17 June 1952 Samuel Orr Unionist
27 May 1954 Samuel Sydney Dowds Unionist
28 May 1957 John Gordon Colhoun Unionist
30 May 1961 Gerald Stanley Glover Unionist
30 May 1963 Albert Anderson Unionist Resigned 2 May 1968
4 June 1968 William Beatty Unionist Post abolished 2 April 1969

Alphabetical index

Name[1] From To Party Status
3rd Duke of Abercorn 1921 1922 Unionist Elected
4th Duke of Abercorn 1949 1962 Unionist Elected
Albert Anderson 1963 1968 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
Jack Andrews 1964 1972 Unionist Elected
Henry Armstrong 1921 1937 Unionist Elected
Robert Armstrong 1956 1961 Unionist[2] Elected
James Bailie 1955 1967 Unionist Elected
6th Viscount Bangor 1921 1950 Unionist Elected
Harold Barbour 1921 1929 Unionist[2] Elected
William Barclay 1925 1945 Unionist[3] Elected
John Barnhill 1962 1971 Unionist Elected
Hugh T. Barrie 1921 1922 Unionist Elected
William Beatty 1968 1969 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
David Bill 1949 1956 Unionist[4] Elected
George Black 1942 1942 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Samuel Boyd 1955 1962 Unionist[2] Elected
John Boyle 1937 1950 Unionist[3] Elected
Charles Bradley 1951 1957 Nationalist[5] Elected
Basil Brooke 1921 1922 Unionist Elected
Percival Brown 1953 1955 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Gerald Browne 1942 1951 Unionist[6] Elected
Joseph Cairns 1969 1972 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
William Cameron 1969 1972 Unionist[7] Elected
Thomas Joseph Campbell 1929 1934 Nationalist Elected
8th Viscount Charlemont 1925 1937 Unionist Elected
George Anthony Clark 1951 1969 Unionist Elected
George Smith Clark 1925 1935 Unionist[8] Elected
William Clark 1946 1961 Unionist[4] Elected
William Coates 1921; 1924 1923; 1931 Unionist Elected/Lord Mayor of Belfast
John Colhoun 1957 1961 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
Alec Cooke 1961 1969 Unionist Elected
Robert Corkey 1943 1965 Unionist Elected
James Glencairn Cunningham 1957; 1966 1965; 1972 Unionist Elected
Joseph Cunningham 1921 1965 Unionist[8] Elected
Samuel Cunningham 1921 1945 Independent Unionist;[9] Unionist[3] Elected
Joseph Davison 1935 1948 Unionist Elected
James Hill Dickson 1921 1938 Unionist[2] Elected
Thomas Dixon 1924 1949 Unionist[10] Elected
Arthur Frederick Dobbs 1929; 1937 1933; 1955 Unionist[10] Elected
John Patrick Donaghy 1953 1968 Independent;[4] Nationalist[11] Elected
Robert Dorman 1925 1933 Labour (NI)[9] Elected
Samuel Sydney Dowds 1954 1957 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
John Cherry Drennan 1961 1972 Unionist[7] Elected
Hugh Duff 1937 1940 Unionist[3] Elected
3rd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava 1921 1930 Unionist Elected
Adam Duffin 1921 1924 Unionist[2] Elected
Nelson Elder 1966 1972 Unionist[7] Elected
Joseph Fisher 1957 1963 Unionist[2] Elected
Henry Fleming 1945 1956 Unionist[4] Elected
William Duncan Geddis 1966 1969 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Archibald Gibson 1969 1972 Unionist[7] Elected
William Gibson 1935 1942 Unionist[3] Elected
John Clements Glendinning 1922; 1934 1933; 1946 Unionist[3] Elected
2nd Baron Glentoran 1961 1972 Unionist Elected
Gerald Stanley Glover 1950 1952 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
Alexander Robert Gisborne Gordon 1950 1964 Unionist Elected
Thomas Greer 1921 1928 Unionist[2] Elected
Marion Greeves 1950 1969 Unionist;[4] Independent Elected
Robert George Grosvenor 1964 1967 Unionist Elected
James Woods Gyle 1933 1935 Independent Unionist Elected
James Hamilton 1927 1929 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
Robert Harcourt 1955 1957 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Emerson Crawford Herdman 1923 1949 Unionist[10] Elected
Wilson Hungerford 1948 1957 Unionist Elected
William Jenkins 1963 1966 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
James Johnston 1921 1924 Unionist[2] Elected
John Stewart Johnston 1958; 1967 1965; 1972 Unionist[2] Elected
William Ernest George Johnston 1949 1951 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Norman Kennedy 1965 1972 Labour (NI)[12] Elected
Robert Kinahan 1959 1961 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Samuel Kinghan 1963 1972 Unionist Elected
William Kinghan 1940 1946 Unionist[10] Elected
Thomas Lavery 1930 1940 Unionist Elected
Gerry Lennon 1944 1969 Nationalist Elected
James Graham Leslie 1921 1949 Unionist[8] Elected
7th Marquess of Londonderry 1921 1929 Unionist Elected
John Andrew Long 1921 1941 Unionist Elected
Louis Lynch 1949 1957 Nationalist[13] Elected
Thaddeus Lynch 1941 1949 Nationalist[10] Elected
Thomas McAllister 1929 1950 Nationalist[3] Elected
Robert McBride 1934 1935 Unionist Elected
David McClelland 1967 1972 Unionist[7] Elected
Ian McClure 1968 1972 Unionist Elected
Alexander McConnell 1956 1961 Unionist[2] Elected
Dudley McCorkell 1929 1935 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
John McCormick 1947 1958 Unionist[2] Elected
Crawford McCullagh 1931; 1943 1942; 1946 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Charles McCullough 1968 1972 Unionist; Democratic Unionist Elected
William John McDowell 1921 1929 Unionist[8] Elected
Basil McFarland 1939; 1945 1940; 1950 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
Paddy McGill 1953 1972 Nationalist Elected
Daniel McGladdery 1957 1972 Unionist Elected
John McGlade 1958 1967 Nationalist Elected
John McHugh 1929 1945 Nationalist Elected
Cecil McKee 1957 1959 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Thomas McLaughlin 1933 1944 Nationalist[10] Elected
James McMahon 1933 1936 Nationalist[14] Elected
John McNally 1950 1953 Nationalist[4] Elected
John Gilbert Magee 1925 1927 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
Joseph Maguire 1937 1951 Nationalist[3] Elected
Patrick Francis Mallon 1965 1972 Nationalist[12] Elected
12th Viscount Massereene and Ferrard 1921 1929 Unionist Elected
Hugh Montgomery 1922 1924 Unionist Elected
Maxwell Moore 1923 1925 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
William James Morgan 1969 1970 Unionist Elected
Edward Sullivan Murphy 1929 1929 Unionist Elected
William Frederick Neill 1946 1949 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Thomas Nelson 1945 1949 Unionist Elected
James Norritt 1951 1953 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Roland Nugent 1936 1961 Unionist Elected
Hugh O'Doherty 1921 1923 Nationalist Mayor of Londonderry
Paddy O'Hare 1949 1972 Nationalist Elected
Samuel Orr 1952 1954 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
Hercules Pakenham 1928 1937 Unionist[2] Elected
John Perceval-Maxwell 1935; 1941 1941; 1945 Unionist Elected
Robert Percival-Maxwell 1921 1925 Unionist[2] Elected
1st Viscount Pirrie 1921 1924 Unionist[2] Elected
James Pollock 1954 1957 Unionist Elected
John Porter-Porter 1921 1937 Unionist Elected
Andrew Quigley 1929 1937 Unionist Elected
Herbert Quin 1950 1968 Unionist Elected
Henry Richardson 1949 1957 Unionist[4] Elected
John Hanna Robb 1937 1943 Unionist Elected
Samuel Rodgers 1962 1970 Unionist Elected
Arnold Schofield 1961 1969 Labour (NI)[11] Elected
Robert Gordon Sharman-Crawford 1921 1934 Unionist Elected
Frederick Simmons 1940 1945 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
Thomas Sinclair 1921 1940 Unionist Elected
William James Smyth 1945 1950 Labour (NI)[6] Elected
William Ernest Stevenson 1940; 1945 1945; 1954 Unionist[2] Elected
Kennedy Stewart 1945 1955 Unionist[2] Elected
William Stewart 1957 1972 Unionist[2] Elected
Edith Taggart 1968 1972 Unionist Elected
Henry Taylor 1938 1957 Unionist[10] Elected
William George Turner 1923 1929 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Martin Wallace 1961 1963 Unionist Lord Mayor of Belfast
Albert Walmsley 1957 1964 Unionist Elected
George Whaley 1941 1945 Unionist[2] Elected
Paddy Wilson 1969 1972 Republican Labour; Social Democratic and Labour Elected
William Wilson 1968 1972 Unionist[7] Elected
Claude Wilton 1969 1972 Liberal; Social Democratic and Labour Elected
James McElmunn Wilton 1935 1939 Unionist Mayor of Londonderry
William McConnell Wilton 1945 1953 Independent Unionist[6] Elected
Joseph Andrew Woods 1921 1925 Unionist[2] Elected

References

  1. Members of the Northern Ireland Senate, 1921–72, Northern Ireland Elections
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 John F. Harbinson, The Ulster Unionist Party, 1882–1973, pp.204–209
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Unionists lose a seat", Irish Times, 22 June 1937
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Northern Senate election", Irish Times, 23 May 1953
  5. Commonwealth Year Book 1956, p.205
  6. 1 2 3 "New Northern Senate", Irish Times, 25 August 1945
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Clark loses seat in N.I. Senate", Irish Times, 7 June 1969
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Thirteen Nominations for Twelve Seats", Irish News, 12 June 1929
  9. 1 2 "Missing Voting Papers", Manchester Guardian, 15 July 1925
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Northern Senate elections: Contest for vacant seats", Irish Times, 14 June 1941
  11. 1 2 Fergus Pyle, "Morgan nominated for N.I. Senate", Irish Times, 21 May 1969
  12. 1 2 "Contest for 12 seats in N.I. Senate", Irish Times, 21 May 1965
  13. The Commonwealth Yearbook (1956), p.205
  14. Brian Barton, The Blitz: Belfast in the war years, p.10
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