Light echo

Reflected light following path B arrives shortly after the direct flash following path A but before light following path C. B and C have the same apparent distance from the star as seen from Earth.

A light echo is a phenomenon observed in astronomy. Analogous to an echo of sound, a light echo is produced when a sudden flash or burst of light, such as that observed in novae, is reflected off a source and arrives at the viewer after a considerably longer duration than it otherwise would have taken with a direct path. Because of their geometries, light echoes can produce the illusion of superluminal speeds.[1]

Examples

Images showing the expansion of the light echo of V838 Monocerotis. Credit: NASA/ESA.

The variable star V838 Monocerotis experienced a significant outburst in 2002 as observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. The outburst proved surprising to observers when the object appeared to expand at a rate far exceeding the speed of light as it grew from an apparent visual size of 4 to 7 light years in a matter of months.[2][3]

Light echoes were used to determine the distance to the Cepheid variable RS Puppis to within 1% of its true value. Pierre Kavella at the European Southern Observatory described this measurement as so far "the most accurate distance to a Cepheid".[4]

Using light echoes, it is sometimes possible to see the faint reflections of historical supernovae. Astronomers calculate the ellipsoid which has the Earth and a supernova remnant at its focal points in order to locate clouds of dust and gas at its boundary. By analyzing the spectra of reflected light from these nebulae, astronomers can discern chemical signatures of supernovae whose light reached Earth long before the invention of the telescope and compare the explosion with its remnants, which may be centuries or millennia old. One example is the SN 1572 supernova observed on Earth in 1572, where in 2008, faint light-echoes were seen on dust in the northern part of the Milky Way.[5][6] Light echoes can be identified by comparing photos of gas and dust clouds taken months or years apart and spotting changes in the light rippling across the clouds. If the source of the light is unknown, several such observations can be fitted to an ellipsoid to allow astronomers to pinpoint the origin.

Light echoes have been used to study the supernova that produced the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A.[5] The light from Cassiopeia A would have been visible on Earth around 1660, but went unnoticed, probably because dust obscured the direct view. Reflections from different directions allow astronomers to determine if a supernova was asymmetrical and shone more brightly in some directions than in others. The progenitor of Cassiopeia A has been suspected as being asymmetric,[7] and looking at the light echoes of Cassiopeia A allowed for the first detection of supernova asymmetry in 2010.[8]

Light echoes have also been observed in connection with supernovae SN 1993J[9] and SN 1987A,[10] the closest supernova in modern times. The first recorded instance of a light echo was 1936, but it was not studied in detail.[3]

In 1939, French astronomer Paul Couderc published a study entitled "Les Auréoles Lumineuses des Novae" which Google translates as "Luminous Haloes of the Novae".[11] Within this study, Couderc published the derivation of echo locations and time delays in the paraboloid, rather than ellipsoid, approximation of infinite distance.[11] However, in his 1961 study, Y.K. Gulak queried Couderc's theories: "It is shown that there is an essential error in the proof according to which Couderc assumed the possibility of expansion of the bright ring (nebula) around N Per 1901 with a velocity exceeding that of light."[12] He continues: "The comparison of the formulas obtained by the author, with the conclusions and formulas of Couderc, shows that the coincidence of the parallax calculated according to Coudrec's scheme, with parallaxes derived by other methods, could have been accidental."[12]

Explanation

The distance traveled from one focus to another, via some point on the ellipse, is the same regardless of the point selected.

Light echoes are produced when the initial flash from a rapidly brightening object such as a nova is reflected off intervening interstellar dust which may or may not be associated with the source of the light. Light from the initial flash arrives at the viewer first, while light reflected from dust or other objects between the source and the viewer begins to arrive shortly afterward. Because this light has only traveled forward as well as away from the star, it produces the illusion of an echo expanding faster than the speed of light.[2]

In the illustration to the right, light following path A is emitted from the original source and arrives at the observer first. Light which follows path B is reflected off a part of the gas cloud at a point between the source and the observer, and light following path C is reflected off a part of the gas cloud perpendicular to the direct path. Although light following paths B and C appear to come from the same point in the sky to the observer, B is actually significantly closer. As a result, the echo appears to the observer to expand at a rate faster than the speed of light.

All reflected light that originates from the flash will travel the same distance. When the ray of light is reflected, the possible paths between the source and the Earth correspond to reflections on an ellipsoid, with the origin of the flash and the Earth as its two foci (see animation to the right). This ellipsoid naturally expands over time.

Quasar Light and Ionisation Echoes

A HST image of NGC 5972, a quasar ionisation echo (Voorwerpje). CREDITS: NASA, ESA and William Keel

Within the last decade, objects known either as Quasar Light Echoes or Quasar Ionisation Echoes have been investigated.(e.g. [13][14][15][16][17][18]) It is likely that the best known example of a quasar light echo is the object known as Hanny's Voorwerp (HsV).[19]

HsV is made entirely of gas so hot — about 10,000 Celsius — that astronomers felt it had to be illuminated by something powerful.[20] After several studies of light and ionisation echoes, it is thought they are likely caused by the 'echo' of a previously-active AGN that has shut down. Kevin Schawinski, a co-founder of the website Galaxy Zoo, stated: "We think that in the recent past the galaxy IC 2497 hosted an enormously bright quasar. Because of the vast scale of the galaxy and the Voorwerp, light from that past still lights up the nearby Voorwerp even though the quasar shut down sometime in the past 100,000 years, and the galaxy's black hole itself has gone quiet."[20] Chris Lintott, also a co-founder of Galaxy Zoo stated: "From the point of view of the Voorwerp, the galaxy looks as bright as it would have before the black hole turned off – it's this light echo that has been frozen in time for us to observe."[20]

The analysis of HsV in turn has led to the study of objects called Voowerpjes (see HsV article) and Green bean galaxies. A picture of NGC 5972, a small Voorwerpje, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), is to the right. This was imaged as part of a study of 8 Voorwerpjes.[14] It shows the galaxy NGC 5972, which once had an Active galactic nucleus which has turned off ('off duty'). Only visible for a few tens of thousands of years, the greenish gas is still illuminated by light or ionization from NGC 5972.[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bond, Howard E.; Henden, Arne; Levay, Zoltan G.; Panagia, Nino; Sparks, William B.; Starrfield, Sumner; Wagner, R. Mark; Corradi, R. L. M.; Munari, U. (March 27, 2003). "An energetic stellar outburst accompanied by circumstellar light echoes". Nature. 422 (6930): 405–408. arXiv:astro-ph/0303513Freely accessible. Bibcode:2003Natur.422..405B. doi:10.1038/nature01508. PMID 12660776.
  2. 1 2 Britt, Robert Roy; Bond, Howard (2003-03-27). "Hubble Chronicles Mysterious Ouburst with 'Eye-Popping' Pictures". Space.com. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
  3. 1 2 "Hubble watches light echo from mysterious erupting star". European Space Agency. March 26, 2007.
  4. ↑ "Light echoes whisper the distance to a star" (Press release). European Southern Observatory. 11 February 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  5. 1 2 Semeniuk, Ivan (24 January 2008). "Supernova 'echoes' are a window to the galaxy's past". New Scientist.
  6. ↑ Oliver Krause; Masaomi Tanaka; Tomonori Usuda; Takashi Hattori; Miwa Goto; Stephan Birkmann; Ken'ichi Nomoto (October 28, 2008). "Tycho Brahe's 1572 supernova as a standard type Ia explosion revealed from its light echo spectrum". Nature. 456 (7222): 617–619. arXiv:0810.5106Freely accessible. Bibcode:2008Natur.456..617K. doi:10.1038/nature07608. PMID 19052622.
  7. ↑ Wheeler, J. Craig; Maund, Justyn R.; Couch, Sean M. (25 November 2007). "The Shape of Cas A". Astrophysical Journal. 677 (2): 1091. arXiv:0711.3925Freely accessible. Bibcode:2008ApJ...677.1091W. doi:10.1086/528366.
  8. ↑ Rest, A.; et al. (2010). "Direct Confirmation of the Asymmetry of the Cas A SN Explosion with Light Echoes". arXiv:1003.5660Freely accessible [astro-ph.SR].
  9. ↑ Sugerman, Ben; Crotts, Arlin (November 8, 2002). "Multiple Light Echoes from Supernova 1993J". The Astrophysical Journal. 581 (2): L97. arXiv:astro-ph/0207497Freely accessible. Bibcode:2002ApJ...581L..97S. doi:10.1086/346016.
  10. ↑ B.E.K. Sugerman; A.P.S. Crotts; W.E. Kunkel; S.R. Heathcote; S.S. Lawrence (February 14, 2005). "A New View of the Circumstellar Environment of SN 1987A". The Astrophysical Journal. 627 (2): 888–903. arXiv:astro-ph/0502268v1Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005ApJ...627..888S. doi:10.1086/430396.
  11. 1 2 Paul Couderc (January 1939). "Les Auréoles Lumineuses des Novae". Annales d'Astrophysique. 2: 271–302. Bibcode:1939AnAp....2..271C.
  12. 1 2 Y.K. Gulak (February 1961). "Remarks on the Explanation of the Propagation of a Light Wave around Nova Persei 1901". Soviet Astronomy. Bibcode:1961SvA.....4..653G.
  13. ↑ C.J Lintott; K. Schawinski; W. Keel; H. van Arkel; N. Bennert; E. Edmondson; D. Thomas; D.J.B. Smith; P.D. Herbert; M.J. Jarvis; S. Virani; D. Andreescu; S.P. Bamford; K. Land; P. Murray; R.C. Nichol; M.J. Raddick; A. Slosar; A. Szalay; J. Vandenberg (September 2009). "Galaxy Zoo: `Hanny's Voorwerp', a quasar light echo?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 399 (1): 129–140. arXiv:0906.5304Freely accessible. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.399..129L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15299.x.
  14. 1 2 3 W.C. Keel; W.P. Maksym; V.N. Bennert; C.J. Lintott; S.D.Chojnowski; A. Moiseev; A. Smirnova; K. Schawinski; C.M. Urry; D.A. Evans; A. Pancoast; B. Scott; C. Showley; K. Flatland (May 2015). "HST Imaging of Fading AGN Candidates. I. Host-galaxy Properties and Origin of the Extended Gas". The Astronomical Journal. 149 (5): 23. arXiv:1408.5159v2Freely accessible. Bibcode:2015AJ....149..155K. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/5/155.
  15. ↑ M. Schirmer; R. Diaz; K.Holhjem; N.A. Levenson; C. Winge. "A Sample of Seyfert-2 Galaxies with Ultraluminous Galaxy-wide Narrow-line Regions: Quasar Light Echoes?". The Astrophysical Journal. 763 (1): 19. arXiv:1211.7098v2Freely accessible. Bibcode:2013ApJ...763...60S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/763/1/60.
  16. ↑ R.L. Davies; M. Schirmer; J.E.H. Turner (May 2015). "The "Green Bean" Galaxy SDSS J224024.1--092748: Unravelling the emission signature of a quasar ionization echo". MNRAS. pp. 1731–1752. arXiv:1502.07754v2Freely accessible. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.449.1731D. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv343.
  17. ↑ M. Schirmer; S. Malhotra; N.A. Levenson; Fu H.; R.L. Davies; W.C. Keel; P. Torrey; V.N. Bennert; A. Pancoast; J.E.H. Turner. "About AGN ionization echoes, thermal echoes, and ionization deficits in low redshift Lyman-alpha blobs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv:1607.06481v1Freely accessible. Bibcode:2016arXiv160706481S.
  18. ↑ F. Schweizer; P. Seitzer; D. Kelson; E. Villanueva; G. Walth (August 2013). "The [O III] Nebula of the Merger Remnant NGC 7252: A Likely Faint Ionization Echo". The Astrophysical Journal. 773 (2): 19. arXiv:1307.2233v1Freely accessible. Bibcode:2013ApJ...773..148S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/148.
  19. ↑ P. Rincon (5 August 2008). "Teacher finds new cosmic object". BBC News. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  20. 1 2 3 Yale University (5 August 2008). "'Cosmic ghost' discovered by volunteer astronomer". Phys.org. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
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