Leiden Observatory

The second building to house the Leiden Observatory (built in 1860). This building now houses part of the law faculty. Two of the optical telescope domes can be seen on the roof.

Leiden Observatory (Sterrewacht Leiden in Dutch) is an astronomical observatory in the city of Leiden, the Netherlands. It was established by Leiden University in 1633, to house the quadrant of Rudolph Snellius, making it the oldest operating university observatory in the world, with the only older still existing observatory being the Vatican Observatory.[1][2]

The observatory was originally located on the university building in the centre of Leiden before a new observatory building and dome were constructed in the university's botanical garden in 1860. It remained there until 1974 when the department moved to the science campus north-west of the city.

A number of notable astronomers have worked or directed the observatory including Willem de Sitter, Ejnar Hertzsprung, and Jan Oort.

History

1633-1860

Drawing of Leiden Observatory in 1670, seen on top of the university building.

Leiden University established the observatory in 1633; astronomy had been on the curriculum for a long time and due to possession of a large quadrant built by Rudolph Snellius, Jacobus Golius requested an observatory in which to use it. The observatory was one of the first purpose-built observatories in Europe. Though Golius used the observatory regularly, no publications came from its use by him.[3] It is not known whether Golius had any instrumentation other than Snellius' quadrant at the observatory.[2]

In 1682 Burchardus de Volder became professor of mathematics at the university and thus took over responsibility for the observatory. During his tenure the observatory was enlarged, including a second turret to house a brass sextant which he purchased, and the rebuilding of the old turret. Both turrets had rotating roofs. Upon retiring in 1705 de Volder handed over a catalogue of instruments which showed that the observatory owned two other quadrants, a 12-foot telescope, two objectives, and several smaller telescopes. For the next two years Lotharius Zumbach de Coesfeld ran the observatory until his appointment as professor of mathematics in Kassel in 1708. Between then and 1717 the observatory went without a director until Willem 's Gravesande was appointed director. During his time at the observatory, 's Gravesande purchase a number of new instruments including new telescopes and tools, before his death in 1742.[2]

's Gravesande's successor was Johan Lulofs who used the observatory to observe Halley's comet in 1759 and solar transits of Mercury in 1743 and 1753 and Venus in 1761. In November 1768 when Lulofs died, Dionysius van de Wijnpersse took over responsibility for the observatory until Pieter Nieuwland became its director in 1793 for a year until he died in 1794. For a number of years the curators attempted to find a suitable astronomer to look after the observatory, eventually employing Jan Frederik van Beeck Calkoen in 1799, who left in 1805.[2]

In 1817 the observatory towers were pulled down and rebuilt. Frederik Kaiser was appointed lecturer of astronomy and director of the observatory in 1837, and again renovated the observatory, providing the towers with rotatable roofs with full shutters, and reinforcing the north-western tower. Kaiser also acquired a number of new instruments and telescopes with which he made observations including that of comets, planets, and binary stars.[2]

As a result of the increased interest in astronomy brought about due to Kaiser's popular writings and teachings, a commission was founded in 1853 to fund a new observatory.[2] From 1859 to 1909 the Netherlands civil time was set according to the local civil time at the observatory; communicated using the telegraphic network.[4]

In the early 19th Century the observatory formed a research agreement with Union Observatory to allow researchers use of both facilities. The first visitor from Leiden was Ejnar Hertzsprung. The collaboration lasted until 1972.[5]

1860-present

Leiden Observatory in 1861 from the north-west direction.

By 1860 the new observatory building was completed. The new building was constructed in a quiet side of the city inside the university’s botanical gardens. It consisted of a number of offices, living quarters for astronomers, and a number of observing domes containing telescopes. In 1873 two new rooms were added to the building in order to house the tools required to verify nautical instruments; tools used to test compasses, sextants and other instruments. Two of the domes were rebuilt, one in 1875 and the other in 1889.[2]

More new buildings were constructed before the end of the 19th century including the Western tower in 1878, one to the East in 1898, and another small building to house a gas engine in the same year (used for electricity until the observatory was connected to the city grid). In 1896 the observatory purchased their first photographic telescope, with a dome being built to house it between then and 1898.[2]

The astronomy department moved to the science campus north-west of the city centre in 1974.[6] Although professional astronomical observations are no longer carried out from Leiden itself, the department still calls itself Leiden Observatory.

Directors

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Term Director
1633 – 1667[2] Jacobus Golius
1668 – 1681[2] Christiaan Melder
1682 – 1705[2] Burchardus de Volder
1705 – 1708[2] Lotharius Zumbach de Coesfeld
1717 – 1742[2] Willem Jacob Gravesande
1742 – 1768[2] Johan Lulofs
1768 – 1793[2] Dionysius van de Wijnpersse
1793 – 1794[2] Pieter Nieuwland
1799 – 1805[2] Jan Frederik van Beeck Calkoen
1811 – 1826[2] Cornelus Ekama
1826 – 1837[2] Pieter Uijlenbroek
1837 – 1872[7] Frederik Kaiser
1872 – 1908[8] H. G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen
1908 – 1918[9] E. F. van de Sande Bakhuyzen
1918 – 1934[7] Willem de Sitter
1934 – 1945[7] Ejnar Hertzsprung
1945 – 1970[7] Jan Oort
1996 – 2003[10] George K Miley
2012 – Present[11] Huub Röttgering

See also

References

  1. ↑ Deborah Todd, Joseph A. Angelo (2009). A to Z of Scientists in Space and Astronomy. Infobase Publishing. p. 262. ISBN 1438109237. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 W. de Sitter (1933). Short History of the Observatory of the University at Leiden 1633-1933. Joh. Enschede en Zonen, Haarlem.
  3. ↑ Prögler, Daniela (2014). English Students at Leiden University, 1575-1650. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 1409484041. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  4. ↑ Henriette Hertzsprung-Kapteyn (1928). "J.C. Kapteyn: His life and his works" (PDF). p. 46. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  5. ↑ Piet C. van der Kruit, Klaas van Berkel (2001). The Legacy of J.C. Kapteyn. Springer. p. 125. ISBN 1402003749. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  6. ↑ van Gent, Robert. "Historical Telescopes in the Netherlands". Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Schmadel, Lutz (2012). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer. pp. 129–130. ISBN 3642297188. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  8. ↑ Leen Dorsman, Peter Jan Knegtmans (2009). Over de grens: internationale contacten aan Nederlandse universiteiten sedert 1876. Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 55. ISBN 9087041365. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  9. ↑ David Baneke (2010). "Leiden Observatory Archives, E.F. van de Sande Bakhuyzen Archive (EB)" (PDF). Leiden Observatory.
  10. ↑ Cluskey, Peter (30 March 2012). "Dutch honour for retired Irish-born astronomer who ran Leiden Observatory". The Irish Times. via HighBeam (subscription required). Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  11. ↑ "ERC Advanced Grant for astronomer Huub Röttgering". 20 December 2012.
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Coordinates: 52°09′18″N 4°29′06″E / 52.15500°N 4.48500°E / 52.15500; 4.48500

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