Ku (protein)

X-ray repair
cross-complementing 5

Crystal structure of human Ku bound to DNA. Ku70 is shown in purple, Ku80 in blue, and the DNA strand in green.[1]
Identifiers
Symbol XRCC5
Alt. symbols Ku80
Entrez 7520
HUGO 12833
OMIM 194364
PDB 1JEY
RefSeq NM_021141
UniProt P13010
Other data
Locus Chr. 2 q35
X-ray repair
cross-complementing 6
Identifiers
Symbol XRCC6
Alt. symbols Ku70, G22P1
Entrez 2547
HUGO 4055
OMIM 152690
PDB 1JEY
RefSeq NM_001469
UniProt P12956
Other data
Locus Chr. 22 q11-q13
Ku70/Ku80 N-terminal alpha/beta domain

crystal structure of the ku heterodimer
Identifiers
Symbol Ku_N
Pfam PF03731
Pfam clan CL0128
InterPro IPR005161
SCOP 1jey
SUPERFAMILY 1jey
Ku70/Ku80 beta-barrel domain

crystal structure of the ku heterodimer bound to dna
Identifiers
Symbol Ku
Pfam PF02735
InterPro IPR006164
PROSITE PDOC00252
SCOP 1jey
SUPERFAMILY 1jey
Ku70/Ku80 C-terminal arm

crystal structure of the ku heterodimer bound to dna
Identifiers
Symbol Ku_C
Pfam PF03730
InterPro IPR005160
SCOP 1jey
SUPERFAMILY 1jey
Ku C terminal domain like

the 3d solution structure of the c-terminal region of ku86
Identifiers
Symbol Ku_PK_bind
Pfam PF08785
InterPro IPR014893
SCOP 1q2z
SUPERFAMILY 1q2z

Ku is a dimeric protein complex that binds to DNA double-strand break ends and is required for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA repair. Ku is evolutionarily conserved from bacteria to humans. The ancestral bacterial Ku is a homodimer (two copies of the same protein bound to each other).[2] Eukaryotic Ku is a heterodimer of two polypeptides, Ku70 (XRCC6) and Ku80 (XRCC5), so named because the molecular weight of the human Ku proteins is around 70 kDa and 80 kDa. The two Ku subunits form a basket-shaped structure that threads onto the DNA end.[1] Once bound, Ku can slide down the DNA strand, allowing more Ku molecules to thread onto the end. In higher eukaryotes, Ku forms a complex with the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) to form the full DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA-PK.[3] Ku is thought to function as a molecular scaffold to which other proteins involved in NHEJ can bind, orienting the double-strand break for ligation.

The Ku70 and Ku80 proteins consist of three structural domains. The N-terminal domain is an alpha/beta domain. This domain only makes a small contribution to the dimer interface. The domain comprises a six stranded beta sheet of the Rossman fold.[4] The central domain of Ku70 and Ku80 is a DNA-binding beta-barrel domain. Ku makes only a few contacts with the sugar-phosphate backbone, and none with the DNA bases, but it fits sterically to major and minor groove contours forming a ring that encircles duplex DNA, cradling two full turns of the DNA molecule. By forming a bridge between the broken DNA ends, Ku acts to structurally support and align the DNA ends, to protect them from degradation, and to prevent promiscuous binding to unbroken DNA. Ku effectively aligns the DNA, while still allowing access of polymerases, nucleases and ligases to the broken DNA ends to promote end joining.[5] The C-terminal arm is an alpha helical region which embraces the central beta-barrel domain of the opposite subunit.[1] In some cases a fourth domain is present at the C-terminus, which binds to DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit.[6]

Both subunits of Ku have been experimentally knocked out in mice. These mice exhibit chromosomal instability, indicating that NHEJ is important for genome maintenance.[7][8]

In many organisms, Ku has additional functions at telomeres in addition to its role in DNA repair.[9]

Abundance of Ku80 seems to be related to species longevity.[10]

Aging

Mutant mice defective in Ku70, or Ku80, or double mutant mice deficient in both Ku70 and Ku80 exhibit early aging.[11] The mean lifespans of the three mutant mouse strains were similar to each other, at about 37 weeks, compared to 108 weeks for the wild-type control. Six specific signs of aging were examined, and the three mutant mice were found to display the same aging signs as the control mice, but at a much earlier age. Cancer incidence was not increased in the mutant mice. These results suggest that Ku function is important for longevity assurance and that the NHEJ pathway of DNA repair (mediated by Ku) has a key role in repairing DNA double-strand breaks that would otherwise cause early aging.[12] (Also see DNA damage theory of aging.)

Name

The name 'Ku' is derived from the surname of the Japanese patient in which it was discovered.[13]

References

  1. 1 2 3 PDB: 1JEY; Walker JR, Corpina RA, Goldberg J (August 2001). "Structure of the Ku heterodimer bound to DNA and its implications for double-strand break repair". Nature. 412 (6847): 607–14. doi:10.1038/35088000. PMID 11493912.
  2. Doherty AJ, Jackson SP, Weller GR (July 2001). "Identification of bacterial homologues of the Ku DNA repair proteins". FEBS Lett. 500 (3): 186–8. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02589-3. PMID 11445083.
  3. Carter T, Vancurová I, Sun I, Lou W, DeLeon S (December 1990). "A DNA-activated protein kinase from HeLa cell nuclei". Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (12): 6460–71. PMC 362923Freely accessible. PMID 2247066.
  4. Sugihara T, Wadhwa R, Kaul SC, Mitsui Y (April 1999). "A novel testis-specific metallothionein-like protein, tesmin, is an early marker of male germ cell differentiation". Genomics. 57 (1): 130–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5756. PMID 10191092.
  5. Aravind L, Koonin EV (August 2001). "Prokaryotic homologs of the eukaryotic DNA-end-binding protein Ku, novel domains in the Ku protein and prediction of a prokaryotic double-strand break repair system". Genome Res. 11 (8): 1365–74. doi:10.1101/gr.181001. PMC 311082Freely accessible. PMID 11483577.
  6. Harris R, Esposito D, Sankar A, Maman JD, Hinks JA, Pearl LH, Driscoll PC (January 2004). "The 3D solution structure of the C-terminal region of Ku86 (Ku86CTR)". J. Mol. Biol. 335 (2): 573–82. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2003.10.047. PMID 14672664.
  7. Difilippantonio MJ, Zhu J, Chen HT, Meffre E, Nussenzweig MC, Max EE, Ried T, Nussenzweig A (March 2000). "DNA repair protein Ku80 suppresses chromosomal aberrations and malignant transformation". Nature. 404 (6777): 510–4. doi:10.1038/35006670. PMID 10761921.
  8. Ferguson DO, Sekiguchi JM, Chang S, Frank KM, Gao Y, DePinho RA, Alt FW (June 2000). "The nonhomologous end-joining pathway of DNA repair is required for genomic stability and the suppression of translocations". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (12): 6630–3. doi:10.1073/pnas.110152897. PMC 18682Freely accessible. PMID 10823907.
  9. Boulton SJ, Jackson SP (March 1998). "Components of the Ku-dependent non-homologous end-joining pathway are involved in telomeric length maintenance and telomeric silencing". EMBO J. 17 (6): 1819–28. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.6.1819. PMC 1170529Freely accessible. PMID 9501103.
  10. Lorenzini A, Johnson FB, Oliver A, Tresini M, Smith JS, Hdeib M, Sell C, Cristofalo VJ, Stamato TD (Nov–Dec 2009). "Significant Correlation of Species Longevity with DNA Double Strand Break-Recognition but not with Telomere Length". Mech Ageing Dev. 130 (11–12): 784–92. doi:10.1016/j.mad.2009.10.004. PMC 2799038Freely accessible. PMID 19896964.
  11. Li H, Vogel H, Holcomb VB, Gu Y, Hasty P (2007). "Deletion of Ku70, Ku80, or both causes early aging without substantially increased cancer". Mol. Cell. Biol. 27 (23): 8205–14. doi:10.1128/MCB.00785-07. PMC 2169178Freely accessible. PMID 17875923.
  12. Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K (2008). Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage. In: New Research on DNA Damages (Editors: Honoka Kimura and Aoi Suzuki) Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, Chapter 1, pp. 1-47. open access, but read only https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=43247 ISBN 978-1604565812
  13. Dynan, W.S. & Yoo, S. (1998) Nucleic Acids Research, 26 (7): 1551-1559. doi: 10.1093/nar/26.7.1551

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR005161

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR006164

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR005160

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR014893

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