List of electromagnetism equations

This article summarizes equations in the theory of electromagnetism.

Definitions

Lorentz force on a charged particle (of charge q) in motion (velocity v), used as the definition of the E field and B field.

Here subscripts e and m are used to differ between electric and magnetic charges. The definitions for monopoles are of theoretical interest, although real magnetic dipoles can be described using pole strengths. There are two possible units for monopole strength, Wb (Weber) and A m (Ampere metre). Dimensional analysis shows that magnetic charges relate by qm(Wb) = μ0 qm(Am).

Initial quantities

Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s SI units Dimension
Electric charge qe, q, Q C = As [I][T]
Monopole strength, magnetic charge qm, g, p Wb or Am [L]2[M][T]−2 [I]−1 (Wb)

[I][L] (Am)

Electric quantities

Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal , d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P. Position vector r is a point to calculate the electric field; r is a point in the charged object.

Contrary to the strong analogy between (classical) gravitation and electrostatics, there are no "centre of charge" or "centre of electrostatic attraction" analogues.

Electric transport

Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI units Dimension
Linear, surface, volumetric charge density λe for Linear, σe for surface, ρe for volume.

C mn, n = 1, 2, 3 [I][T][L]n
Capacitance C

V = voltage, not volume.

F = C V1 [I]2[T]4[L]2[M]1
Electric current I A [I]
Electric current density J A m2 [I][L]2
Displacement current density Jd Am2 [I][L]m2
Convection current density Jc A m−2 [I] [L]m−2

Electric fields

Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI units Dimension
Electric field, field strength, flux density, potential gradient E N C−1 = V m−1 [M][L][T]−3[I]−1
Electric flux ΦE N m2 C−1 [M][L]3[T]−3[I]−1
Absolute permittivity; ε F m−1 [I]2 [T]4 [M]−1 [L]−3
Electric dipole moment p

a = charge separation directed from -ve to +ve charge

C m [I][T][L]
Electric Polarization, polarization density P C m−2 [I][T][L]−2
Electric displacement field D C m−2 [I][T][L]−2
Electric displacement flux ΦD C [I][T]
Absolute electric potential, EM scalar potential relative to point

Theoretical:
Practical: (Earth's radius)

φ ,V V = J C−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3 [I]−1
Voltage, Electric potential difference ΔφV V = J C−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3 [I]−1

Magnetic quantities

Magnetic transport

Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI units Dimension
Linear, surface, volumetric pole density λm for Linear, σm for surface, ρm for volume.

Wb mn

A m(n + 1),
n = 1, 2, 3

[L]2[M][T]−2 [I]−1 (Wb)

[I][L] (Am)

Monopole current Im Wb s1

A m s1

[L]2[M][T]3 [I]1 (Wb)

[I][L][T]1 (Am)

Monopole current density Jm Wb s1 m2

A m1 s1

[M][T]3 [I]1 (Wb)

[I][L]1[T]1 (Am)

Magnetic fields

Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI units Dimension
Magnetic field, field strength, flux density, induction field B T = N A−1 m−1 = Wb m−2 [M][T]−2[I]−1
Magnetic potential, EM vector potential A T m = N A−1 = Wb m3 [M][L][T]−2[I]−1
Magnetic flux ΦB Wb = T m2 [L]2[M][T]−2[I]−1
Magnetic permeability V·s·A1·m1 = N·A2 = T·m·A1 = Wb·A1·m1 [M][L][T]−2[I]−2
Magnetic moment, magnetic dipole moment m, μB, Π

Two definitions are possible:

using pole strengths,

using currents:

a = pole separation

N is the number of turns of conductor

A m2 [I][L]2
Magnetization M A m−1 [I] [L]−1
Magnetic field intensity, (AKA field strength) H Two definitions are possible:

most common:

using pole strengths,[1]

A m−1 [I] [L]−1
Intensity of magnetization, magnetic polarization I, J T = N A−1 m−1 = Wb m2 [M][T]−2[I]−1
Self Inductance L Two equivalent definitions are possible:

H = Wb A−1 [L]2 [M] [T]−2 [I]−2
Mutual inductance M Again two equivalent definitions are possible:

1,2 subscripts refer to two conductors/inductors mutually inducing voltage/ linking magnetic flux through each other. They can be interchanged for the required conductor/inductor;


H = Wb A−1 [L]2 [M] [T]−2 [I]−2
Gyromagnetic ratio (for charged particles in a magnetic field) γ Hz T−1 [M]−1[T][I]

Electric circuits

DC circuits, general definitions

Main article: Direct current
Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI units Dimension
Terminal Voltage for

Power Supply

Vter V = J C−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3 [I]−1
Load Voltage for Circuit Vload V = J C−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3 [I]−1
Internal resistance of power supply Rint Ω = V A−1 = J s C−2 [M][L]2 [T]−3 [I]−2
Load resistance of circuit Rext Ω = V A−1 = J s C−2 [M][L]2 [T]−3 [I]−2
Electromotive force (emf), voltage across entire circuit including power supply, external components and conductors E V = J C−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3 [I]−1

AC circuits

Main articles: Alternating current and Resonance
Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI units Dimension
Resistive load voltage VR V = J C−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3 [I]−1
Capacitive load voltage VC V = J C−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3 [I]−1
Inductive load voltage VL V = J C−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3 [I]−1
Capacitive reactance XC Ω−1 m−1 [I]2 [T]3 [M]−2 [L]−2
Inductive reactance XL Ω−1 m−1 [I]2 [T]3 [M]−2 [L]−2
AC electrical impedance Z

Ω−1 m−1 [I]2 [T]3 [M]−2 [L]−2
Phase constant δ, φ dimensionless dimensionless
AC peak current I0 A [I]
AC root mean square current Irms A [I]
AC peak voltage V0 V = J C−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3 [I]−1
AC root mean square voltage Vrms V = J C−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3 [I]−1
AC emf, root mean square V = J C−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3 [I]−1
AC average power W = J s−1 [M] [L]2 [T]−3
Capacitive time constant τC s [T]
Inductive time constant τL s [T]

Magnetic circuits

Main article: Magnetic circuits
Quantity (common name/s) (Common) symbol/s Defining equation SI units Dimension
Magnetomotive force, mmf F,

N = number of turns of conductor

A [I]

Electromagnetism

Electric fields

General Classical Equations

Physical situation Equations
Electric potential gradient and field

Point charge
At a point in a local array of point charges
At a point due to a continuum of charge
Electrostatic torque and potential energy due to non-uniform fields and dipole moments

Magnetic fields and moments

See also: Magnetic moment

General classical equations

Physical situation Equations
Magnetic potential, EM vector potential
Due to a magnetic moment

Magnetic moment due to a current distribution
Magnetostatic torque and potential energy due to non-uniform fields and dipole moments

Electromagnetic induction

Physical situation Nomenclature Equations
Transformation of voltage
  • N = number of turns of conductor
  • η = energy efficiency

Electric circuits and electronics

Below N = number of conductors or circuit components. Subcript net refers to the equivalent and resultant property value.

Physical situation Nomenclature Series Parallel
Resistors and conductors
  • Ri = resistance of resistor or conductor i
  • Gi = conductance of conductor or conductor i

Charge, capacitors, currents
  • qi = capacitance of capacitor i
  • qi = charge of charge carrier i

Inductors
  • Li = self-inductance of inductor i
  • Lij = self-inductance element ij of L matrix
  • Mij = mutual inductance between inductors i and j

Circuit DC Circuit equations AC Circuit equations
Series circuit equations
RC circuits Circuit equation

Capacitor charge

Capacitor discharge

RL circuits Circuit equation

Inductor current rise

Inductor current fall

LC circuits Circuit equation

Circuit equation

Circuit resonant frequency

Circuit charge

Circuit current

Circuit electrical potential energy

Circuit magnetic potential energy

RLC Circuits Circuit equation

Circuit equation

Circuit charge

See also

Footnotes

  1. M. Mansfield; C. O'Sullivan (2011). Understanding Physics (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-74637-0.

Sources

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/28/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.