Chilika Lake

Chilika Lake

Fishermen pushing against the tide
Coordinates 19°43′N 85°19′E / 19.717°N 85.317°E / 19.717; 85.317Coordinates: 19°43′N 85°19′E / 19.717°N 85.317°E / 19.717; 85.317
Lake type Brackish
Primary inflows 52 streams including the Bhargavi, Daya, Makra, Malaguni and Luna rivers[1]
Primary outflows old mouth at Arakhakuda, new mouth at Satapada to Bay of Bengal
Catchment area 3,560 km2 (1,370 sq mi)
Basin countries India
Max. length 64.3 km (40.0 mi)
Surface area min.: 900 km2 (347 sq mi)
max.: 1,165 km2 (450 sq mi)
Max. depth 4.2 m (13.8 ft)
Water volume 4 km3 (3,200,000 acre·ft)
Surface elevation 0 – 2 m (6.6 ft)
Islands 223 km2 (86 sq mi):
Badakuda, Breakfast, Honeymoon, Kalijai Hill,Birds Island, Kanthapantha, Krushnaprasadrah (Old Parikuda), Nalabana, Nuapara, Somolo and Sanakuda.
Settlements Puri and Satpara
References [1][2]
Designated 1 October 1981
Golabai Sasan excavation site

Chilika lake is a brackish water lagoon, spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Odisha state on the east coast of India, at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 km2. It is the largest coastal lagoon in India and the second largest lagoon in the world[3][4] after The New Caledonian barrier reef in New Caledonia.[5]

It is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian sub-continent. The lake is home to a number of threatened species of plants and animals.[6][7]

The lake is an ecosystem with large fishery resources. It sustains more than 150,000 fisher–folk living in 132 villages on the shore and islands.[8][9]

The lagoon hosts over 160 species of birds in the peak migratory season. Birds from as far as the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, Aral Sea and other remote parts of Russia, Kirghiz steppes of Mongolia, Central and southeast Asia, Ladakh and Himalayas come here. These birds travel great distances; migratory birds probably follow much longer routes than the straight lines, possibly up to 12,000 km, to reach Chilika Lake.

In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the first Indian wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.[10][11]

According to a survey, 45 percent of the birds are terrestrial in nature, 32 percent are waterfowl, and 23 percent are waders. The lagoon is also home to 14 types of raptors. Around 152 rare and endangered Irrawaddy dolphins have also been reported. Plus, the lagoon supports about 37 species of reptiles and amphibians.[12]

The highly productive chilika lagoon eco-system with its rich fishery resources sustains the livelihood for many fisher men who live in and near the Lagoon. The water spread area of the Lagoon ranges between 1165 and 906 km2 during the monsoon and summer respectively. A 32 km long, narrow, outer channel connects the lagoon to the Bay of Bengal, near the village Motto. More recently a new mouth has been opened by CDA which has brought a new lease of life to the lagoon.

Microalgae, marine seaweeds, sea grasses, fishes and crabs also flourish in the brackish water of the Chilika Lagoon.

History

Geological evidence indicates that Chilika Lake was part of the Bay of Bengal during the later stages of the Pleistocene period (1.8 million to 10,000 years BP).

Excavations were conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India at Golabai Sasan (20°1′7″N 85°32′54″E / 20.01861°N 85.54833°E / 20.01861; 85.54833) just north of Chilika lake in Khurdha district.[13] Golabai provides evidence of a sequence of Chilika area culture in three phases: Neolithic (c. 1600 BCE), Chalcolithic (c. 1400 BCE to c. 900 BCE) and Iron Age (c. 900 BCE to c. 800 BCE). Radiocarbon dating traced the earliest level of Golbai to 2300 BCE. The site is located on the left bank of the Malaguni River, a tributary of the Daya River, which flows into Chilika Lake. This location, which gave access to the sea via Chilika Lake, gives strong evidence of the maritime activities of this region. The recovery of many woodworking adzes and other artifacts shows that Golabai was a boat-building centre. Significantly, Golabai is the only excavated site in Odisha where boat building has been revealed. This also indicates that Chilika lake was very close to Golabai and it facilitated the maritime trade of people in the area during the ancient period.[14]

Some ancient texts say the southern sector of Chilika was a major harbour for maritime commerce, when Kharavela (IAST: Khāravela, Devanagari: खारवेल, Odia: ଖାରବେଳ) (c. 209 BCE–after 170 BCE), the King of Kalinga, was known as the "Lord of the Sea".[15]

Ptolemy (150 CE), the Greek geographer, referred to Palur as the port Paloura, located close to the point of departure situated outside of the southern tip of the lake at Kantiagarh, from where ships bound for different parts of Southeast Asia sailed. After 639, the Chinese pilgrims Fa-Hien and Hiuen-Tsang mention a famous port "Che-li-ta-loChing" near the shore of the ocean which was a thoroughfare and resting place for seagoing traders and strangers from distant lands. This port was located at ‘Chhatragarh’ on the banks of Chilika Lake.[14]

A fourth century legend, often told to explain the birth of Chilika, states that the pirate king, Raktabahhu, planned to attack Puri with a huge fleet of ships. To avoid detection, he stealthily anchored out of sight, off the mouth to the sea. The deception was revealed by ships' refuse floating to the shore, thus warning the town's people, who escaped with all their possessions. Raktabahu felt betrayed when he found an abandoned town and directed his fury towards the sea that had betrayed him. The sea parted to let the army march in, then surged back, drowned the army and formed the present lake.[2]

Archeological excavations discovered Seventh century ship anchors and stone memoirs dedicated to battle heroes at a village named Kanas, about 25 km (16 mi) north of Chilika on the banks of Nuna river, which flows into the lake. This gives evidence of an historic naval engagement off the coast.

A 10th-century text, the Brahmanda Purana, mentions Chilika Lake as an important centre of trade and commerce, and a shelter for ships sailing to Java, Malaya, Singhala, China and other countries. This suggests that the lake was then deep enough for berthing seagoing ships and had a channel to the sea big enough for loaded trading ships embarking to Southeast Asia.[16][17][18] The villagers around Chilika Lake still observe an annual festival called "Bali Yatra" (Journey to Bali).

In 1803, the British entered the shores of the lake, reached Puri and occupied Odisha with the help of Fateh Muhammed. Fateh Muhammed in turn was rewarded by the British with freehold of the areas of Malud and Parikud, of the present day Garh Krishnaprasad revenue block.[15]

Over the years, poets including Kabibar Radhanath Ray and Pandit Godavarish Mishra, freedom fighters and Saints have extolled historicity of the lake as pertinent to its cultural, spiritual, religious and scenic aspects.[15][16]

"Gopabandhu Das, a famous Odiya poet, became impatient to see the beauty of the march of colorful sights and sounds of Chilika lagoon while going by train. He asked the speeding train to stop for a moment so that he could enjoy the beauty. It is because of the beauty that arrests him much".[19]

Geology

The lake is of estuarine character in an ephemeral environment. Geological studies indicate that the coastline extended along the western shores of the lake in the Pleistocene era with its northeastern region lying under the sea. That the coastline has moved eastward over the ages is supported by the fact that the nearby Konarak Sun Temple, built originally on the seashore a few hundred years ago, is now about 3 km (2 mi), away from the coast.

The catchment area of Chilika lake has a rock, sand and mud substratum. It contains a wide range of sedimentary particles such as clay, silt, sand, gravel and shell banks but the major part of the catchment area is silt. Around 1.6 million metric tons per year of sediment is deposited in Chilika lake by rivers Daya and several streams.[19]

It is conjectured that a rise in worldwide sea levels over the last 6,000–8,000 years occurred with a pause in the rise of sea level about 7,000 years ago, which could have resulted in the formation of a sandy beach near the coast at the Southern sector. With rise in the sea level, the sand beach grew gradually, progressed seaward to the northeast and formed the spit of Chilika. A fossil unearthed from the southwestern edge of the spit indicates that the lake was formed about 3,500–4,000 years ago. The abrupt change in the direction of the coast north of the lake, strong winds shifting sand to the shore, long shore drift (littoral drift), the presence or absence of strong river and tidal currents in different areas are the reasons attributed for the growth of the spit.[15]

White bands of coral in the southern sector, at a height of 8 m (26 ft), above the present water level, shows that the area was once marine and that the water was much deeper than present.[15] The chronological development of the outer barrier spit of the lake has been dated by Optically stimulated luminescence studies of minerals. This was done on sixteen samples of the lake bed. The studies indicated doses of between 153 ± 3 mGy and 2.23 ± 0.07 Gy, corresponding to ages from 40 years at the top of the spit to 300 years at the bottom. The youngest ages are consistent with the age of the overlying vegetation. A clearly defined period of >2.5 miles (4.0 km) of barrier construction 40 years ago is identified. Prior to that the deposition rate was relatively constant for 300 years.'"[20]

Geography and topography

Map of Chilika Lake showing Nalaban Island, Chilika Bird Sanctuary, Dolphin Sanctuary, Puri town and Malud peninsula.

Chilika Lake is a shallow bar-built estuary with large areas of mudflats. The western and southern margins of the lake are fringed by the Eastern Ghats hill range.[18]

Several inland rivers, which bring silt into the lake, control the northern end of the lake. A 60 km (37 mi) long barrier beach called Rejhansa,[21] formed by northerly currents in the Bay of Bengal, resulted in the formation of this shallow lake and forms its eastern side. As an ephemeral lake, it's water surface area varies from 1,165 km2 (449.8 sq mi) in the summer monsoon season to 906 km2 (349.8 sq mi) in the winter dry season.

Chilika Lake-central & west
1958 Topographic map, 1:250,000
Chilika Lake-east end

The lake has numerous islands. The larger islands, separated by shallow channels, lie between the barrier and the main body of the lake. A total 42 km2 (16 sq mi) of channels connect the lake with Bay of Bengal.[16] The six major islands are Parikud, Phulbari, Berahpura, Nuapara, Nalbana, and Tampara. These islands, together with the Peninsula of Malud, constitute the Krishnaprasad Revenue Block of Puri District.[4][9]

The north shore of the lake is part of Khordha District and the western shore is part of Ganjam District. Due to siltation, the width of the barrier has fluctuated and the mouth to the sea has periodically been closed. The location of the mouth has also frequently shifted, generally towards the northeast. The mouth, which was 1.5 km (0.9 mi) wide in 1780, was only .75 km (0.5 mi) forty years later. The local fishermen, to maintain their livelihood, had to cut open the mouth regularly to gain access to the sea for fishing.[15]

Water depth of the lake varies from 0.9 ft (0.3 m) to 2.6 ft (0.8 m) in the dry season to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) to 4.2 m (13.8 ft) in the rainy season. The width of the old channel to the sea, now reported to be about 100 m (328.1 ft), is known as Magarmukha (Mouth of the Crocodile). The lake is divided into four separate zones namely, the southern, central, northern sectors and the outer channel area. A 32 km (19.9 mi) long outer channel connects the lake with the Bay of Bengal at Arakhuda village. The lake is vaguely pear shaped and has a maximum length of 64.3 km (40.0 mi) with a mean width of 20.1 km (12.5 mi).[4][22]

Hydrology

Chilika Lake
Mahanadi River at Cuttack as it trifurcates with one arm feeding the Chilika Lake

Three hydrological subsystems control the Hydrology of the lake. The land based system comprises distributaries of the Mahanadi River on the northern side, 52 river channels from the western side and the Bay of Bengal on the eastern side. Two of the three southern branches of the Mahanadi River that trifurcates at Cuttack, feed the lake. 61% (850 cubic metres per second (30,000 cu ft/s)) of the total fresh water inflow into the lake is contributed by these two branches.

The second drainage system which is non–perennial accounts for 39% (536 cubic metres per second (18,900 cu ft/s)). The important rivers of this drainage system are the Kansari, the Kusumi, the Janjira and the Tarimi rivers. The annual total surface freshwater input to the lake is estimated to 1.76 cubic kilometres (1,430,000 acre·ft) including direct precipitation over the lake contributing 0.87 cubic kilometres (710,000 acre·ft) All the inland river systems disgorge an annual flow of about 0.375 million cubic metres (304 acre·ft) of freshwater which is estimated to carry 13 million metric tons of silt into the lake. On the north east a channel connects the lake to the Bay of Bengal.

A tropical monsoon climate prevails over the drainage basin area of the lake. The lake experiences South–west and North-east monsoons during June to September and November to December respectively with average annual rainfall of 1,238.8 mm (48.77 in), with 72 rainy days. The maximum temperature of 39.9 °C (103.8 °F) and minimum temperature of 14 °C (57.2 °F) have been recorded. The wind speed varies from 5.3 to 16 metres (17 to 52 ft)/hour with southerly and southwesterly direction due to the influence of the South–west monsoon and from north and north easterly direction during the rest of the months.[6]

Water and sediment quality

The Chilika Development Authority (CDA) established an organized system of water quality measurements and limnological investigations indicating the following physico–chemical characteristics of the lake waters.[6]

Sedimentation

Adverse tidal exchange occurred due to the littoral drift along the coast line causing flow reduction and shifting of the lake mouth every year. Estimated sediment transport due to this is on the order of 100,000 metric tons. This adverse effect needed ameliorative actions.[22]

Sediment cores were collected from different locations of the lake. The result indicated spatial variation of sedimentation rate in three zones of the lake of 7.6 millimetres (0.30 in)/year (Northern Sector), 8.0 millimetres (0.31 in)/year (Central Sector) and 2.8 millimetres (0.11 in)/year (SouthernSector). The non–uniform sedimentation rate along with the porosity and water content of the sediment cores were also analysed which indicated the lake had different deposition zones, with comparatively higher sedimentation rate in Northern and Central Sector and a slow rate in the Southern Sector.[23]

Conservation — threats and management

Chilika Lake

In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the first Indian wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention due to its rich biodiversity as shown by the facts that:

Threats

Over the years, the ecosystem of the lake encountered several problems and threats such as:

The rapid expansion of commercial aquaculture of prawn has contributed significantly to the decline of the lakes fisheries and bird population.[24]

Concerted action was initiated by the Odisha State Government with support from the Government of India to adopt adaptive conservation and management actions.[7][22]

By 1993, the problems in Chilika were so severe that the lake was put under "The Montreux Record" as the lake was considered to have "undergone, to be undergoing, or to be likely to undergo change in its ecological character brought about by human action". The purpose was to stimulate remedial measures for the lake's conservation, supplemented with adequate monitoring. It was expected that such an action would benefit from the advice from Ramsar Advisory Mission and other identified technical assistance programmes.

In summary, siltation from upstream led to shrinkage of the water surface area, decrease of salinity and prolific growth of invasive fresh water aquatic weed infestation, all of which had a serious negative impact on habitat of wildlife and fishery resources.[19]

Chilika Development Authority (CDA)

In 1992, the Government of Odisha, concerned by the degradation of the lake's ecosystem and cognizant of significant numbers of people who were dependent upon the lake's resources, set up the Chilika Development Authority (CDA). The CDA was set up for restoration and overall development of the lake under the Indian Societies Registration Act as a parastatal body under the administrative jurisdiction of the Forest and Environment Department, with the following charter:

The governing body of the Authority is headed by the Chief Minister of Odisha State and has people's representatives (Members of Parliament and Legislative Assembly), representatives of the fisherfolk communities and secretaries of the key departments, experts and eminent scientists as its members.

In 1998, an executive committee constituted with financial authority, supplemented with financial support from the Tenth and Eleventh Finance Commissions of the Government of India, gave support to the management initiatives taken up by CDA. This facilitated a coordinated approach to plan and implement effective ameliorative management actions.

An Integrated Management Plan was implemented with financial support of Rs 570 million (US$12.7 million) out of "special problem grants" recommended by the Finance Commissions. Hydrobiological monitoring was supported under the Odisha Water Resources Consolidation Project of the World Bank, to the extent of Rs 10 million (US$220,000). A strong support network was created with 7 state government organizations, 33 NGOs, 3 national government ministries, 6 other organizations, 11 international organizations, 13 research institutions and 55 different categories of community groups.[22]

In 2003, collaboration of Indian and Japanese experts led to a friendly relationship between Chilika lake and Saroma Lake in Japan called Sister Wetlands.[19]

Ameliorative actions

Considering the threats faced by the lake, the National Wetlands, Mangroves and Coral Reefs Committee of the Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, also identified the lake as a priority site for conservation and management.[6] The ameliorative actions taken by the CDA to restore the ecosystem and to improve the socio-economic conditions of the communities living around the lake and on its islands involved the following.

Chilika Sea mouth

The most effective ameliorative action was the hydrological intervention of opening the new lake mouth and channel to the sea through the barrier beach at Satapura. This improved the spatial and temporal salinity gradients of the lake to maintain the unique characteristics of an estuarine eco-system. This intervention was undertaken after detailed scientific studies, including 3-dimensional mathematical modeling and hydraulics studies on a model prototype, were carried out by the Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune and National Institute of Oceanography, Goa. In September 2000, the desiltation of the channel connecting the lake to the sea and opening of a new mouth to restore the natural flows of water and salinity levels was carried out. These actions resulted in a notable increase in the lake's fish yield and a reduction of freshwater weeds. The new mouth reduced the length of the outflow channel by 18 kilometres (11 mi).[11][25] Opening of the new mouth provided a favorable increased salinity regime throughout the lake with less fluctuations and improved water clarity.[19]

Other measures included:

In 2002, Chilika was taken out of the Montreux Record, in light of the improved conditions of the lake.[10][11] Chilika lake is the first Ramsar site in Asia to be removed from the Montreux record.[19]

Awards
2002 Award for outstanding achievements

Flora and fauna

The ecological richness of the lake is of great value in preserving the genetic diversity because of the multiplicity of its habitat, flora and fauna. (Some are pictured in the photo gallery).[7] The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) surveyed the lake between 1985 and 1988 and identified 800 species of fauna, including many rare, endangered, threatened and vulnerable species, but excluding terrestrial insects.

The rare and threatened animal species identified are green sea turtle (EN), dugong (VU), Irrawaddy dolphin (VU), blackbuck (NT), Spoon billed sandpiper (CR), limbless skink and fishing cat (EN). 24 mammalian species were reported. 37 species of reptiles and amphibians are also reported.[7][8]

Flora

Recent surveys revealed an overall 726 species of flowering plants belonging to 496 genera and 120 families. This represents about one –fourth of the vascular plant species of the Odisha state where some 2900 species altogether are found. Fabaceae is the most dominant plant family followed by Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Certain species were found to be characteristic of specific islands. The flora is predominantly of aquatic and sub-aquatic plants. Overall 726 species of flowering plants belonging to 496 genera and 120 families have been recorded. Fabaceae is the predominant plant family followed by Poaceae and Cyperaceae. The species reported are leguminosae, poaceae, and cyperaceae; endemic cassipourea ceylanica; five species of seagrass, and more. Important species identified are:.[7][22]

Avifauna

Chilika Lake is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds, on the Indian sub-continent. It is one of the hotspots of biodiversity in the country. Some species listed in the IUCN Red List of threatened animals inhabit the lake for at least part of their life cycle.[27]

White bellied sea eagles, greylag geese, purple moorhen, jacana, flamingos, egrets, gray and purple herons, Indian roller, storks, white ibis, spoonbills, brahminy ducks, shovellers, pintails, and more.

Migratory water fowl arrive here from as far as the Caspian Sea, Baikal Lake and remote parts of Russia, Mongolia, Lakah, Siberia, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and from the Himalayas.[16] A census conducted in the winter of 1997-98 recorded about 2 million birds in the lake.[28]

In 2007, nearly 840,000 birds visited the lake, out of which 198,000 were spotted in Nalbana Island. On 5 Jan 2008, a bird census involving 85 wildlife officials counted 900,000 birds of which 450,000 were sighted in Nalabana. Removal of invasive species of freshwater aquatic plants, especially water hyacinth, due to restoration of salinity, is a contributing factor for the recent increasing attraction of birds to the lake.[16][29]

Nalbana Bird Sanctuary

Nalbana Island is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands of Chilika Lake. Nalbana means a weed covered island In the Odia language. It is a major island in the center of the lake and has an area of 15.53 km2 (6.00 sq mi). The island gets completely submerged during the monsoon season. As the monsoon recedes in the winter, lake levels decrease and the island is gradually exposed, birds flock to the island in large numbers to feed on its extensive mudflats. Nalbana was notified in 1987 and declared a bird sanctuary in 1973 under the Wildlife Protection Act.[16][30]

Aqua fauna

As per the Chilika Development Authority's (CDA) updated data (2002), 323 aquatic species, which includes 261 fish species, 28 prawns and 34 crabs are reported out of which sixty five species breed in the lake. 27 species are freshwater fishes and two genera of prawns. The remaining species migrate to the sea to breed. 21 species of herrings and sardines of the family Clupeidae are reported.

Wallago attu – A common type of fish in the lake

Between 1998–2002, 40 fish species were recorded here for the first time and following the reopening of the lake mouth in 2000, six threatened species have reappeared, including:

Commercial fisheries

For centuries fisher folk evolved exclusive rights of fishing through a complex system of partitioning the fisheries of the lake, harvested the lake in a relatively sustainable fashion and developed a large range of fishing techniques, nets and gear.[15]

During the British rule, in 1897–98, fishermen community enjoyed exclusive fisheries rights in the lake. The fisheries of the lake were part of the Zamindari estates of Khallikote, Parikud, Suna Bibi, Mirza Taher Baig and the Chaudhary families of Bhungarpur and the Khas mahal areas of Khurda, lying within the kingdoms of the Rajas of Parikud and Khallikote. The zamindars (Landlords) leased out the fisheries exclusively to the local fisherfolk.[15]

With the abolition of zamindari (land lordship) system in 1953, traditional fishing areas continued to be leased out to cooperatives of local fishermen. Fishing, particularly, prawn fishing, became increasingly remunerative with outside interest playing an important role. But in 1991, when the government of Odisha proposed a leasing policy that would have resulted in the auction of leases to the highest bidder, the Fishermen's cooperatives challenged the order in court. The High Court of Odisha ordered the Government to enact changes that would protect the interests of traditional fishermen and since then no new leases have been reported. This has resulted in a chaotic regime in which powerful vested interests from outside dominate, and the local people have been subordinated.[15]

Butter catfish and Wallago attu are the most common type of fish found in the lake. 11 species of fish, 5 species of prawn and 2 crab species are commercially important. The commercially important prawn are giant tiger prawn (Metapenaeus monoceros), Indian prawn (Penaeus indicus), Metapenaeus monoceros (Speckled shrimp), Metapenaeus affinis (Pink prawn) and Metapenaeus dobson (Kadal shrimp). Mangrove crab is the most important commercial crab.[24] Fish landings in the lake, which fluctuated in the past, have recorded a remarkable recovery after the opening of the new mouth and dredging of silt –choked old mouth Magarmukh in 2000–2001, resulted in a better intermixing of the tidal influx from the sea and freshwater inflow from rivers. Against an all time lowest landing of fish and prawn of 1,269 t (1,399 short tons) in 1995–96, the all-time high is reported to be 11,878 t (13,093 short tons) during 2001–2002 resulting in an estimated per capita income for the fisher folk of Rs 19,575 (about US$392) during the year.[8] Recently, the Government of Odisha have issued a notification banning the lease of Chilika Lake for Culture Fishery.[15]

Dolphins

The Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) is the flagship species of Chilika lake. Chilika is home to the only known population of Irrawaddy dolphins in India[31] and one of only two lagoons in the world that are home to this species.[30] It is classified as Vulnerable, in five of the six other places it is known to live.[32]

A small population of Bottlenose dolphins, also migrate into the lagoon from the sea.[3] Chilika fishermen say that when Irrawaddy dolphins and bottlenose dolphins meet in the outer channel, the former get frightened and are forced to return toward the lake.[33]

Some Irrawaddy dolphins used to be sighted only along the inlet channel and in a limited portion of the central sector of the lake. After the opening of the new mouth at Satapada in 2000, they are now well distributed in the central and the southern sector of the lake.[30] The number of dolphins sighted has varied from 50 to 170. A 2006 census counted 131 dolphins and the 2007 census revealed 138 dolphins. Out of the 138 dolphins, 115 were adults, 17 adolescents and six calves. 60 adults were spotted in the outer channel followed by 32 in the central sector and 23 in the southern sector.[34]

Dolphin tourism provides an important alternative source of income for many local residents. There are four tourist associations in Satapada employing three hundred and sixty 9-HP long-tail motor boats taking tourists to a 25 km2 (9.7 sq mi) area of the lake for dolphin watching. About 500 fishing families are involved in this business.[31] The Odisha Tourism Department and the Dolphin Motorboat Association, an NGO at Satpada, report about 40,000 tourists visit Chilika every year for dolphin Watching. October–January and May–June are the peak season for tourists at Chilika, with a maximum 600-700 per day during December–January. The Dolphin Motorboat Association has 75 8-passenger motorboats for dolphin watching. Tourists pay Rs. 250 for 60–90 minutes per trip. According to the Association, most tourists see dolphins. Only 5% return disappointed. Besides the Association, the Odisha Tourism Department organises "dolphin-watch" for tourists. Even during monsoon, about 100 tourists/day visit the lake.[35]

Boat based dolphin watching tours impact dolphin behavior and cause several accidental dolphin deaths each year.[36] CDA conducts an annual census of dolphin deaths. They report 15 deaths in 2003-04, 11 in 2004-05, 8 in 2005-06 and 5 in 2006-07. 40% of the 2006-07 deaths were by mechanised boats.[34]

Since 2004, the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society has been conducting a science-based community education project to conserve the Irrawaddy dolphins and Chilika Lake. They have determined the primary cause of mortality for this population of dolphins is floating gill nets and hook line fisheries and the secondary cause is boat strikes from increasing unmanaged tourism activities.[31]

The Irrawaddy dolphins have a seemingly mutualistic relationship of co-operative fishing with the traditional fishermen. Fishermen recall when they would call out to the dolphins, to drive fish into their nets.[36] Castnet fishing with the help of Irrawaddy dolphins in upper reaches of the Ayeyawady River has been well documented.[37]

Major Attractions

Nalaban Island: The 15 km2 Nalaban Island is within the Lagoon and is the core area of the Ramsar designated wetlands. It was declared a bird sanctuary under the Wildlife Protection Act in 1973. It's the heart of the park where one can seen thousands of birds descending during the migratory season. The island disappears during monsoon season due to inundation, and post-monsoon, the island emerges again.

The vast lake harbours 225 species of fish, a wide variety of phytoplankton, algae and aquatic plants, and also supports over 350 species of non-aquatic plants. The other areas where high concentrations of birds are recorded are Gerasara, Parikud Island, and the western shores of the Northern sector.

Chilika Lake is one of the best bird watching spots in India, and is also popular for fishing and angling.

Other attractions

Puri: This holy city is famous for the late 11th century built Jagannath temple. The other major attraction here is the beach, from where you can witness the glorious sunrise and equally mesmerising sunset. It's said that a visit to Puri is incomplete without visiting Chilika Lagoon.

The Nirmaljhara Waterfall: This is an ideal place for pitching your picnic tent. The beautiful waterfall is located nearly 12 km from Chilika Lagoon.

Satpada: This place is located at a distance of around 55 km (34 mi) from Puri, on the eastern side of the Chilika Lake.[38] This place is surrounded by lagoons from the three sides, which makes this place an amazing tourist spot for nature lover.

Eco-tourism

The open air and scenic natural flora and fauna of the lake are an attraction for eco-tourism. This is expected to provide a degree of alternate employment to the local community and generate environmental awareness, among local residents as well as visitors, about the conservation and wise use of the lake's natural resources. The locations within the lake identified for such activity are:

Access

Chilika raiilway station

The lake is well connected by road to Chennai and Kolkata through National Highway No 5. Satpara town on the eastern bank of the lake is about 50 km (30 mi) by road southwest of the city of Puri and at a distance of 100 km (60 mi) from Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha, which is also the nearest airport.

A broad gauge railway line of the South Eastern Railway from Kolkata skirts along the western bank of the lake passing through Balugaon, Chilika and Rambha stations.[6]

Within the lake precincts, Odisha Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (OTDC) and the Revenue Department of the state government offer boat cruises. Private operators also provide country boats on hire to various islands in the lake.[40]

There are OTDC Guest houses at Barkul, Rambha, Satapada & several hotels at Balugaon. Before entering into the Nalbana Bird Sanctuary one has to obtain an entry permit. The entry permit has to be produced at entry/exit points, at check gates as and whenever requested by officials.

References

  1. 1 2 Tripati, Sila; A. P. Patnaik (10 February 2008). "Stone anchors along the coast of Chilika Lake: New light on the maritime activities of Orissa, India" (PDF). Current Science. Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences. 94 (3): 386–390.
  2. 1 2 Mohanty, Prof. Prafulla Kumar; Dr. Sanjaya Narayan Otta (June 2008). "Dolphins of Chilika" (PDF). Orissa Review. Govt. of Orissa: 21–26.
  3. 1 2 Forest and Environment Department. "Chilika". Wildlife Conservation in Orissa. Govt of Orissa. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  4. 1 2 3 "Inventory of wetlands" (PDF). Govt. of India. pp. 314–318. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  5. ↑ "New Caledonia - at the heart of the world's biggest lagoon</02.11>". www.boat-duesseldorf.com. Retrieved 2016-07-31.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Chilika At A Glance". Chilika Development Authority. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 WWF India (2008). "Chilika Lake". Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Chilika Development Authority (2008). "Fish Yield Status". Archived from the original on 30 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  9. 1 2 Chilika Development Authority (2008). "Welcome to Chilika Lagoon". Archived from the original on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  10. 1 2 3 4 The Ramsar Convention (26 November 2008). "The Montreux Record". Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Chilika Development Authority (2008). "Ramsar Award". Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  12. ↑ "Dolphin population rises to 152 in Chilika lake in Orissa". The Times Of India. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  13. ↑ SinhaBK, B.K. (2000). "13. B.K. Sinha, Golabai :". In Kishor K. Basa; Pradeep Mohanty. A Protohistoric Site on the Coast of Odisha. vol. I (in: Archaeology of Odisha ed.). Delhi: Pratibha Prakashan. pp. 322–355. ISBN 81-7702-011-0.
  14. 1 2 Patra, Sushanta Ku.; Dr. Benudhar Patra (1992-93,). "ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE MARITIME HISTORY OF ANCIENT ORISSA" (PDF). OHRJ. Bhubaneswar: Govt. of Orissa. XLVII, (2): 107–118. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2009. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "History of Chilika". Chilika Lake Development Authority, Odisha. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Choudhury, Dr. Janmejay (November 2007). "Nature Queen Chilika and Eco-Tourism" (PDF). Orissa Review. Govt. of Orissa: 17–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009.
  17. ↑ "New clues to historic naval war in Chilika". Nature India Journal Published online 3 June 2008, Subhra Priyadarshini. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  18. 1 2 Tripathy, Dr. Balaram (November 2007). "Maritime Heritage of Orissa" (PDF). Orissa Review. Govt. of Orissa: 27–41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Iwasaki, Shimpei (14 December 1998). "Sustainable Regional DevelopmentIn the Catchment of Chilika Lagoon, Orissa State, India". In Chilika Development Authority and Department of Water Resources (Odisha). Proceedings of the International Workshop in Sustainable Development of Chilika Lagoon. (PDF). Tokyo, Japan.: Global Environment Information Centre. p. 27.
  20. ↑ "Luminescence dating of the barrier spit at Chilika lake, Odisha, India". Oxford Journals, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Volume 119, Number 1-4 , pp. 442-445, A. S. Murray and M. Mohanti. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  21. ↑ Singh, Sarina; Joe Bindloss; Paul Clammer; Janine Eberle (2005). India. Lonely Planet. p. 576. ISBN 978-1-74059-694-7.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) (2005). "Chilika Lagoon-Experience and Lessons Learned Brief, Asish K.Ghosh, CED & Ajit K.Patnaik, CDA, pp. 116-129" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  23. ↑ "Estimation of Sedimentation Rate in Chilika Lake, Odisha Using Environmental 210pb Isotope Systematics,P 267" (PDF). Centre for Water Resources Development and Management. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  24. 1 2 Wood, Alexander; Pamela Stedman-Edwards; Johanna Mang, eds. (2000). "Ch. 10 India: Chilika Lake". The Root Causes of Biodiversity Loss. Earthscan. pp. 213–230. ISBN 978-1-85383-699-2.
  25. ↑ Chilika Development Authority. "Restoration". Archived from the original on 3 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
  26. ↑ Chilika Development Authority. "News". Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  27. ↑ "Chilika Lake". Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  28. ↑ staff (15 October 1998). "Birds Crowd Odisha Sanctuary". Times of India. Times of India. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  29. ↑ "900,000, Birds Visit Chilika Lake". srijanfoundation. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
  30. 1 2 3 Ghosh, Asish K.; Ajit K. Pattnaik. "fig.1 Chilika Lagoon Basin" (PDF). Chilika Lagoon Experience and Lessons learned Brief. UNEP International Waters Learning Exchange and Resource Network. p. 115. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
  31. 1 2 3 Sutaria, Dipani (2007). "Irrawaddy dolphin — India" (PDF). Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  32. ↑ Cetacean Specialist Group (1996). "Orcaella brevirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 10 March 2007.
  33. ↑ Sinha, R.K. (May–Aug 2004). "The Irrawaddy Dolphins Orcaella of Chilika Lagoon, India" (PDF). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Mumbai, India: online edition: Environmental Information System (ENVIS), Annamalai University, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India. 101 (2): 244–251. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009.
  34. 1 2 Das, Subrat (28 February 2008). "Dolphins better off in Chilika — Survey reveals dip in death toll of Irrawaddy School". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India: Calcutta. pp. Front page. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  35. ↑ Sinha, R.K. (May–Aug 2004). "The Irrawaddy Dolphins Orcaella of Chilika Lagoon, India" (PDF). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamil Nadu , India: Environmental Information System ENVIS, Annamalai University, Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology. 101 (2): 244–251. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009.
  36. 1 2 D'Lima, Coralie (2008). "Dolphin-human interactions, Chilika" (PDF). Project summary. Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  37. ↑ Tun, Tint (2008). "Castnet Fishing with the Help of Irrawaddy Dolphins". Irrawaddy Dolphin. Yangon, Myanmar. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  38. ↑ "Next weekend you can be at ... Satpada". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India. 27 November 2005. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  39. ↑ Chilika Development Authority. "Eco Tourism". Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  40. ↑ Chilika Development Authority (2008). "How to reach". Archived from the original on 28 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chilika Lake.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chilika_Lake.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/25/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.