Lane departure warning system

Straight-ahead view of highway, approaching an overpass
Roadway with lane markings

In road-transport terminology, a lane departure warning system is a mechanism designed to warn the driver when the vehicle begins to move out of its lane (unless a turn signal is on in that direction) on freeways and arterial roads. These systems are designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driver error, distractions and drowsiness. In 2009 the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) began studying whether to mandate lane departure warning systems and frontal collision warning systems on automobiles.[1]

Types

There are two main types of systems:

The first production lane departure warning system in Europe was developed by the United States company Iteris for Mercedes Actros commercial trucks. The system debuted in 2000, and is now available on most trucks sold in Europe.[2]

In 2002, the Iteris system became available on Freightliner Trucks' North American vehicles. In both these systems, the driver is warned of unintentional lane departures by an audible rumble strip sound generated on the side of the vehicle drifting out of the lane. No warnings are generated if, before crossing the lane, an active turn signal is given by the driver.

Sensor types

Lane assist camera of VW Golf
The PCB and camera sensor from a Hyundai Lane Guidance camera module.

Lane warning/keeping systems are based on:

Timeline of available systems

1992
Mitsubishi Motors began offering a camera-assisted lane-keeping support system on the Mitsubishi Debonair sold in Japan.
2001
Nissan Motors began offering a lane-keeping support system on the Cima sold in Japan.[4]
2002
Toyota introduced its Lane Monitoring System[5] on models such as the Cardina[6] and Alphard[7] sold in Japan; this system warns the driver if it appears the vehicle is beginning to drift out of its lane.[8]
2003
Honda launched its Lane Keep Assist System (LKAS) on the Inspire.[9][10] It provides up to 80% of steering torque to keep the car in its lane on the highway. It is also designed to make highway driving less cumbersome, by minimizing the driver's steering input.[11] A camera, mounted at the top of the windshield just above the rear-view mirror, scans the road ahead in a 40-degree radius, picking up the dotted white lines used to divide lane boundaries on the highway. The computer recognizes that the driver is "locked into" a particular lane, monitors how sharp a curve is and uses factors such as yaw and vehicle speed to calculate the steering input required.[12]
2004
In 2004, the first passenger-vehicle system available in North America was jointly developed by Iteris and Valeo for Nissan on the Infiniti FX and (in 2005) the M vehicles.[13] In this system, a camera (mounted in the overhead console above the mirror) monitors the lane markings on a roadway. A warning tone is triggered to alert the driver when the vehicle begins to drift over the markings. Also in 2004, Toyota added a Lane Keeping Assist feature to the Crown Majesta which can apply a small counter-steering force to aid in keeping the vehicle in its lane.[14]
2005
Citroën became the first in Europe to offer LDWS on its 2005 C4 and C5 models, and its C6. This system uses infrared sensors to monitor lane markings on the road surface, and a vibration mechanism in the seat alerts the driver of deviations.[3]
2006
Lexus introduced a multi-mode Lane Keeping Assist system on the LS 460, which utilizes stereo cameras and more sophisticated object- and pattern-recognition processors. This system can issue an audiovisual warning and also (using the Electric Power Steering or EPS) steer the vehicle to hold its lane. It also applies counter-steering torque to help ensure the driver does not over-correct or "saw" the steering wheel while attempting to return the vehicle to its proper lane.[15] If the radar cruise control system is engaged, the Lane Keep function works to help reduce the driver's steering-input burden by providing steering torque; however, the driver must remain active or the system will deactivate.[16][17]
2007
In 2007, Audi began offering its Audi Lane Assist feature[18] for the first time on the Q7. This system, unlike the Japanese "assist" systems, will not intervene in actual driving; rather, it will vibrate the steering wheel if the vehicle appears to be exiting its lane. The LDW System in Audi is based on a forward-looking video-camera in its visible range, instead of the downward-looking infrared sensors in the Citroën.[19] Also in 2007, Infiniti offered a newer version of its 2004 system, which it called the Lane Departure Prevention (LDP) system. This feature utilizes the vehicle stability control system to help assist the driver maintain lane position by applying gentle brake pressure on the appropriate wheels.[20]
2008
General Motors introduced Lane Departure Warning on its 2008 model-year Cadillac STS, DTS and Buick Lucerne models. The General Motors system warns the driver with an audible tone and a warning indicator on the dashboard. BMW also introduced Lane Departure Warning on the 5 series and 6 series, using a vibrating steering wheel to warn the driver of unintended departures. In late 2013 BMW updated the system with Traffic Jam Assistant appearing first on the redesigned X5, this system works below 25 mph. Volvo introduced the Lane Departure Warning system and the Driver Alert Control on its 2008 model-year S80, the V70 and XC70 executive cars.[21] Volvo's lane departure warning system uses a camera to track road markings and sound an alarm when drivers depart their lane without signaling. The systems used by BMW, Volvo and General Motors are based on core technology from Mobileye.
2009
Mercedes-Benz began offering a Lane Keeping Assist function on the new E-class.[22] This system warns the driver (with a steering-wheel vibration) if it appears the vehicle is beginning to leave its lane. Another feature will automatically deactivate and reactivate if it ascertains the driver is intentionally leaving his lane (for instance, aggressively cornering). A newer version will use the braking system to assist in maintaining the vehicle's lane.
2010
Kia Motors offered the 2011 Cadenza premium sedan with an optional Lane Departure Warning System (LDWS) in limited markets. This system uses a flashing dashboard icon and emits an audible warning when a white lane marking is being crossed, and emits a louder audible warning when a yellow-line marking is crossed. This system is canceled when a turn signal is operating, or by pressing a deactivation switch on the dashboard; it works by using an optical sensor on both sides of the car.
2013
Mercedes began Distronic Plus with Steering Assist and Stop&Go Pilot on the redesigned S-class in 2013.

Fiat is also launching its Lane Keep Assist feature based on TRW's lane keeping assist system (also known as the Haptic Lane Feedback system). This system integrates the lane-detection camera with TRW's electric power-steering system; when an unintended lane departure is detected (the turn signal is not engaged to indicate the driver's desire to change lanes), the electric power-steering system will introduce a gentle torque that will help guide the driver back toward the center of the lane. Introduced on the Lancia Delta in 2008, this system earned the Italian Automotive Technical Association's Best Automotive Innovation of the Year Award for 2008. Peugeot introduced the same system as Citroën in its new 308.

Lane departure warning systems combine prevention with risk reports in the transportation industry. Viewnyx applies video-based technology to assist fleets in lowering their driving liability costs. By providing safety managers with driver- and fleet-risk assessment reports and tools, it facilitates proactive coaching and training to eliminate high-risk behaviors. The Lookout Solution is used by North American fleets, and there is research on implementing a lane departure warning system via a mobile phone.[23]

Lane Keeping

Lane Keeping Assist is a feature that in addition to Lane Departure Warning System automatically take steps to ensure the vehicle stays in its lane. Some vehicles combine adaptive cruise control with lane keeping systems to provide additional safety.

While the combination of these features creates a semi-autonomous vehicle, most require the driver to remain in control of the vehicle while it is in use. This is because of the limitations associated with the lane-keeping feature.[24]

A lane keeping assist mechanism can either reactively turn a vehicle back into the lane if it starts to leave or proactively keep the vehicle in the center of the lane. Vehicle companies often use the term "Lane Keep(ing) Assist" to refer to both reactive Lane Keep Assist (LKA) and proactive Lane Centering Assist (LCA) but the terms are beginning to be differentiated.[25]

Vehicles

Requires driver control while vehicle is in use, but adjusts steering if vehicle detects itself drifting out of lane:

Year Make Model Style[25]
2013 Ford Explorer[26]
Fusion [27]
Lincoln MKS[28]
MKZ[29]
Toyota Prius[30]
2014 Acura RLX[31]
MDX[32]
Ford Explorer[33]
Fusion[34]
Taurus[35]
Infiniti Q50[36] LCA
Lincoln MKS[37]
MKT[38]
MKZ[39]
Mercedes E-Class[40]
S-Class
Toyota Prius[41]
2015 Acura TLX[42] LCA
MDX[43] LCA
Audi A3[44] LCA
A6[45] LCA
TT[46] LCA
Cadillac ATS[47]
Chrysler 200[48]
300[49]
Dodge Charger[50]
Ford Edge[51] LKA
Explorer[52] LKA
Galaxy III[53]
F-150[54] LKA
Fusion[55] LKA
Taurus[56] LKA
Honda CR-V[57] LCA
Hyundai Genesis[58] LCA
i40[59] LCA
Lincoln MKC[60] LKA
MKS[61] LKA
MKT[62] LKA
MKZ[63] LKA
Mazda Mazda6[64] LKA
Mazda CX-5[65] LKA
Mercedes Sprinter[66]
Škoda Octavia III[67] LKA
Toyota Prius[68]
Volvo XC90 II LKA

List shows up to 2015 model year. This feature became more widespread since.

Allows unassisted driving under limited conditions

Year Make Model Features
2014 Tesla Model S Part of the autopilot system released in 2015, retroactively added by software upgrade to capable 2014 vehicles. This combines automatic lane change (after signal is applied), adaptive cruise control, and sign recognition to regulate speed and location.[69]
2014-2017 Infiniti Q50 Available fly-by-wire (Direct Adaptive Steering) autonomous steering, lane keeping (Lane Assist ), (Inteligent Cruise control )adaptive cruise control, and Predictive Forward Collision Warning system
2015 Mercedes C-Class, E-Class, S-Class autonomous steering, lane keeping, adaptive cruise control, parking, and accident avoidance. Semi-autonomous traffic assistant for speeds up to 37 miles per hour.[70]
Tesla Model S, Model X Part of the autopilot system released in 2015. This combines automatic lane change (after signal is applied), adaptive cruise control, and sign recognition to regulate speed and location.[69]
Volkswagen Passat Part of the driver assistance pack plus in the new VW Passat B8. It contains a traffic jam assist which is active up to 37 miles per hour. This system steers, brakes and accelerates. Another part is the emergency assist which takes complete control over the vehicle when the driver does not react anymore. The vehicle is brought autonomously to a complete stop without any driver intervention. Not offered in the North American market Passat.
Volvo XC90 II Part of the Pilot Assist system. The system is active up to 31 mph and steers, brakes and accelerates the car on its own.[71] It relies on the adaptive cruise control sensing a car in front and clear lane markings to be present.
2016 Volvo S90 II,[72] V90 II,
XC90 II		 Part of the Pilot Assist II[73] system. The system is active up to 81 mph[74] and steers, brakes and accelerates the car on its own without needing a car which to follow.[75] The driver is required to confirm his presence in regular intervals for the system to stay active.
Audi A4 Semi-autonomous traffic assistant marketed as "Traffic Jam Assist" offered as an option.

Limitations

Lane Departure Warning Systems and Lane Keeping Systems rely on visible lane markings. They typically cannot decipher faded, missing, or incorrect lane markings. Markings covered in snow or old lane markings left visible can hinder the ability of the system.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.detnews.com/article/20090702/AUTO01/907020346/1148/auto01/NHTSA+may+impose+more+safety+features
  2. ↑ http://usedsemitrailers.com/lane-departure-warning-system/
  3. 1 2 "Avoiding accidents". PSA Peugeot Citroën.
  4. ↑ Nissan Demos New Lane Keeping Products (02/01)
  5. ↑ http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/tech/its/vision/history.html
  6. ↑ Toyota Cardina Main Page
  7. ↑ http://www.toyota-global.com/company/history_of_toyota/75years/data/automotive_business/products_technology/technology_development/electronics_parts/index.html
  8. ↑ Toyota Alphard Hybrid Van (Available in Japan)
  9. ↑ Honda Worldwide | World News | News Release | June 18, 2003
  10. ↑ The New Honda Legend (Acura RL)
  11. ↑ Honda's lane-watching cruise control | Car Features | 4car | channel4.com
  12. ↑ "Accord 2006 - Full Briefing" (PDF). Honda UK. 2006.
  13. ↑ "Valeo's revolutionary Lane Departure Warning System makes debut on Nissan Infiniti vehicles" (PDF) (Press release). Valeo. 2004-03-31.
  14. ↑ LKA - Safetytoyota.com
  15. ↑ "Lexus LS 460 safety features". Lexus.co.uk. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
  16. ↑ LEXUS
  17. ↑ YouTube Lane Keep demonstration Retrieved 2011-08-09.
  18. ↑ The Audi Q7 4.2 TDI
  19. ↑ Audi allroad quattro concept
  20. ↑ "The 2008 Infiniti Lineup - Charting the Changes" (Press release). Nissan. 2007-07-28.
  21. ↑ https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/12130
  22. ↑ Lane Keeping Assist: Steering wheel vibrates to warn the driver if the car leaves its lane unintentionally | Daimler Global Media Site > Mercedes-Benz Cars > Mercedes-Benz P. ...
  23. ↑ "Lane Detection on the iPhone" Retrieved 2011-08-09.
  24. 1 2 Gary Richards (6 March 2014). "Roadshow: Driverless cars will alert motorists to missing lane markings". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  25. 1 2 "Lateral Support (LDW / LKA / LCA)". http://www.trw.com/. TRW Cognitive Safety Systems. Retrieved 2 February 2015. External link in |website= (help)
  26. ↑ Nick Chambers. "2013 Ford Fusion Will Get Smart About Lane Drift Warning". Auto Trader. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  27. ↑ "Technology in the 2013 Ford Explorer May be Better than a Cup of Coffee". 28 October 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  28. ↑ "Technology: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  29. ↑ "Technology: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  30. ↑ "Prius 2013" (PDF). Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  31. ↑ "Lane Keeping Assist System". Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  32. ↑ "Lane Keeping Assist System". Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  33. ↑ "Smart: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  34. ↑ "Technology: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  35. ↑ "Technology: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  36. ↑ "Technology: Lane Departure Prevention". Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  37. ↑ "Technology: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  38. ↑ "Technology: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  39. ↑ "Technology: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  40. ↑ "Autonomous Driving Test of the Mercedes E500/E550 Cabriolet -- A Self Driving Convertible!". Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  41. ↑ "Prius 2014" (PDF). Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  42. ↑ "2015 Acura TLX to Debut at the 2014 New York International Auto Show". Acura. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  43. ↑ "Lane Keeping Assist System". Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  44. ↑ "Active Lane Assist". Euro NCAP. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  45. ↑ "Audi A6 Gets Top Rating For Crash Safety". PRNewswire. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  46. ↑ Aaron Bragman (5 March 2014). "2015 Audi TT and TTS at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show". cars.com. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  47. ↑ "Driver Awareness Package". Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  48. ↑ "Chrysler 200". Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  49. ↑ "Chrysler 200". Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  50. ↑ "NEW YORK AUTO SHOW: FULL Info On The 2015 Dodge Charger PLUS The BEST Photos Of Its NEW Face". Auto Spies. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  51. ↑ "2015 Ford Edge". Ford. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  52. ↑ "Smart: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  53. ↑ "Lane keeping system". Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  54. ↑ "2015 F-150". Ford. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  55. ↑ "Technology: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  56. ↑ "Technology: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  57. ↑ "Lane Keeping Assist System". Honda. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  58. ↑ "The Blind Test Drive". Hyundai. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
  59. ↑ "Hyundai i40". Hyundai. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
  60. ↑ "Smart: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  61. ↑ "Smart: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  62. ↑ "Smart: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  63. ↑ "Smart: Lane-Keeping System". Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  64. ↑ "The Revised Mazda6 Goes On Sale Early 2015". Carpages. 2 December 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
  65. ↑ "Mazda launching 2015 Mazda6 and 2015 Mazda CX-5".
  66. ↑ "2015 Sprinter 4x4 Gives New Meaning to Van Traction". PRNewswire. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  67. ↑ "ŠKODA Octavia - Assistants". Škoda. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  68. ↑ "Prius 2015" (PDF). Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  69. 1 2 The Tesla Motors Team (10 October 2014). "Dual Motor Model S and Autopilot". Tesla Motors. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  70. ↑ Sarah Jacobsson Purewal (13 January 2014). "2015 Mercedes C-Class gets semi-autonomous braking, distancing, and parking". Tech Hive. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  71. ↑ http://support.volvocars.com/de/cars/Pages/owners-manual.aspx?mc=v526&my=2016&sw=15w46&article=548956727ac6edfbc0a80151522a4edc
  72. ↑ https://www.media.volvocars.com/us/en-us/media/pressreleases/172317/volvo-car-usa-makes-semi-autonomous-driving-features-standard-on-all-new-volvo-s90-sedan
  73. ↑ https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/175764/volvo-cars-announces-range-of-updates-for-model-year-2017
  74. ↑ http://www.gizmag.com/volvo-autonomous-driving-xc90-pilot-assist/42075/
  75. ↑ https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressreleases/170061/volvo-cars-stakes-its-claim-in-the-premium-sedan-segment-with-the-long-awaited-s90
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