List of French Jews
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Jews have lived in France since Roman times, with a rich and complex history. In the Middle Ages, French kings expelled most of the original Ashkenazi Jewish population to Germany. Since the French Revolution (and Emancipation), Jews have been able to contribute to all aspects of French culture and society. Moreover, the Cremieux decree gave in 1870 the full French citizenship to North-African Jews, living in the Maghreb under French colonization. During World War II, a significant number of Jews living in Metropolitan France perished in the Holocaust, deported to Nazi death camps by the French Vichy government. After 1945, France served as a haven for Askhenazi refugees, then after the independence of Morocco, Tunisia and the end of Algerian War, an influx of immigration of Sephardi Jews saw the Jewish population triple to around 600,000, making it the largest Jewish community in Western Europe. Behind the United States and Israel, France ranks 3rd by Jewish population. In 2008, the Jewish Agency evaluated the Jewish population in France to be 488,000,[1] not mentioning French citizens with only one Jewish parent or grandparent.
The following is a list of some prominent Jews and people of Jewish origins,[2] among others, (not all of them practice, or practiced, the Jewish religion) who were born in, or are very strongly associated with, France. The French nationality law itself, strongly secular, forbids any statistics or lists based on ethnic membership.[3]
Historical figures
Activists
- René Cassin (1887–1976) drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, won Nobel Peace Prize (1968)[4]
- Daniel Cohn-Bendit (1945 –) student leader and German Green MEP[5]
- Lewis Goldsmith (c1763–1846), English-born journalist and political writer[6]
- Alain Krivine (1941 –) student leader and Trotskyist MEP[7]
- André Spire (1868–1966) lawyer, journalist, poet, Jewish society and French Zionism leader[8]
Clergymen
- Gilles Bernheim (1952 –) chief rabbi of France 2009–2013[9]
- Jean-Marie Lustiger (1926–2007) former Catholic archbishop of Paris and cardinal. He converted to Catholicism when he was 13.[10]
- Rashi (1040–1105) a medieval rabbi based in Troyes, famed as the author of the first comprehensive commentary on the Talmud, as well as a comprehensive commentary on the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible)[11][12]
- Joseph Sitruk (1944 –) Tunisian-born former Chief Rabbi of France from 1987-2008[13]
Military
- Denise Bloch (1915–1945) World War II SOE spy[14]
- Nissim de Camondo (1892–1917) pilot in World War I[15]
- Alfred Dreyfus (1859–1935) military officer[16]
- Robert Gamzon, French resistant, commanding the 2nd company of Maquis de Vabre
- Alter Mojze Goldman (1909–1988) Polish-born active during the French Résistance. Father of Jean-Jacques Goldman, Robert Goldman and Pierre Goldman.[17]
Nobles
- Cahen d'Anvers Papal title of 1867[18]
- d'Estienne One of the early Franco/Jewish ennoblements in 16th century Provence, after the family converted to Catholicism and changed their name from Cohen to Estienne in 1501.[19]
- Maurice Ephrussi Russian Empire-born, husband of Beatrice de Rothschild[20]
- de Fould-Springer Baron Eugène Fould-Springer[21]
- Koenigswarter[22]
- de Rothschild[23]
Philanthropists
- Angelo Donati (1885–1960) Italian-born from 1919 to 1960, saved the Jews from Nazi persecution in the Italian-occupied France between 1942 and 1943 while staying in Nice.[24]
Politicians
- Jacques Attali (1943 –) Algerian-born advisor to President François Mitterrand from 1981 to 1991.[25]
- Robert Badinter (1928 –) Justice minister, 1981-6; abolished the death penalty in France[26]
- Patrick Balkany (1948 –) member of the National Assembly of France.[27]
- Léon Blum (1872–1950) Prime Minister 1936-7, 1938, 1946-7[28]
- Daniel Cohn-Bendit (1945–) French-born German politician, active in both countries, best known as leader of the 1968 student uprising in France; more recently a leader of the European Greens.[29]
- Jean-François Copé, President of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) Group in the French National Assembly.[30]
- Adolphe Crémieux (1796–1880) Justice minister, 1848, 1870-1[31]
- Julien Dray (1955 –) Algerian-born member of the National Assembly of France.
- Léon Halévy (1802-1883) Civil servant, historian, and dramatist. Son of Élie Halévy, brother of Fromental Halévy and father of Ludovic Halévy and grandfather to Élie Halévy, Daniel Halévy and Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol[32]
- Roger Karoutchi (1951 –) Moroccan-born Secretary of State to the Prime Minister, with responsibility for Relations with Parliament
- Louis-Lucien Klotz (1868–1930) journalist and politician; Minister of Finance during World War I[33]
- Bernard Kouchner (1939 –) Minister of Foreign Affairs (2007–2010) and physician[34]
- Henri Krasucki (1924–2003) Polish-born former secretary general of the Confédération générale du travail (CGT) from 1982 to 1992.
- Jack Lang (1939 –) Tunisian-born Minister of Culture (1981–1986, 1988–1993) & Minister of Education (1992–1993, 2000–2002)[35]
- Pierre Lellouche (1951 –) Tusian-born member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party
- Georges Mandel (1885–1944) Interior minister, 1939[36]
- Pierre Mendès France (1907–1982) Prime Minister, 1954-5; withdrew from Indochina[37]
- Jules Moch (1893–1985) Transport minister, 1945-7; Interior minister, 1947–50; Defense minister, 1950-1[38]
- Pierre Moscovici (1957 –), European Union Economic Affairs Commissioner, French politician, member of French Socialist Party (PS) and a member of the French Parliament.[39]
- Alexandre Stavisky (1886–1934) Ukrainian-born financier & embezzler Stavisky Affair[40]
- Dominique Strauss-Kahn (1949 –) Finance minister, 1997-9[41] President of the International Monetary Fund 2007-11
- Simone Veil (1927 –) Health minister, 1974-6; legalized abortion, President of the European Parliament 1979-82[42]
- Georges Wormser (1888 - 1978), chief of staff of Prime minister Georges Clemenceau
Journalists
- Michel Drucker (born 1942), journalist and TV host
- Erik Izraelewicz (1954-2012), journalist and author, specialised in economics and finance; director and editorial executive of the daily Le Monde[43]
- Jean-François Kahn (born 1938), founder of Marianne (magazine)[44]
- Jonathan-Simon Sellem (born 1983), journalist for TFJ, founder and chief editor of JSSNews
- Ariel Wizman (born 1962), Moroccan-born TV journalist, DJ, musician and stage actor.[45]
Academic figures
Scientists
- Hippolyte Bernheim (1840–1919) hypnosis pioneer[46]
- Maurice Block (1816–1901) German-born statistician[47]
- Georges Charpak (1924-2010) Polish-born Nobel Prize in physics in 1992
- Claude Cohen Tannoudji, Nobel Prize in physics in 1997
- Francois Jacob (1920-2013) Nobel Prize in medicine in 1965
- Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921) Luxembourgish-born physicist, Nobel Prize (1908)[48]
- Andre Michael Lwoff (1902–1994) microbiologist, Nobel Prize (1965)[49]
- Laurent Schwartz (1915–2002) mathematician[50]
- Olinde Rodrigues (1795–1851) mathematician & social reformer[51]
- Serge Haroche, Nobel Prize in physics in 2012
Social scientists
- Albert Aftalion, Bulgarian-born French economist[52]
- Raymond Aron (1905–1983) sociologist[53]
- Julien Benda (1867–1956) philosopher & novelist[54]
- Berachyah (12th or 13th century) philosopher[55]
- Henri Bergson (1859–1941) philosopher, Nobel Prize (1927)[37]
- Danielle Bleitrach (1938–) sociologist, academic and journalist[56]
- Marc Bloch (1886–1944) historian & Resistance leader[57]
- Hélène Cixous (1937 –) Algerian-born feminist critic[58]
- Jacques Derrida (1930–2004) Algerian-born philosopher[59]
- Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) sociologist[60]
- Josy Eisenberg (1933 –) author, TV host, rabbi, screenwriter[61]
- Alain Finkielkraut (1949 –) essayist[62]
- Gersonides (1288–1344) philosopher[63]
- Pierre Goldman (1944–1977) philosopher, author, thief who was mysteriously assassinated (half Jewish). Son of Alter Mojze Goldman, half-brother to Robert Goldman and Jean-Jacques Goldman.[64]
- Jean Gottmann (1915–1994) Russian Empire-born geographer[65]
- Daniel Halévy (1872-1962) historian. Son of Ludovic Halévy, brother to Élie Halévy, grandson of Élie Halévy, half brother to Lucien-Anatole Prévost-Paradol[32]
- Emmanuel Lévinas (1906–1995) Russian Empire-born philosopher[66]
- Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908-2009) cultural anthropologist and ethnologist
- Bernard-Henri Lévy (1948 –) Algerian-born philosopher[67]
- Serge Moscovici (1925 –) Romanian-born social psychologist, current the director of the Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale. Father of Pierre Moscovici[39]
- Salomon Reinach (1858–1932) historian & archaeologist[68]
- Maxime Rodinson (1915–2004) historian[69]
- Jacob Rodrigues Pereira (1715–1780) first to teach the deaf[70]
- Ignacy Sachs (1927 –) Polish-born economist[71]
- George Steiner (1929 –) literary critic[72]
- Simone Weil (1909–1943) philosopher & mystic[73]
Cultural figures
Artists
- Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon (1818–1881) photographer & sculptor [74]
- Christian Boltanski (1944 –) photographer, sculptor and installation artist (half Jewish)[75]
- Claude Cahun (1894–1954) photographer[76]
- André François (1915–2005) cartoonist[77]
- Marcel Gotlib (1934 –) comics artist[78]
- Michel Kikoine (1892–1968) Russian Empire-born painter[79]
- Moise Kisling (1891–1953) Polish-born painter[80]
- Camille Pissarro (1830–1903) Danish West Indies-born painter (half Jewish), widely considered the father of Impressionism
- Willy Ronis (1910–2009) photographer
- Joann Sfar (1971 –) cartoonist, Film director[81]
- Chaim Soutine (1893–1943) Belarusian-born painter[82]
- Roland Topor (1938-1997) Illustrator, novelist[83]
- Pauline Trigère (1909–2002) fashion designer[84]
- Ossip Zadkine (1890–1967) Russian-born sculptor (half Jewish)[85]
Film and stage
- Anouk Aimée (1932 –) actress[86]
- Alexandre Aja (1978 –) director (Haute Tension)[87]
- Mathieu Amalric (1965 –) actor, film director (half Jewish)[88]
- Richard Anconina (1953 –) actor[89]
- Nora Arnezeder (1989–) actress (half Jewish)[90]
- Arthur (1966 –) Moroccan-born TV producer, host, humorist, actor[91]
- Yvan Attal (1965–) Israeli-born filmmaker[92]
- Jean-Pierre Aumont (1911–2001) actor[93]
- Véra Belmont (1938–) film producer, director and screenwriter[94]
- Maurice Benichou (1943–) actor.
- Raymond Bernard (1891–1977) film director and screenwriter, son of Tristan Bernard & brother of Jean-Jacques Bernard[95]
- Sarah Bernhardt (1844–1923) world-famous stage actress (half Jewish) [96]
- Claude Berri (1934–2009) Director, producer, actor & writer.[97]
- Simone Bitton (1955–) Moroccan-born French-Israeli documentary filmmaker[94]
- Michel Boujenah (1952 –) Tunisian-born actor, producer, director[98]
- Pierre Braunberger (1905–1990) Film producer[99]
- Alain Chabat (1958 –) actor, writer, director[100]
- David Charvet (1972 –) French-born actor/singer (Baywatch)[101]
- Elie Chouraqui (1953–) director, producer, scriptwriter, actor[102]
- Gerard Darmon (1948 –) actor, singer[103]
- Charles Denner (1926-1995) Polish-born actor[104]
- Marcel Dalio (1900–1983) actor[105]
- Gad Elmaleh (1971 –) Moroccan-born humorist, actor, film director, singer, brother of Arié[106]
- Daniel Emilfork (1924–2006) Chilean-born actor[107]
- Jean Epstein (1897-1953) filmmaker, film theorist, literary critic, and novelist (half Jewish)[108]
- Sami Frey (1937–) actor, director, movie actor[109]
- Charlotte Gainsbourg (1971–) actress, singer (half Jewish), Daughter of Serge Gainsbourg[110]
- Eva Green (1980–) actress (half Jewish), daughter of Marlène Jobert[111]
- Roger Hanin (1925-2015) actor, director[112]
- Michel Hazanavicius (1967–) film director, screenwriter, and producer[113]
- Anna Held (1872–1918) Polish-born actress[114]
- Isabelle Huppert (1953–) actress (half Jewish) [115]
- Agnès Jaoui (1964–) director and actress[116]
- Marlène Jobert (1940–) actress, author, singer, Mother of Eva Green[117][118]
- Elie Kakou (1960–1999) humorist, actor[119]
- Marin Karmitz (1938–) Romanian-born producer
- Tcheky Karyo (1953–) film actor
- Mathieu Kassovitz (1967–) Film director, actor, producer (half Jewish), son of Peter Kassovitz[120]
- Peter Kassovitz (1938–) Hungarian-born film director and scriptwriter[120]
- Sandrine Kiberlain (1968–) actress[121]
- Cédric Klapisch film director
- Diane Kurys (1948–) filmmaker and actress[122]
- Arlette Langmann (1946–) Film editor and screenwriter. Sister of Claude Berri.[123]
- Claude Lanzmann (1925–) filmmaker[124]
- Mélanie Laurent (1983–) actress, singer, director[125]
- Claude Lelouch (1937–) director [126]
- Marcel Marceau (1923–2007) mime artist[127]
- Jean-Pierre Melville (1917–1973) film director and screenwriter[128]
- Radu Mihăileanu (1958–) Romanian-born film director, screenwriter, poet[129]
- Claude Miller (1942-2012) director[130]
- Serge Moati (1958–) Tunisian-born film director, screenwriter, journalist, artist, political consultant[131]
- Jean-Pierre Mocky (1933–) Film director, screenwriter and actor[132]
- Marcel Ophüls (1927–) German-born documentary filmmaker, son of Max Ophüls[133][134]
- Max Ophüls (1902-1957) German-born film director, father of Marcel Ophüls[133][135]
- Gérard Oury (1919–2006) Film director, screenwriter. Father of Danièle Thompson[136]
- Roman Polanski (1933 –) Film director, screenwriter, actor (three fourth Jewish)[137][138]
- Rachel (1821–1858) Swiss-born stage actress[139]
- Alexandra Rosenfeld (1986 –) Miss France 2006[140]
- Ida Rubinstein (1885–1960) Russian-born Belle Epoque icon[141]
- Suzanne Schiffman (1929–2001) Screenwriter, film director (half Jewish)[142]
- Simone Signoret (1921–1985) German-born actress (half Jewish)[143]
- Tomer Sisley (1974 –) German-born actor and comedian[144]
- Nicole Stéphane (1923–2007) Film producer, actress, and director[145][146]
- Charlotte Szlovak (1947–), Moroccan-born cinematographer, film director, and screenwriter[94]
- Danièle Thompson (1942 –) Film director, screenwriter (half Jewish). Daughter of Gérard Oury[136]
- Alexandre Trauner (1906–1993) Hungarian-born Academy Award winning Scenic designer[147]
- Michael Vartan (1968 –) actor (half Jewish)[148]
- Francis Veber (1937 –) film director, playwright and screenwriter (half Jewish).[149]
- André Weinfeld (1947–) film and television producer, director, screenwriter, photographer and journalist[150]
- William Wyler (1902–1981) film director[151]
- Yolande Zauberman, film director and screenwriter[94]
- Elsa Zylberstein (1968 –) actress (half Jewish)[152]
Musicians
- David Guetta (1967-) DJ,remixer,songwriter
- Charles-Valentin Alkan (1813–1888) composer & pianist[153]
- Franck Amsallem (1961 –) jazz pianist & composer
- Keren Ann (1974 –) Israeli-born folk singer
- Monique Andrée Serf (1930-1997) French singer known as Barbara
- Thomas Bangalter (1975 –) French electro musician known as half of the electro duo Daft Punk
- Patrick Bruel (born Patrick Benguigui) (1959 –) singer, actor[154]
- Joe Dassin (1938–1980) American-born singer, son of Jules Dassin[155]
- Natalie Dessay (1965 –) soprano (Convert to Judaism).[156]
- Sacha Distel (1933–2004) singer[157]
- Paul Dukas (1865–1935) composer[158]
- Serge Gainsbourg (1928–1991) singer-songwriter, actor, film director, writer. Father of Charlotte Gainsbourg[110]
- Jean-Jacques Goldman (1951 –) singer and songwriter. Son of Alter Mojze Goldman, brother to Robert Goldman and half-brother to Pierre Goldman.[159]
- Fromental Halévy (1799–1862) composer[160]
- Ludovic Halévy (1834–1908), librettist. Son of Élie Halévy[161]
- jenifer (1982 –) French pop singer (half Jewish).
- Joseph Kosma (1905–1969) Hungarian-born film composer.[162]
- Jacques Lanzmann (1927–2006) lyricist; brother of Claude Lanzmann[124]
- Isidore de Lara (1858–1930) English-born composer [163]
- René Leibowitz (1913–1972) Polish-born composer[164]
- Daniel Levi (1961 –) singer, composer[165]
- Enrico Macias (1938 –) Algerian-born singer[166]
- Emmanuelle Haïm (1967 –) harpsichordist and conductor (half Jewish)[167]
- Darius Milhaud (1892–1974) composer,[168] member of the Groupe des six
- Pierre Monteux (1875–1964) conductor[169]
- Georges Moustaki (1934-2013) Egyptian-born composer, singer[170]
- Yael Naim (1978 –) singer-songwriter, guitarist[171]
- Jacques Offenbach (1819–1880) German-born composer[172]
- Catherine Ringer (1957 –) Singer, Songwriter, actress.[173]
- Sapho (1950 –) Moroccan-born singer[174]
- David Serero (1981-) French Opera singer, Actor, Producer. His parents are Sephardi Jews from Morocco.[175]
- Martial Solal (1927 –) jazz pianist & composer[176]
- Tal (1989 –) Israeli-born Pop / R'n'b singer
- Alexandre Tansman (1897–1986) Polish-born composer, pianist[177]
- Émile Waldteufel (1837–1915) composer[178]
- Daniel Vangarde (1947 –) French songwriter & producer, father of Thomas Bangalter
Writers and poets
- Tristan Bernard (1866–1947) playwright & novelist, father of Raymond Bernard and Jean-Jacques Bernard[179]
- Jean-Jacques Bernard (1888–1974) playwright, Son of Tristan Bernard & brother of Raymond Bernard[180]
- Henri Bernstein (1876–1953) playwright[181]
- Henri Blowitz (1825-1903) Bohemian-born journalist[182]
- Paul Celan (1920–1970) Romanian-born poet[183]
- Romain Gary (1914–1980) Russian Empire-born novelist[184]
- René Goscinny (1926–1977) comic book author and editor, co-creator of Asterix.[185][186]
- Élie Halévy (1760-1826) Bavarian-born French Hebrew poet, author and secretary of the Jewish community of Paris. Father of Fromental Halévy and Léon Halévy.[187]
- Max Jacob (1876–1944) poet[188]
- Edmond Jabès (1912–1991) Egyptian-born poet[189]
- Joseph Joffo (1931–) writer[190]
- Gabriel Josipovici (1940–) novelist[191]
- Gustave Kahn (1859–1936) poet & art critic[192]
- Joseph Kessel (1898–1979) Argentinian-born novelist & journalist
- Justine Lévy (1974–) novelist, daughter of Bernard-Henri Lévy[193]
- André Maurois (1885–1967) author
- Alain Mamou-Mani, born 26 December 1949 in Nabeul, Tunisia is a French film producer and writer.
- Albert Memmi (1921–) Tunisian-born novelist & sociologist[194]
- Catulle Mendès (1841-1909) poet and man of letters (half Jewish)[195]
- Patrick Modiano (1945–) writer (half Jewish)[196]
- Nine Moati (1938–) Tunisian-born novelist Les Belles de Tunis & screenwriter. Sister of Serge Moati.[197]
- Irène Némirovsky (1903–1942) writer[198]
- Georges Perec (1936–1982) novelist[199]
- Marcel Proust (1871–1922) writer (half Jewish) [200]
- Yasmina Reza (1959–) playwright[201]
- Nathalie Sarraute (1900–1999) Russian-born writer[202]
- Jean-Jacques Schuhl (1941–) writer[203]
- Anne Sinclair (1948–) political journalist; wife of Dominique Strauss-Kahn[204]
- André Suarès (1868–1948) poet[205]
- Elsa Triolet (1896-1970) Russian-born novelist[206]
- Tristan Tzara (1896–1963) Romanian-born poet[207]
- Ilarie Voronca (1903–1946) Romanian-born poet & essayist[208]
- Bernard Werber (1961–) best-selling author[209]
Business figures
- Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet (1906–1996) founder and head of Publicis Groupe[210]
- Moïse de Camondo (1860–1935) Ottoman Empire-born banker[15]
- Isaac & Daniel Carasso, founders of Danone[211]
- André Citroën (1878–1935) founder of Citroën[212]
- Marcel Dassault (1892–1986) aerospace industrialist[213] Convert to Catholicism in 1950.
- Achille Fould (1800–1867) financier[214]
- Maurice Girodias (1919–1990) founder of Olympia Press (half Jewish)[215]
- Maurice de Hirsch (1831–1896), banker[216]
- Philippe Kahn (1952–), founder of Borland[217][218][219][220]
- Gérard Louis-Dreyfus (1932–), owner of Louis-Dreyfus & Co. (half Jewish)[221]
- Michel Adam Lisowski (1950–), Polish-born founder and president of Fashion TV[222]
- André Meyer (1898–1979) French/American financier[223]
- Emile and Isaac Péreire, bankers[224]
- Rothschild banking & wine growing family of France[225]
Sport figures
- Sarah Abitbol, figure skater, World Figure Skating Championship bronze[226]
- Gary Assous, football player
- Jonathan Assous, France/Israel, soccer defensive midfielder (Hapoel Ramat Gan)[227]
- Fabrice Benichou, boxer, world champion super bantamweight
- Ossip Bernstein (1882–1962), Russian-born chess grandmaster[228]
- Jean Bloch, soccer, Olympic silver
- Ilan Boccara, football player
- Alain Calmat, figure skater, Olympic silver, World Championship gold, silver, 2x bronze
- François Cevert (born "François Goldenberg"; 1944–1973) racing driver (half Jewish)[229]
- Robert Cohen (1930–) boxer: World Bantamweight Champion[230]
- Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro, tennis player
- Steven Cohen, football player
- Pierre Darmon (1934–) tennis player, highest world ranking # 8[231]
- René Dreyfus (1905–1993) racing driver[232]
- Yves Dreyfus, épée fencer, Olympic bronze, French champion
- Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi, slalom canoer, Olympic bronze (K-1 slalom), 5 golds at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (2x K-1, 3x K-1 team)
- Stéphane Haccoun (1967–), boxer, featherweight, super featherweight, and junior lightweight[233][234]
- Rudy Haddad, soccer midfielder (LB Châteauroux & U21 national team)[235]
- Alphonse Halimi (1932–2006) boxer: World Bantamweight Champion[236]
- Maurice Herzog (1919–2012), mountaineer : first 8000 m : mountain Annapurna (1950); later a politician[237]
- Alexandre Lippmann (1881–1960), épée fencer, 2x Olympic champion, 2x silver, bronze
- Armand Mouyal (1925–1988), épée fencer, Olympic bronze, world champion
- Alfred "Artem" Nakache (1915–1983), swimmer; world record (200-m breaststroke), one-third of French 2x world record (3x100 relay team); imprisoned by Nazis in Auschwitz, where his wife and daughter were killed
- Claude Netter (1924–2007), foil fencer, Olympic champion, silver
- Kevin Pariente, football player
- Maxime Partouche, football player
- François Rozenthal (1975–), ice hockey, France national team; brother of Maurice Rozenthal[238]
- Maurice Rozenthal (1975–), ice hockey, right wing, France national team
- Eric Sitruk (1978-), football player.
- Jean Stern, épée fencer, Olympic champion
- Daniel Wildenstein (1917–2001), racehorse owner[239]
Other
- Abraham of Aragon, a Jewish physician specializing in diseases of the eye.
- Ilan Halimi (1982–2006), Salesman, who was kidnapped, tortured, and murdered by an anti-semitic gang thinking he was a wealthy man.[240]
See also
References
Footnotes
- ↑ The Jewish Agency Assessment 2008
- ↑ As a particular counter-example, current French President Nicolas Sarkozy had a Jewish grandfather, is officially Catholic and is not part of this list.
- ↑ (French)Décision n° 2007-557 DC du 15 novembre 2007 Conseil Constitutionnel, 2007-11-15
- ↑
- ↑ "Daniel Cohn-Bendit (biographical details)".
- ↑ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "he was of Portuguese Jewish descent"
- ↑ "NATIV - March 2000 -Peace Now: The Latest Link in the Chain of Jewish Radicalism".
- ↑ http://library.ucsc.edu/exhibits/1996.html
- ↑ "New Chief Rabbi Appointed in France".
- ↑ Walker, Peter (6 August 2007). "Cardinal Lustiger of France dies aged 80". The Guardian. London.
- ↑ "Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki - Rashi - (4800-4865)".
- ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/rashi.html
- ↑ http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/international/reaching_out_battle_against_hate
- ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/ww2/sugar2.html
- 1 2 http://www.lesartsdecoratifs.fr/gb/04museecamondo/index.html
- ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/Dreyfus.html
- ↑ "Free People Search Engine - ZabaSearch".
- ↑ Impressionists and politics: art and democracy in the nineteenth century By Philip G. Nord
- ↑ L'expulsion des Juifs de Provence et de l'Europe méditerranéenne, Danièle Iancu, Université Paul Valéry
- ↑ Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild: creator and collector
- ↑ "Person Page".
- ↑ Titled outsiders. Jewish nobility in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, Huibert Schijf1
- ↑ "Person Page".
- ↑ http://www.fotomuseo.it/mostre/archivio/2004/donati.asp
- ↑ http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/article.php?id_article=4582
- ↑ http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_n2_v42/ai_13977172[]
- ↑ http://actu.orange.fr/le-talk/20100118/1681-interview-patrick-balkany.html
- ↑ http://www.thejewishadvocate.com/travel/
- ↑ "Daniel Cohn-Bendit - Biographie".
- ↑ http://www.jeanfrancoiscope.fr/site/index.php
- ↑ "Crémieux, (Isaac) Adolphe – FREE Crémieux, (Isaac) Adolphe information - Encyclopedia.com: Find Crémieux, (Isaac) Adolphe research".
- 1 2 "Google Translate".
- ↑ http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v032/32.4reder.html
- ↑ "Zeek - France's Jewish Prophets: Alain Finkielkraut, Albert Memmi, and the Looming Crisis of Liberalism - Dr. Michael Shurkin".
- ↑ Nundy, Julian (8 March 1993). "Urban disaster brews in French slum: The Gaullist Pierre Lellouche wants the votes of the ethnic groups in Sarcelles. Julian Nundy saw him woo them". The Independent. London.
- ↑ "Georges Mandel".
- 1 2 http://www.cjnews.com/viewarticle.asp?id=8163
- ↑ http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/1870.htm
- 1 2 "Google Translate".
- ↑ Paul Webster (2001) Petain's Crime. London, Pan: pp 36–43
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קשרה היהודי/צרפתי של ראים מהליגה ה-2 בצרפת עשוי להגיע להתרשמות במכבי.
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האם הקשר היהודי, רודי חדד, בדרך למכבי תל-אביב?
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