List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–79)

Padma Bhushan
Awarded by Government of India
Type	Civilian
Category	National
Description
Obverse	A centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus.
Reverse	A platinum State Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script
Ribbon
Statistics
Instituted	1954
First awarded	1954
Total awarded	205
Previous name(s)	Padma Vibhushan "Dusra Warg" (Class II)
Award rank ← Padma Vibhushan Padma Shri →

The Padma Bhushan is the third-highest civilian award of the Republic of India.^[1] Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for "distinguished service of a high order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.^[2] The recipients receive a Sanad, a certificate signed by the President of India and a circular-shaped medallion with no monetary association. The recipients are announced every year on Republic Day and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication used for official government notices and released weekly by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development.^[3] The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the journal. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are archived and required to surrender their medals when their names are struck from the register;^[4] none of the conferments of Padma Bhushan during 1970–79 have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments, with the Ministries of the Government of India, the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan awardees, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and the Governors of States, and the Members of Parliament including private individuals.^[3]

When instituted in 1954, the Padma Bhushan was classified as "Dusra Warg", a class-two award under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards, which were preceded by the Bharat Ratna in hierarchy. On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards as the Padma Vibhushan, the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri. The criteria included "distinguished service of a high order in any field including service rendered by Government servants", but excluded those working with the public sector undertakings with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards; this was subsequently modified for the January 1955 statute. The design was also changed to the form that is currently in use; it portrays a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion 1 ³⁄₄ inches (44 mm) in diameter and ¹⁄₈ inch (3.2 mm) thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of 1 ³⁄₁₆ inches (30 mm) side is embossed with a knob carved within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter 1 ¹⁄₁₆ inches (27 mm) is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" is placed above and the text "Bhushan" is placed below the lotus written in Devanagari script. The State Emblem of India is displayed in the centre of the reverse side, together with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari script, which is inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of standard gold with the text "Padma Bhushan" of gold gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband 1 ¹⁄₄ inches (32 mm) in width with a broad white stripe in the middle.^[3][4] It is ranked fifth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations of the Indian civilian and military awards.^{[lower-alpha 1]}

As the result of the 6th General election held in March 1977, Morarji Desai was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India on 24 March 1977 replacing the Indira Gandhi led government of the Indian National Congress. On 31 July, the newly formed government retracted all the civilian awards including the Padma Bhushan deeming them "worthless and politicized".^[6] After the 7th General election of 1980 Gandhi was again sworn in as the Prime Minister and all civilian awards were reinstated on 25 January 1980. Consequently, this award was not presented in 1978 and 1979.^[7]

A total of two hundred and five awards were presented in the 1970s – twenty-eight in 1970, followed by forty-one in 1971, fifty in 1972, seventeen in 1973, twenty-one in 1974, fifteen in 1975, sixteen in 1976 and seventeen in 1977, including eight foreign recipients. Individuals from nine different fields were awarded, which includes thirty-four from art, forty-three from civil services, forty-eight from literature and education, seventeen from medicine, three from public affairs, twenty-six from science and engineering, twenty-one from social work, one sports person, and twelve from trade and industry. Novelist Khushwant Singh, who accepted the award in 1974 in the field of literature and education, returned it in 1984 as a notion of protest against the Operation Blue Star.^[8]

Recipients

1970 recipient Kumari Kamala is known for her classical Bharat Natyam dance performances on stage and in Hindi and Tamil films like Kismet (1943), Ram Rajya (1943) and Naam Iruvar (1948). She also performed at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. Later in the late 1970s she took to teaching in the New York and New Jersey areas and was honoured with the National Heritage Fellowship (2010).^[9][10]

Purushottam Kashinath Kelkar, an electrical engineer by qualification from the University of Liverpool is known for his works related to IIT Bombay (IITB) and IIT Kanpur (IITK). He collaborated with Soviet engineers as the chief planning officer of IITB in the early years of its establishment and later collaborated with nine American institutes headed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology to help establish IITK, becoming its first director. He received the award in 1970.^[11]

Regarded as the "doyenne of Kirana gharana",^[12] Gangubai Hangal was a Hindustani classical singer and student of Sawai Gandharva. Her career spanned over eight decades and included singing for Marathi films, studio and radio recordings and various stage concerts. She won the award in 1971 and later won the Padma Vibhushan (2002).^[13]

Often called "Clark Gable of India",^[14] Raj Kapoor was a Bollywood film actor, director, producer and founder of R. K. Films. His films were successful domestically as well as in the USSR and Middle East.^[15] He received the award in 1971 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1987.^[16]

D. K. Pattammal, recipient of the 1971 award, was one of the early Brahmin caste female singers to perform Carnatic music in public which was against social norms.^[17][18] Along with M. S. Subbulakshmi and M. L. Vasanthakumari, she was counted in "the classical triumvirate".^[19] She later went on to receive the Padma Vibhushan in 1999.

Geneticist M. S. Swaminathan with his research and higher productions in various grains led the Green Revolution in India. He received the award in 1972 and had earlier received the Padma Shri (1967) and later went on to receive the Albert Einstein World Award of Science (1986) and the Padma Vibhushan (1989).^[20]

M. F. Husain, called "Picasso of India",^[21] was a contemporary artist depicting varied subjects like Hindu goddesses, horses and Bollywood actresses. He received the award in 1973 and later went on to receive the Padma Vibhushan in 1991.^[22]

Camille Bulcke arrived in India in 1935 as a missionary of the Roman Catholic Church and with an interest in Indian philosophy and literature studied the Hindi language. Earning MA and D. Phil. from University of Allahabad on his subject Ramkatha: Utpatti aur Vikas (The tale of Rama: its origin and development), he further went on to write various Hindi-English dictionaries and glossary books and headed the Hindi department of St. Xavier's College, Ranchi. He received the award in 1974.^[23]

Scientist and educator Yash Pal has worked on various projects implementing technological advances into telecommunication; the most notable being usage of satellite-based television for rural education. He has also held various administrative positions like being chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University. He received the award in 1976 and also won the Marconi Prize (1980) and the Padma Vibhushan (2013).^[24][25]

Theoretical physicist E. C. George Sudarshan received the award in 1976 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2007 and is best known for his quantum optics theory popular as Glauber–Sudarshan P representation. While Roy J. Glauber received the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics, exclusion of Sudarshan for his contributions has met criticism.^[26][27]

Explanatory notes

Non-citizen recipients

References

External links

• "Awards and medals". Ministry of Home Affairs (India). 5 February 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016. 

Indian honours and decorations
Civilian	National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B. C. Roy Award International Gandhi Peace Prize Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony
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