List of amphibians of Sri Lanka

Wildlife of Sri Lanka
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Sri Lanka is host to over 110+ species of amphibians, of which over 90 species is being endemic to the country.^[1] The 85% of endemicity ratio makes Sri Lanka the country which has the highest amphibian endemism in Asia.^[2] During the past decade the finding of new amphibians in Sri Lanka has increased significantly.^[3] The first amphibian review in Sri Lanka in 1957 identified 35 species. In 1996 the number of amphibian species has raised to 53 based on research of museum collections and also a field survey. More than 250 species were proposed based on this field survey by Pethiyagoda and Manamendra-Arachchi in 1998. However Meegaskumbura et al. revised the number to around 140 species,^[4] and the discovery of over "new" 100 species has been criticised.^[5] As at 2016, 120 descriptions of amphibian species have been published, with 110 endemics.^[6] Three caecilian species has been identified with one undescribed species.

Sri Lanka harbours three endemic genera, Adenomus, Nannophrys, and Lankanectes.^[3] Most of the new species is of the genus Philautus was assigned to genus Pseudophilautus recently. So, there is no any member in Philautus genus in Sri Lanka. The Pseudophilautus pardus and P. maia, the species known only from collections made prior to 1876 are described as new species in 2007, but both are decided to be extinct species.^[7] Sri Lanka also ranked highest in Asia for having highest percentage of extinct and threatened amphibian species.^[2] In the 20th century the country has lost 20% of its amphibians and more than half of remaining species is on the verge of extinction. Of world's 34 amphibian fauna extinct in last 500 years, 19 of them are from Sri Lanka.^[3] The habitat loss is attributed as the main cause of threats while fragmentation, use of pesticides, and air pollution are among others. In April 2015, Mendis Wickrremasinghe et al. described another endemic Pseudophilautus species P.dilmah.

Amphibians

Low Vulnerability

Threatened

Extinct

Insufficient Data

	Least Concern
	Near Threatened

	Vulnerable
	Endangered
	Critically Endangered

	Extinct in the Wild
	Extinct

	Data Deficient
	Not Evaluated

Order Anura: Frogs

Common name	Species (Authority)	Endemicity	Status
Family Bufonidae: True toads
Torrent Toad	Adenomus dasi Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998	Endemic	^[8]
Kandyan Dwarf Toad	Adenomus kandianus (Günther, 1872)	Endemic	^[9]
Kelaart's Dwarf Toad	Adenomus kelaartii (Günther, 1858)	Endemic	^[10]
Yala Toad	Duttaphrynus atukoralei Bogert & Senanayake, 1966	Endemic	^[11]
Kotagama's Dwarf Toad	Duttaphrynus kotagamai Fernando & Dayawansa, 1994	Endemic	^[12]
Common Indian Toad	Duttaphrynus melanostictus Schneider, 1799		^[13]
Noellert's Toad	Duttaphrynus noellerti Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 1998	Endemic	^[14]
Ferguson's toad	Duttaphrynus scaber Schneider, 1799 (see Dubois & Ohler, 1999: 154)		^[15]
Family Dicroglossidae: Fork-tongued frogs
Indian Skipper frog	Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799)		^[16]
Green Pond Frog	Euphlyctis hexadactylus (Lesson, 1834)		^[17]
Cricket Frog	Fejervarya limnocharis (Boie, 1835)		^[18]
Jerdon's Bullfrog	Hoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon, 1853)		^[19]
Sri Lanka Rock Frog	Nannophrys ceylonensis (Günther, 1868)	Endemic	^[20]
Gunther's Streamlined Frog	Nannophrys guentheri Boulenger, 1882	Endemic	^[21]
Kirtisinghe's Rock Frog	Nannophrys marmorata Kirtisinghe, 1946	Endemic	^[22]
Nayak Rock Frog	Nannophrys naeyakai Fernando, Wickramasingha & Rodrigo, 2007	Endemic	^[23]
Indian Burrowing Frog	Sphaerotheca breviceps (Schneider, 1799)		^[24]
Sri Lanka Burrowing Frog	Sphaerotheca rolandae (Dubois, 1983)	Endemic	^[25]
Montane Frog	Zakerana greenii (Boulenger, 1904)	Endemic	^[26]
Kirtisinghe's Frog	Zakerana kirtisinghei Manamendra-Arachchi & Gabadage, 1994	Endemic	^[27]
Bombay Wart Frog	Zakerana syhadrensis (Annandale, 1919)		^[28]
Family Microhylidae: Narrow-mouthed frogs
Sri Lankan Painted Frog	Kaloula taprobanica (Parker, 1934)		^[29]
Karunaratne's Narrow-mouthed Frog	Microhyla karunaratnei Fernando & Siriwardhane, 1996	Endemic	^[30]
Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog	Microhyla ornata (Duméril & Bibron, 1841)		^[31]
Red Narrow-mouthed Frog	Microhyla rubra (Jerdon, 1854)		^[32]
Sri Lanka Rice Frog	Microhyla zeylanica Parker & Hill, 1949	Endemic	^[33]
Nagao's Pug-snouted Frog	Ramanella nagaoi Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001	Endemic	^[34]
Sri Lanka Dot Frog	Ramanella obscura (Günther, 1864)	Endemic	^[35]
Half-webbed Pug-snouted Frog	Ramanella palmata (Parker, 1934)	Endemic	^[36]
White-bellied Pug-snout Frog	Ramanella variegata (Stoliczka, 1872)		^[37]
Marbled Balloon Frog	Uperodon systoma (Schneider, 1799)		^[38]
Family Ranidae: True frogs
Golden frog	Hylarana aurantiaca Boulenger, 1904		^[39]
Gravenhorst's frog	Hylarana gracilis Gravenhorst, 1829	Endemic	^[40]
Bronzed Frog	Hylarana temporalis (Günther, 1864)	Endemic	^[41]
Family Nyctibatrachidae: Robust frogs
Corrugated Water Frog	Lankanectes corrugatus (Peters, 1863)	Endemic	^[42]
Family Rhacophoridae: Shrub frogs
	Pseudophilautus abundus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[43]
	Pseudophilautus adspersus (Günther, 1872)	Endemic	^[44]
	Pseudophilautus alto Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[45]
	Pseudophilautus asankai Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[46]
	Pseudophilautus auratus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[47]
	Pseudophilautus bambaradeniyai Wickramasinghe et al., 2013	Endemic	^[48]
	Pseudophilautus caeruleus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[49]
	Pseudophilautus cavirostris (Günther, 1869)	Endemic	^[50]
	Pseudophilautus cuspis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[51]
	Pseudophilautus dayawansai Wickramasinghe et al. 2013	Endemic	^[48]
	Pseudophilautus decoris Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[52]
	Pseudophilautus dilmah (Wickramasinghe, Bandara, Vidanapathirana, Tennakoon, Samarakoon & Wickramasinghe, 2015)	Endemic	^[53]
	Pseudophilautus dimbullae (Shreve, 1940)	Endemic	^[54]
	Pseudophilautus eximius (Shreve, 1940)	Endemic	^[55]
	Pseudophilautus extirpo Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[56]
	Pseudophilautus femoralis (Günther, 1864)	Endemic	^[57]
	Pseudophilautus fergusonianus (Ahl, 1927)	Endemic	^[58]
	Pseudophilautus folicola Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[59]
	Pseudophilautus frankenbergi Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005	Endemic	^[60]
	Pseudophilautus fulvus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[61]
	Pseudophilautus hallidayi Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005	Endemic	^[62]
	Pseudophilautus halyi (Boulenger, 1904)	Endemic	^[63]
	Pseudophilautus hankeni Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Archchi, 2011	Endemic	^[64]
	Pseudophilautus hoffmanni Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005	Endemic	^[65]
	Pseudophilautus hoipolloi Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[66]
	Pseudophilautus hypomelas (Günther, 1876)	Endemic	^[67]
	Pseudophilautus jagathgunawardanai Wickramasinghe et al. 2013	Endemic	^[48]
	Pseudophilautus karunarathnai Wickramasinghe et al. 2013	Endemic	^[48]
	Pseudophilautus leucorhinus (Lichtenstein, Weinland & Von Martens, 1856)	Endemic	^[68]
	Pseudophilautus limbus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[69]
	Pseudophilautus lunatus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[70]
	Pseudophilautus macropus (Günther, 1869)	Endemic	^[71]
	Pseudophilautus maia (Meegaskumbara et al., 2007)	Endemic	^[72]
	Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi (Ahl, 1927)	Endemic	^[73]
	Pseudophilautus microtympanum (Günther, 1859)	Endemic	^[74]
	Pseudophilautus mittermeieri Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005	Endemic	^[75]
	Pseudophilautus mooreorum Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005	Endemic	^[76]
	Pseudophilautus nanus (Günther, 1869)	Endemic	^[77]
	Pseudophilautus nasutus (Günther, 1869)	Endemic	^[78]
	Pseudophilautus nemus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[79]
	Pseudophilautus newtonjayawardanei Wickramasinghe et al. 2013	Endemic	^[48]
	Pseudophilautus ocularis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[80]
	Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus (Günther, 1872)	Endemic	^[81]
	Pseudophilautus papillosus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[82]
	Pseudophilautus pardus (Meegaskumbura, Manamendra-Arachchi, Schneider and Pethiyagoda, 2007)	Endemic	^[83]
	Pseudophilautus pleurotaenia (Boulenger, 1904)	Endemic	^[84]
	Pseudophilautus poppiae Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005	Endemic	^[85]
	Pseudophilautus popularis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[86]
	Pseudophilautus procax Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[87]
	Pseudophilautus puranappu Wickramasinghe et al. 2013	Endemic	^[48]
	Pseudophilautus regius Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[88]
	Pseudophilautus reticulatus (Günther, 1864)	Endemic	^[89]
	Pseudophilautus rugatus (Ahl, 1927)	Endemic	^[90]
	Pseudophilautus rus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[91]
	Pseudophilautus samarakoon Wickramasinghe et al. 2013	Endemic	^[48]
	Pseudophilautus sarasinorum (Müller, 1887)	Endemic	^[92]
	Pseudophilautus schmarda (Kelaart, 1854)	Endemic	^[93]
	Pseudophilautus schneideri Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2011	Endemic	^[94]
	Pseudophilautus semiruber (Annandale, 1913)	Endemic	^[95]
	Pseudophilautus silus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[96]
	Pseudophilautus silvaticus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[97]
	Pseudophilautus simba Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[98]
	Pseudophilautus singu Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009	Endemic	^[99]
	Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai Wickramasinghe et al. 2013	Endemic	^[100]
	Pseudophilautus sordidus Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[101]
	Pseudophilautus stellatus (Kelaart, 1853)	Endemic	^[102]
	Pseudophilautus steineri Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005	Endemic	^[103]
	Pseudophilautus stictomerus (Günther, 1876)	Endemic	^[104]
	Pseudophilautus stuarti Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, 2005	Endemic	^[105]
	Pseudophilautus tanu Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi, & Pethiyagoda 2009	Endemic	^[106]
	Pseudophilautus temporalis (Günther, 1864)	Endemic	^[107]
	Pseudophilautus variabilis (Günther, 1859)	Endemic	^[108]
	Pseudophilautus viridis Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[109]
	Pseudophilautus zal Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[110]
	Pseudophilautus zimmeri (Ahl, 1927)	Endemic	^[111]
	Pseudophilautus zorro Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2005	Endemic	^[112]
Common Hour-glass Tree frog	Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852	Endemic	^[113]
Indian Tree Frog	Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1834)		^[114]
Ranwella's Spined Tree frog	Polypedates ranwellai Wickramasinghe, Munindrasasa & Fernando, 2012	Endemic	^[115]
Montane Hour-glass Tree frog	Taruga eques Günther, 1858	Endemic	^[116]
Morningside Hour-glass Tree frog	Taruga fastigo Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda, 2001	Endemic	^[117]
Long-snouted Tree frog	Taruga longinasus (Ahl, 1931)	Endemic	^[118]

Order Gymnophiona: Caecilians

Common name	Species (Authority)	Endemicity	Status
Family Ichthyophiidae: Asiatic tailed caecilians
Ceylon Caecilian	Ichthyophis glutinosus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Endemic	^[119]
Pattipola Caecilian	Ichthyophis orthoplicatus Taylor, 1965	Endemic	^[120]
Lesser Yellow-banded Caecilian	Ichthyophis pseudangularis Taylor, 1965	Endemic	^[121]
	Ichthyophis sp.	Endemic

References

↑ "Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka.". The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka (PDF). Colombo, Sri Lanka: IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. 2007. p. 3. ISBN 978-955-8177-63-1.
1 2 "The state of amphibians in Sri Lanka". iucn.org. IUCN. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
1 2 3 Bambaradeniya, Channa N.B., ed. (2006). The fauna of Sri Lanka : status of taxonomy, research and conservation (PDF). IUCN Sri Lanka and Government of Sri Lanka. pp. 125–131. ISBN 955-8177-51-2.
↑ Meegaskumbura, M.; Bossuyt, F.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Bahir, M.; Milinkovitch, M. C.; Schneider, C. J. (2002). "Sri Lanka: An Amphibian Hot Spot" (PDF). Science. 298 (5592): 379. doi:10.1126/science.298.5592.379. PMID 12376694.
↑ Chaitra, M. S.; Vasudevan, Karthikeyan; Shanker, Kartik (10 April 2004). "The biodiversity bandwagon: the splitters have it" (PDF). Current Science. 86 (7): 897.
↑ http://biodiversityofsrilanka.blogspot.com/p/amphibian-diversity-of-sri-lanka.html
↑ Meegaskumbura, Madhava; Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum; Schneider, Christopher J.; Pethiyagoda, Rohan (25 January 2007). "New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1397: 1–15. ISSN 1175-5326.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Adenomus dasi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Adenomus kandianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Adenomus kelaartii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Channa Bambaradeniya (2004). "Bufo atukoralei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Bufo kotagamai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Peter Paul van Dijk; Djoko Iskandar; Michael Wai Neng Lau; Gu Huiqing; Geng Baorong; Lue Kuangyang; Chou Wenhao; Yuan Zhigang; Bosco Chan; Sushil Dutta; et al. (2004). "Duttaphrynus melanostictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Duttaphrynus noellerti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Bufo scaber". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Muhammad Sharif Khan; Theodore Papenfuss; Steven Anderson; Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani; Sergius Kuzmin; Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Mozafar Sharifi (2008). "Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Duttaphrynus melanostictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ van Dijk, P.P.; Iskandar, D.; Inger, R.; Wai Neng Lau, M.; Zhao Ermi; Geng Baorong; Dutta, S.; Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; de Silva, A.; Sabitry Bordoloi; et al. (2004). "Fejervarya limnocharis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Anand Padhye; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Sushil Dutta; Tej Kumar Shrestha; Sabitry Bordoloi (2004). "Hoplobatrachus crassus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Nannophrys ceylonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Nannophrys guentheri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2008). "Nannophrys marmorata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Samantha Fernando (2008). "Nannophrys naeyakai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
↑ Annemarie Ohler; Muhammad Sharif Khan; Peter Paul van Dijk; Guinevere Wogan; Sushil Dutta; Robert Inger; Tej Kumar Shrestha; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Sphaerotheca breviceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta (2004). "Sphaerotheca rolandae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Fejervarya greenii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Fejervarya kirtisinghei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Nelsoon Annandale (1919). "Fejervarya syhadrensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Robert Inger; Vivek Ashok Gour-Broome; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Sushil Dutta (2004). "Kaloula taprobanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Microhyla karunaratnei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Sushil Dutta; Tej Kumar Shrestha; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Muhammad Sharif Khan; Debjani Roy (2004). "Microhyla ornata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Anand Padhye; Anslem de Silva; Sushil Dutta; Tej Kumar Shrestha; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sabitry Bordoloi (2004). "Microhyla rubra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Microhyla zeylanica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Ramanella nagaoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Ramanella obscura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Ramanella palmata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Ramanella variegata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Das, I.; Dutta, S.; Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; de Silva, A.; Sharif Khan, M. (2004). "Uperodon systoma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ S.D. Biju; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta; Robert Inger; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Hylarana aurantiaca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Hylarana gracilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ S.D. Biju; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta; Robert Inger; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Hylarana temporalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Lankanectes corrugatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus abundus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta (2004). "Philautus adspersus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus alto". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus asankai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus auratus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus caeruleus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus cavirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus cuspis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus decoris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Mendis Wickramasinghe; Imesh Nuwan Bandara; Dulan Ranga Vidanapathirana; Kamani Tennakoon; Sameera Samarakoon; Nethu Wickramasinghe (2004). "Philautus dilmah". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus dimbullae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus eximius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus extirpo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda; S.D. Biju (2004). "Philautus femoralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus fergusonianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus folicola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus frankenbergi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus fulvus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus hallidayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus halyi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2011). "Philautus hankeni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Philautus hoffmanni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus hoipolloi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus hypomelas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; S.D. Biju; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus leucorhinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus limbus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus lunatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus macropus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Madhava Meegaskumbura (2007). "Philautus maia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus malcolmsmithi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Philautus microtympanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus mittermeieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus mooreorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus nanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus nasutus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus nemus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus ocularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus oxyrhynchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus papillosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2007). "Philautus pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 29 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus pleurotaenia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus poppiae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus popularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus procax". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Karunarathna, S.; Angulo, A. (2009). "Philautus regius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Philautus reticulatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus rugatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus rus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Sushil Dutta; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus sarasinorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Philautus schmarda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Madhava Meegaskumbura (2011). "Philautus schneideri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus semiruber". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus silus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus silvaticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus simba". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Madhava Meegaskumbura; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2009). "Philautus singu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Mendis Wickramasinghe (2013). "Philautus sirilwijesundarai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus sordidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda; Sushil Dutta; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus stellatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus steineri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda; Sushil Dutta; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus stictomerus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Madhava Meegaskumbura; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2006). "Philautus stuarti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Madhava Meegaskumbura; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2009). "Philautus tanu". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ S.D. Biju; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi (2004). "Philautus temporalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ S.D. Biju; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Sushil Dutta (2004). "Philautus variabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus zal". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Philautus zimmeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Rohan Pethiyagoda (2004). "Philautus zorro". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Channa Bambaradeniya (2004). "Polypedates cruciger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Sushil Dutta; Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Karthikeyan Vasudevan; Chelmala Srinivasulu; S.P. Vijayakumar; Debjani Roy; Saibul Sengupta; Annemarie Ohler; Ghazi S.M. Asmat (2004). "Polypedates maculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Mendis Wickramasinghe (2004). "Polypedates ranwellai". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; Deepthi Wickramasinghe (2004). "Polypedates eques". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Polypedates fastigo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva (2004). "Polypedates longinasus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; David Gower; Mark Wilkinson; Oommen V. Oommen (2004). "Ichthyophis glutinosus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; David Gower; Mark Wilkinson; Oommen V. Oommen; Alex Kupfer (2004). "Ichthyophis orthoplicatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
↑ Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi; Anslem de Silva; David Gower; Mark Wilkinson; Oommen V. Oommen (2004). "Ichthyophis pseudangularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 28 March 2010.

List of amphibians of Asia

Sovereign states	Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen

States with limited recognition	Abkhazia Nagorno-Karabakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan

Dependencies and other territories	British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau

Fauna of Sri Lanka

Invertebrates

Insects	Butterflies Moths Bees Odonates Aphids Ants

Molluscs	Non-marine molluscs

Crustaceans	Freshwater crabs

Arachnids	Tarantulas Scorpions

Vertebrates

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