List of bioluminescent fungi

Panellus stipticus, one of about 80 known species of bioluminescent fungi

Found largely in temperate and tropical climates, currently there are known more than 75 species[1] of bioluminescent fungi, all of which are members of the order Agaricales (Basidiomycota) with one exceptional ascomycete belonging to the order Xylariales.[2] All known bioluminescent Agaricales are mushroom-forming, white-spored agarics that belong to four distinct evolutionary lineages. The Omphalotus lineage (comprising the genera Omphalotus and Neonothopanus) contains 12 species, the Armillaria lineage has 10 known species, while the Mycenoid lineage (Mycena, Panellus, Prunulus, Roridomyces) has more than 50 species. The recently discovered Lucentipes lineage contains two species, Mycena lucentipes and Gerronema viridilucens, which belong to a family that has not yet been formally named.[3] Armillaria mellea is the most widely distributed of the luminescent fungi, found across Asia, Europe, North America, and South Africa.[4]

Bioluminescent fungi emit a greenish light at a wavelength of 520–530 nm. The light emission is continuous and occurs only in living cells.[5] No correlation of fungal bioluminescence with cell structure has been found. Bioluminescence may occur in both mycelia and fruit bodies, as in Panellus stipticus and Omphalotus olearius, or only in mycelia and young rhizomorphs, as in Armillaria mellea.[6] In Roridomyces roridus luminescence occurs only in the spores, while in Collybia tuberosa, it is only in the sclerotia.[7]

Although the biochemistry of fungal bioluminescence has not fully been characterized, the preparation of bioluminescent, cell-free extracts has allowed researchers to characterize the in vitro requirements of fungal bioluminescence. Experimental data suggest that a two-stage mechanism is required. In the first, a light-emitting substance (called "luciferin") is reduced by a soluble reductase enzyme at the expense of NAD(P)H. In the second stage, reduced luciferin is oxidized by an insoluble luciferase that releases the energy in the form of bluish-green light. Conditions that affect the growth of fungi, such as pH, light and temperature, have been found to influence bioluminescence, suggesting a link between metabolic activity and fungal bioluminescence.[7]

All bioluminescent fungi share the same enzymatic mechanism, suggesting that there is a bioluminescent pathway that arose early in the evolution of the mushroom-forming Agaricales.[3] All known luminescent species are white rot fungi capable of breaking down lignin, found in abundance in wood. Bioluminescence is an oxygen-dependent metabolic process because it provides antioxidant protection against the potentially damaging effects of reactive oxygen species produced during wood decay. The physiological and ecological function of fungal bioluminescence has not been established with certainty. It has been suggested that in the dark beneath closed tropical forest canopies, bioluminescent fruit bodies may be at an advantage by attracting grazing animals (including insects and other arthropods) that could help disperse their spores. Conversely, where mycelium (and vegetative structures like rhizomorphs and sclerotia) are the bioluminescent tissues, the argument has been made that light emission could deter grazing.[7]

The following list of bioluminescent mushrooms is based on a 2008 literature survey by Dennis Desjardin and colleagues,[8] in addition to accounts of several new species published since then.[9][10][11][12]

Key

Name The binomial name of the fungal species, including the author citation—the person who first described the species using an available scientific name, using standardized abbreviations.
Luminescence Indicates which form of the fungus—mycelium or fruit body—produces luminescence.
Distribution The geographical distribution of the species. AF=Africa; AS=Asia; AU=Australasia; CA=Central America and the Caribbean; EU=Europe; NA=North America; SA=South America
References Literature sources where bioluminescence was reported.

Species

Omphalotus nidiformis
... glowing with the lights off
Armillaria gallica
Mycena chlorophos
Mycena haematopus
Mycena epipterygia
Mycena polygramma
Mycena singeri
Mycena pura
Omphalotus olearius
Gills of O. olearius
Roridomyces roridus
Binomial Luminescence Distribution References
Mycelium Fruit body
Armillaria calvescens
Bérubé & Dessur.		 yes ? NA [13]
Armillaria cepistipes
Velen.		 yes ? NA [13]
Armillaria fuscipes
Petch		 yes no Malaysia [6][14][15]
Armillaria gallica
Marxm. & Romagn.		 yes no EU, NA [16]
Armillaria gemina
Bérubé & Dessur.		 yes ? NA [13]
Armillaria mellea
(Valh.) P.Kumm.		 yes no EU, NA [16]
Armillaria nabsnona
T.J. Volk & Burds.		 yes ? NA [13]
Armillaria ostoyae
(Romagn.) Henrik		 yes no EU, NA [17]
Armillaria sinapina
Bérubé & Dessur.		 yes ? NA [13]
Armillaria tabescens
(Scop.) Emel		 yes no EU, NA [16]
Dictyopanus foliicolus
Kobayasi[lower-alpha 1]		 yes yes Japan [19][20]
Favolaschia manipularis
(Berk.) Teng[lower-alpha 2]		 ? yes Malaysia, Pacific islands [1][22]
Filoboletus hanedae
(as 'hanedai′) Kobayasi[lower-alpha 3]		 ? yes Japan [19]
Filoboletus pallescens
(Boedijn) Maas Geest.		 ? yes Malaysia [24]
Filoboletus yunnanensis
P.G.Liu		 ? yes China [24]
Gerronema viridilucens
Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani		 yes yes SA [25]
Mycena asterina
Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani		 yes yes SA [26]
Mycena cahaya
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin		 yes yes Malaysia [27]
Mycena citricolor
(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc.		 yes no SA, CA [15][28]
Mycena chlorophos
(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc.		 yes yes Malaysia, Japan, Pacific Islands [22]
Mycena coralliformis
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin		 yes ? Malaysia [1]
Mycena daisyogunensis
Kobayasi		 ? yes Japan [19]
Mycena deeptha
Aravind. & Manim.		 yes no India [11]
Mycena discobasis
Metrod		 ? yes SA, AF [26]
Mycena epipterygia
(Scop.: Fr.) S.F.Gray		 yes no EU, NA, Japan [29]
Mycena fera
Maas Geest. & de Meijer		 ? yes SA [26]
Mycena galopus
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.		 yes no EU, NA, Japan [15][29][30]
Mycena gombakensis
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin		 yes yes Malaysia [1]
Mycena haematopus
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.		 yes yes EU, NA, Japan [30][31]
Mycena illuminans
Henn.		 yes yes Malaysia, Japan [1][22][32][33]
Mycena inclinata
(Fr.) Quél.		 yes no EU, NA, AF [14]
Mycena kentingensis
Y.S. Shih, C.Y. Chen, W.W. Lin & H.W. Kao		 yes Taiwan [12]
Mycena lacrimans
Singer		 ? yes SA [26]
Mycena lucentipes
Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani		 yes yes SA, CA [26]
Mycena lux-coeli
Corner		 ? yes Japan [22]
Mycena luxaeterna
B.A.Perry & Desjardin		 yes yes SA [9]
Mycena luxarboricola
B.A.Perry & Desjardin		 no yes SA [9]
Mycena luxperpetua
B.A. Perry & Desjardin		 yes yes Puerto Rico [9]
Mycena maculata
P.Karst.		 yes EU, NA, AF [30]
Mycena nocticaelum
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin		 yes yes Malaysia [1]
Mycena noctilucens
Kawam. ex Corner[lower-alpha 4]		 ? yes Malaysia, Pacific islands [22][33]
Mycena olivaceomarginata
(Massee apud Cooke) Massee		 yes no EU, NA [14]
Mycena polygramma
(Bull.: Fr.) S.F.Gray		 yes no AF, EU, NA, Japan [15][29][30]
Mycena pruinosoviscida
Corner[lower-alpha 5]		 ? yes (and spores) AU, Malaysia [22][33]
Mycena pseudostylobates
Kobayasi		 yes ? Japan [19]
Mycena pura
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.		 yes no EU, NA, SA, Japan [30]
Mycena rosea
(Bull.) Gramberg		 yes no EU [30]
Mycena sanguinolenta
(Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) P.Kumm.		 yes no EU, NA, Japan [29]
Mycena seminau
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin		 yes yes Malaysia [27]
Mycena silvaelucens
B.A.Perry & Desjardin		 ? yes Malaysia [9]
Mycena sinar
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin		 yes yes Malaysia [27]
Mycena sinar var. tangkaisinar
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin		 ? yes Malaysia [1]
Mycena singeri
Lodge		 ? no SA, CA [26]
Mycena stylobates
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.		 yes no AF, EU, NA, Japan [29]
Mycena sublucens
Corner		 no yes Malaysia [22]
Mycena tintinnabulum
(Fr.) Quél.		 yes no EU [36]
Mycena zephirus
(Fr.: Fr.) P.Kumm.		 yes no EU [29][30]
Neonothopanus gardneri
(Berk. ex Gardner) Capelari, Desjardin, Perry, Asai & Stevani		 yes yes SA [10][37]
Neonothopanus nambi
(Speg.) Petersen & Krisai-Greilhuber		 yes yes AU, SA, CA, Malaysia [1][38]
Nothopanus eugrammus
(Mont.) Singer[lower-alpha 6] 		no yes Japan, Malaysia [38]
Nothopanus noctilucens
(Lév.) Singer		 ? yes Japan [40][41]
Omphalotus flagelliformis
Zhu L. Yang & B. Feng		 yes yes China [42]
Omphalotus illudens
(Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl.		 yes yes EU, NA [6][14][15]
Omphalotus japonicus
(Kawam.) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill.[lower-alpha 7]		 yes yes China, Japan [31][44][45][46]
Omphalotus mangensis
(J.Li & X.Hu) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill.		 ? yes China [47]
Omphalotus nidiformis
(Berk.) O.K.Mill.		 ? yes AU [48][49]
Omphalotus olearius
(DC.: Fr.) Singer		 yes yes EU, US [14]
Omphalotus olivascens
H.E.Bigelow, O.K.Mill. & Thiers		 no yes NA [50]
Panellus luminescens
(Corner) Corner		 yes yes Malaysia [1][51][52]
Panellus luxfilamentus
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin		 yes ? Malaysia [1]
Panellus pusillus
(Pers. ex Lév.) Burdsall & O.K.Mill.[lower-alpha 8]		 yes yes AF, AU, NA, SA, Malaysia, Japan [20][22][41][52][54]
Panellus stipticus
(Bull.: Fr.) P.Karst.		 yes yes AU, AF, EU, NA, SA, Japan [15][55]
Pleurotus decipiens
Corner		 ? yes Malaysia [38]
Roridomyces irritans
(E.Horak) Rexer		 no yes AU [56]
Roridomyces pruinosoviscidus
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin		 yes yes Malaysia [1]
Roridomyces lamprosporus
(Corner) Rexer[lower-alpha 9]		 no yes (spores) Malaysia, AU [33][51][56]
Roridomyces roridus
(Fr.) Rexer[lower-alpha 10]		 yes no EU, NA, SA, Japan [60]
Xylaria hypoxylon
(L.) Grev.		 ? yes EU [61]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Apparently it is the same species as given in Index Fungorum with a current name as Dictyopanus foliicola Kobayasi.[18]
  2. ↑ This species is given in Audrey et al. (2015) as Filoboletus manipularis and in Corner (1954) as Mycena manipularis var. microporus, but Index Fungorum indicates that Favolaschia manipularis is the current name.[21]
  3. ↑ This species is given in Kobayasi (1951) as Poromycena hanedae (as ′hanedai′) but Index Fungorum indicates that Filoboletus hanedae (as ′hanedai′) is the current name.[23]
  4. ↑ This species is presumably given in Corner (1994) as Mycena noctilucens var. magnispora but Index Fungorum indicates that Mycena noctilucens is the current name.[34]
  5. ↑ This species is given in Corner (1954) and presumably in Corner (1994) as Mycena pruinoso-viscida and Mycena pruinoso-viscida var. rabaulensis but Index Fungorum indicates that Mycena pruinosoviscida is the current name.[35]
  6. ↑ This species is given in Corner (1981) as Pleurotus eugrammus var. radicicolus, but Index Fungorum indicates that Nothopanus eugrammus is the current name.[39]
  7. ↑ This species is given in Zang (1979) as Lampteromyces luminescens, but Index Fungorum indicates that Omphalotus japonicus is the current name.[43]
  8. ↑ This species is given in Corner (1954) as Dictyopanus pusillus var. sublamellatus and in Kobayasi (1963), Corner (1954), Corner (1986) as Panellus gloeocystidiatus but Index Fungorum indicates that Panellus pusillus is the current name.[53]
  9. ↑ This species is given in Corner (1994), Corner (1950), Horak (1978) as Mycena lamprospora, but Index Fungorum indicates that Roridomyces lamprosporus is the current name.[57]
  10. ↑ This species is given in Desjardin et al. (2008) as Mycena rorida, but both Index Fungorum and MycoBank indicate that Roridomyces roridus is the current name.[58][59]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Audrey LCC, Desjardin DE, Tan Y-S, Musa Md Y, Sabaratnam V (2015). "Bioluminescent fungi from Peninsular Malaysia—a taxonomic and phylogenetic overview". Fungal Diversity. 70 (1): 149–187. doi:10.1007/s13225-014-0302-9.
  2. ↑ Seas-Carvajal C, Avalos G (2013). "Distribution of bioluminescent fungi across old-growth and secondary tropical rain forest in Costa Rica" (PDF). Revista de Biologia Tropica. 61 (2): 531–537.
  3. 1 2 Oliveira AG, Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Stevani CV (2012). "Evidence that a single bioluminescent system is shared by all known bioluminescent fungal lineages". Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 11 (2): 848–852. doi:10.1039/c2pp25032b.
  4. ↑ Vydryakova GA, Psurtseva NV, Belova NV, Pashenova NV, Gitelson JI (2009). "Luminous mushrooms and prospects of their use". Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya (in Russian). 43 (5): 369–376. ISSN 0026-3648.
  5. ↑ O'Kane DJ, Lingle WL, Porter D, Wampler JE (1990). "Spectral analysis of bioluminescence of Panellus stypticus". Mycologia. 82 (5): 607–616. doi:10.2307/3760051.
  6. 1 2 3 Wassink EC (1978). "Luminescence in fungi". In Herring PJ. Bioluminescence in Action. London, UK: Academic Press. pp. 171–195. ISBN 978-0-123-42750-2.
  7. 1 2 3 Moore D, Robson GD, Trinci APF (2011). 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-521-18695-7.
  8. ↑ Desjardin DE, Oliveira AG, Stevani CV (2008). "Fungi bioluminescence revisited". Photochemical & Photobiological sciences. 7 (2): 170–182. doi:10.1039/b713328f. PMID 18264584.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Lodge DJ, Stevani CV, Nagasawa E (2010). "Luminescent Mycena: new and noteworthy species". Mycologia. 102 (2): 459–477. doi:10.3852/09-197. PMID 20361513.
  10. 1 2 Capelari M, Desjardin DE, Perry BA, Asai T, Stevani CV (2011). "Neonothopanus gardneri: a new combination for a bioluminescent agaric from Brazil". Mycologia. 103 (6): 1433–1440. doi:10.3852/11-097. PMID 21700638.
  11. 1 2 Aravindakshan DM, Kumar TKA, Manimohan P. "A new bioluminescent species of Mycena sect. Exornatae from Kerala State, India" (PDF). Mycosphere. 3 (5): 556–561. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/3/5/4.
  12. 1 2 Shih Y-S, Chen C-Y, Lin W-W, Kao H-W (2013). "Mycena kentingensis, a new species of luminous mushroom in Taiwan, with reference to its culture method". Mycological Progress. 13: 429–435. doi:10.1007/s11557-013-0939-x.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Mihail JD (2015). "Bioluminescence patterns among North American Armillaria species". Fungal Biology. 119 (6): 528–537. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2015.02.004.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Wassink EC (1948). "Observations on the luminescence in fungi, I, including a critical review of the species mentioned as luminescent in literature". Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais. 41: 150–212.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Berliner MD (1961). "Diurnal periodicity of luminescence in three basidiomycetes". Science. 134 (3481): 740. doi:10.1126/science.134.3481.740. PMID 17795289.
  16. 1 2 3 Mihail JD, Bruhn JN (2007). "Dynamics of bioluminescence by Armillaria gallica, A. mellea and A. tabescens" (PDF). Mycologia. 99 (3): 341–350. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.3.341. PMID 17883025.
  17. ↑ Rishbeth J. (1986). "Some characteristics of English Armillaria species in culture". Transactions of The British Mycological Society. 86 (2): 213–218. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(86)80147-4.
  18. ↑ "GSD Species Synonymy: Dictyopanus foliicola Kobayasi". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Kobayasi Y. (1951). "Contributions to the luminous fungi from Japan". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 5: 1–6.
  20. 1 2 Kobayasi Y. (1963). "Revision of the genus Dictyopanus with special references to the Japanese species". Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo. 6: 359–364.
  21. ↑ "Synonymy: Favolaschia manipularis (Berk.) Teng". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Corner EJH (1954). "Further descriptions of luminous agarics". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 37 (3): 256–71. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(54)80009-x.
  23. ↑ "Species Fungorum; Synonymy: Filoboletus hanedae (Kobayasi) Hongo". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
  24. 1 2 Liu P-G, Yang Z-L (1994). "Studies of classification and geographic distribution of Laschia-complex from the Southern and Southeastern Yunnan, China". Acta Botanica Yunnanica (in Chinese). 16 (1): 47–52.
  25. ↑ Desjardin DE, Capelari M, Stevani CV (2005). "A new bioluminescent agaric from São Paulo, Brazil" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 18 (9): 9–14.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Desjardin DE, Capelari M, Stevani C (2007). "Bioluminescent Mycena species from São Paulo, Brazil". Mycologia. 99 (2): 317–331. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.2.317. PMID 17682785.
  27. 1 2 3 Chew AL, Tan Y-S, Desjardin DE, Musa MY, Sabaratnam V (2014). "Four new bioluminescent taxa of Mycena sect. Calodontes from Peninsular Malaysia". Mycologia. 106 (5): 976–988. doi:10.3852/13-274. PMID 24891424.
  28. ↑ Buller AHR (1934). "Omphalia flavida, a gemmiferous and luminous leaf-spot fungus". Researches on Fungi. 4. London; New York; Toronto: Longmans, Green and Company. pp. 397–454.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bothe F. (1931). "Über das Leuchten verwesender Blätter und seine Erreger" [About the glow of decaying leaves and their agents]. Zeitschrift für Wissenschafteliche Biologie Abteilung A–Planta (in German). 14 (3/4): 752–765. doi:10.1007/bf01917160.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Treu R, Agerer R (1990). "Culture characteristics of some Mycena species". Mycotaxon. 38: 279–309.
  31. 1 2 Bermudes D, Petersen RH, Nealson KH (1992). "Low-level bioluminescence detected in Mycena haematopus basidiocarps". Mycologia. 84 (5): 799–802. doi:10.2307/3760392. JSTOR 3760392.
  32. ↑ Haneda Y. (1939). "A few observations on the luminous fungi of Micronesia". Kagaku Nanyo [South Sea Science] (in Japanese). 1 (3): 116–128.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Corner EJH (1994). Agarics in Malaysia. I. Tricholomatoid, II. Mycenoid. Beiheifte Nova Hedwigia. 109. pp. 1–271. ISBN 978-3-443-51031-2.
  34. ↑ "GSD Species Synonymy: Mycena noctilucens Corner". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  35. ↑ "Species Fungorum; synonymy: Mycena pruinosoviscida Corner". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  36. ↑ Bothe F. (1930). "Ein neuer einheimischer Leuchtpilz, Mycena tintinnabulum" [A new local luminous mushroom, Mycena tintinnabulum]. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft (in German). 48: 394–399.
  37. ↑ Saccardo PA (1887). "Sylloge Hymenomycetum, Vol. I. Agaricineae". Sylloge Fungorum (in Latin). 5: 1–1146.
  38. 1 2 3 Corner EJH (1981). The agaric genera Lentinus, Panus, and Pleurotus, with particular reference to Malaysian species. Vaduz, Germany: J. Cramer. ISBN 3768254690.
  39. ↑ "Species Fungorum; synonymy: Nothopanus eugrammus (Mont.) Singer". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
  40. ↑ Léveillé JH (1844). "Champignons exotiques". Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique, Série 3 (in French). 2: 167–221.
  41. 1 2 Haneda Y. (1955). "Luminous organisms of Japan and the Far East". In Johnson FH. The Luminescence of Biological Systems. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science. pp. 335–385.
  42. ↑ Yang Z-L, Feng B (2013). "The genus Omphalotus (Omphalotaceae) in China" (PDF). Mycosystema. 32 (3): 545–556. ISSN 1672-6472.
  43. ↑ "Species Fungorum: Omphalotus japonicus (Kawam.) Kirchm. & O.K. Mill.". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  44. ↑ Kawamura S. (1915). "Studies on the luminous fungus, Pleurotus japonicus, sp. nov." (PDF). Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo. 35: 1–29.
  45. ↑ Singer R. (1947). "New genera of fungi, III". Mycologia. 39 (1): 77–89. doi:10.2307/3755289. JSTOR 3755289. PMID 20283546.
  46. ↑ Zang M. (1979). "Some new species of higher fungi from Xizang (Tibet) of China". Acta Botanica Yunnanica. 1 (2): 101–105.
  47. ↑ Li J, Hu X (1993). "A new species of Lampteromyces from Hunan". Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Normalis Hunanensis (in Chinese). 16 (2): 188–189.
  48. ↑ Berkeley MJ (1844). "Decades of fungi". London Journal of Botany. 3: 329–337.
  49. ↑ Miller Jr OK. (1994). "Observations on the genus Omphalotus in Australia". Mycologia Helvetica. 6: 91–100.
  50. ↑ Bigelow HE, Miller Jr OK, Thiers HD (1976). "A new species of Omphalotus". Mycotaxon. 3 (3): 363–372.
  51. 1 2 Corner EJH (1950). "Descriptions of two luminous tropical agarics (Dictyopanus and Mycena)". Mycologia. 42 (3): 423–431. doi:10.2307/3755797. JSTOR 3755797.
  52. 1 2 Corner EJH (1986). "The agaric genus Panellus Karst. (including Dictyopanus Pat.) in Malaysia". The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 39 (2): 103–147.
  53. ↑ "GSD Species Synonymy: Dictyopanus pusillus var. sublamellatus Corner". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  54. ↑ Burdsall HH, Miller Jr OK (1975). A reevaluation of Panellus and Dictyopanus (Agaricales). Nova Hedwigia Beihefte. 51. pp. 79–91.
  55. ↑ Buller AHR (1924). "The bioluminescence of Panus stipticus". Researches on Fungi. 3. London, England: Longman. pp. 357–431.
  56. 1 2 Horak E. (1978). "Mycena rorida (Fr.) Quél. and related species from the southern Hemisphere". Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft. 88 (1–2): 20–29. doi:10.5169/seals-62336.
  57. ↑ "Species Fungorum; Synonymy: Roridomyces lamprosporus (Corner) Rexer". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  58. ↑ "GSD Species Synonymy: Roridomyces roridus (Fr.) Rexer". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  59. ↑ "Roridomyces roridus (Fr.) Rexer, Die Gattung Mycena s.l.: 132 (1994)". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  60. ↑ Josserand M. (1953). "Sur la luminescence de Mycena rorida en Europe occidentale" [On the luminescence of Mycena rorida in Western Europe]. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon (in French). 22: 99–102.
  61. ↑ "First Nature: Xylaria hypoxylon (L.) Grev. - Candlesnuff Fungus". First Nature. Retrieved 2015-09-12.

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