Kodak

Not to be confused with Kodiak.
For other uses, see Kodak (disambiguation).
Eastman Kodak Company
Public
Traded as NYSE: KODK
Industry

Mobile devices

Predecessor The Eastman Dry Plate Company
Founded September 4, 1888 (1888-09-04) [1]
Founder George Eastman, Henry A. Strong
Headquarters Rochester, New York, United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products Digital imaging and photographic materials, equipment and services
Revenue Decrease US$1.798 billion (2015)[2]
Decrease US$2 million (2015)[2]
Increase US$-211 million (2015)[2]
Total assets Decrease US$2.138 billion (2015)[2]
Total equity Decrease US$103 million (2015)[2]
Number of employees
6,500 (2015)[3]
Website www.kodak.com
www.kodakalaris.com

The Eastman Kodak Company, commonly known as Kodak, is an American technology company that concentrates on imaging products, with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York, United States and incorporated in New Jersey.[4] It was founded by George Eastman in 1888.

Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world. Its main business segments are Digital Printing & Enterprise and Graphics, Entertainment & Commercial Films.[5][6] It is best known for photographic film products. During most of the 20th century Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The company's ubiquity was such that its tagline "Kodak moment" entered the common lexicon to describe a personal event that demanded to be recorded for posterity.[7]

Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film and its slowness in transitioning to digital photography.[8] As part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak focused on digital photography and digital printing and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation.[9][10] In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.[11][12][13] In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would cease making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames and focus on the corporate digital imaging market.[14] In August 2012, Kodak announced the intention to sell its photographic film (excluding motion picture film), commercial scanners and kiosk operations as a measure to emerge from bankruptcy.[15]

In January 2013, the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid-2013.[16] Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies (including Apple, Google, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, Samsung, Adobe Systems and HTC) under the name Intellectual Ventures and RPX Corporation.[17] On September 3, 2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses.[18] Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris, a separate company owned by the UK-based Kodak Pension Plan.[19][20] On March 12, 2014, it announced that the board of directors had elected Jeffrey J. Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors.[21][22]

Name

1900 Kodak ad

The letter k was a favorite of Eastman's; he is quoted as saying, "it seems a strong, incisive sort of letter."[23]

He and his mother devised the name Kodak with an anagrams set. Eastman said that there were three principal concepts he used in creating the name: it should be short, easy to pronounce, and not resemble any other name or be associated with anything else.[24]

History

The Kodak factory and main office in Rochester, circa 1910

From the company's founding by George Eastman in 1888, Kodak followed the razor and blades strategy of selling inexpensive cameras and making large margins from consumables – film, chemicals and paper. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales and 85% of camera sales in the U.S.[25]

Rivalry with Fujifilm

Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U.S. market (via Fuji Photo Film U.S.A.) with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand.[26] Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the official film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics; Fuji won these sponsorship rights, which gave it a permanent foothold in the marketplace. Fuji opened a film plant in the U.S., and its aggressive marketing and price cutting began taking market share from Kodak. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997. Fuji also made headway into the professional market with specialty transparency films such as Velvia and Provia, which competed successfully with Kodak's signature professional product, Kodachrome, but used the more economical and common E-6 processing machines which were standard in most processing labs, rather than the dedicated machines required by Kodachrome. Fuji's films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure.

In May 1995, Kodak filed a petition with the US Commerce Department under section 301 of the Commerce Act arguing that its poor performance in the Japanese market was a direct result of unfair practices adopted by Fuji. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization.[27] On January 30, 1998, the WTO announced a "sweeping rejection of Kodak's complaints" about the film market in Japan. Kodak's financial results for the year ending December 1997 showed that company's revenues dropped from $15.97 billion in 1996 to $14.36 billion in 1997, a fall of more than 10%; its net earnings went from $1.29 billion to just $5 million for the same period. Kodak's market share declined from 80.1% to 74.7% in the United States, a one-year drop of five percentage points that had observers suggesting that Kodak was slow to react to changes and underestimated its rivals.[28][29][30][30]

Although from the 1970s both Fuji and Kodak recognized the upcoming threat of digital photography, and although both sought diversification as a mitigation strategy, Fuji was more successful at diversification.[26]

Shift to digital

The Kodak 'K' logo was introduced in 1971. The version seen here – with the 'Kodak' name in a more modern typeface – was used from 1987 until the logo's discontinuation in 2006, but later used again in 2016[31]
Kodak logo from 2006 to 2016

Although Kodak developed a digital camera in 1975, the first of its kind, the product was dropped for fear it would threaten Kodak's photographic film business.[32][33] In the 1990s, Kodak planned a decade-long journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft and other new consumer merchandisers. Apple's pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak. The DC-20 and DC-25 launched in 1996. Overall, though, there was little implementation of the new digital strategy. Kodak's core business faced no pressure from competing technologies, and as Kodak executives could not fathom a world without traditional film there was little incentive to deviate from that course. Consumers gradually switched to the digital offering from companies such as Sony. In 2001 film sales dropped, which was attributed by Kodak to the financial shocks caused by the September 11 attacks. Executives hoped that Kodak might be able to slow the shift to digital through aggressive marketing.[34]

Under Daniel Carp, Fisher's successor as CEO, Kodak made its move in the digital camera market, with its EasyShare family of digital cameras. Kodak spent tremendous resources studying customer behavior, finding out that women in particular loved taking digital photos but were frustrated in moving them to their computers. This key unmet consumer need became a major opportunity. Once Kodak got its product development machine started, it released a wide range of products which made it easy to share photos via PCs. One of their key innovations was a printer dock, where consumers could insert their cameras into this compact device, press a button, and watch their photos roll out. By 2005, Kodak ranked No. 1 in the U.S. in digital camera sales that surged 40% to $5.7 billion.[34]

Despite the high growth, Kodak failed to anticipate how fast digital cameras became commodities, with low profit margins, as more companies entered the market in the mid-2000s.[35] In 2001 Kodak held the No. 2 spot in U.S. digital camera sales (behind Sony) but it lost $60 on every camera sold, while there was also a dispute between employees from its digital and film divisions.[36] The film business, where Kodak enjoyed high profit margins, fell 18% in 2005. The combination of these two factors resulted in disappointing profits overall.[34] Its digital cameras soon became undercut by Asian competitors that could produce their offerings more cheaply. Kodak had a 27% market-leading share in 1999, that dwindled to 15% by 2003.[36] In 2007 Kodak was No. 4 in U.S. digital camera sales with a 9.6% share, and by 2010 it held 7% in seventh place behind Canon, Sony, Nikon and others, according to research firm IDC.[37] Also an ever-smaller percentage of digital pictures were being taken on dedicated digital cameras, being gradually displaced in the late 2000s by cameras on cellphones, smartphones, and tablets.

New strategy

Kodak headquarters in Rochester, New York, United States

Kodak then began a strategy shift: Previously Kodak had done everything in-house, but CEO Antonio Pérez shut down film factories and eliminated 27,000 jobs as it outsourced its manufacturing.[38] Pérez invested heavily in digital technologies and new services that capitalized on its technology innovation to boost profit margins.[34] He also spent hundreds of millions of dollars to build up a high-margin printer ink business to replace shriveling film sales. Kodak's ink strategy rejected the razor and blades business model used by the dominant market leader Hewlett-Packard in that Kodak's printers were expensive but the ink was cheaper.[39] As of 2011, these new lines of inkjet printers were said to be on verge of turning a profit, although some analysts were skeptical as printouts had been replaced gradually by electronic copies on computers, tablets, and smartphones.[39] Home photograph printers, high-speed commercial inkjet presses, workflow software, and packaging were viewed as the company's new core businesses, with sales from those four businesses projected to double to nearly $2 billion in revenue in 2013 and account for 25% of all sales. However, while Kodak named home printers as a core business as late as August 2012, at the end of September declining sales forced Kodak to announce an exit from the consumer inkjet market.[40]

Kodak has also turned to litigation in order to generate revenue.[9][10] In 2010, it received $838 million from patent licensing that included a settlement with LG.[28]

In 2011, despite the turnaround progress, Kodak rapidly used up its cash reserves, stoking fears of bankruptcy; it had $957 million in cash in June 2011, down from $1.6 billion in January 2001.[41] In 2011, Kodak reportedly explored selling off or licensing its vast portfolio of patents in order to stave off bankruptcy.[41] By January 2012, analysts suggested that the company could enter bankruptcy followed by an auction of its patents, as it was reported to be in talks with Citigroup to provide debtor-in-possession financing.[12][42] This was confirmed on January 19, 2012, when the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and obtained a $950 million, 18-month credit facility from Citigroup to enable it to continue operations.[11][12][13] Under the terms of its bankruptcy protection, Kodak had a deadline of February 15, 2013 to produce a reorganization plan.[43]

In April 2013, Kodak showed its first Micro Four Thirds camera, to be manufactured by JK Imaging.[44][45]

On September 3, 2013, Kodak announced that it emerged from bankruptcy as a technology company focused on imaging for business.[18] Its main business segments are Digital Printing & Enterprise and Graphics, Entertainment & Commercial Films.[5]

On March 12, 2014, Kodak announced that Jeffrey J. Clarke had been named the new CEO.[46]

Timeline

1880–98

An original Kodak camera, complete with box, camera, case, felt lens plug, manual, memorandum and viewfinder card
An advertisement from The Photographic Herald and Amateur Sportsman (November 1889)
Advertisement for a folding "pocket" Kodak camera (August 1900)

1900–99

A Brownie No 2. camera
Kodak Camera Center, Tennessee, ca. 1930-1945
Kodachrome II - Film for color slides

2000–09

2010–present

Products and services

Current

Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world.[6] Its main business segments are Digital Printing & Enterprise and Graphics, Entertainment & Commercial Films.[101][102]

Digital printing and enterprise

Kodak provides high-speed, high-volume commercial inkjet, and color and black-and-white electrophotographic printing equipment and related consumables and services.[103] It has an installed base of more than 5,000 units.

Its Prosper platform uses Stream inkjet technology, which delivers a continuous flow of ink that enables constant and consistent operation, with uniform size and accurate placement, even at very high print speeds.[101] Applications for Prosper include publishing, commercial print, direct mail, and packaging. The business also includes the customer base of Kodak VersaMark products.[102]

The NexPress platform is used for printing short-run, personalized print applications for purposes such as direct mail, books, marketing collateral and photo products. The Digimaster platform uses monochrome electrophotographic printing technology to create high-quality printing of statements, short-run books, corporate documentation, manuals and direct mail.[101][104][105]

Flexo printing

Kodak designs and manufactures products for flexography printing. Its Flexcel[106] line of flexo printing systems allow label printers to produce their own digital plates for customized flexo printing and flexible printed packaging.

Functional printing

The company currently has strategic relationships with worldwide touch-panel sensor leaders, such as the partnerships with UniPixel announced on April 16, 2013 and Kingsbury Corp. launched on June 27, 2013.[107][108][109]

Enterprise professional services

Enterprise professional services offers print and managed media services, brand protection solutions and services, and document management services to enterprise customers, including government, pharmaceuticals, and health, consumer and luxury good products, retail and finance.

Digital printing solutions

In 1997, Heidelberg Printing Machines AG and Eastman Kodak Co. had created the Nexpress Solutions LLC joint venture to develop a digital color printing press for the high-end market segment. Heidelberg acquired Eastman Kodak Co.'s Office Imaging black and white digital printing activities in 1999. In 2000, they had launched Digimaster 9110 - Black & White Production Printer and NexPress 2100 Digital Color Press.

In March 2004, Heidelberg transferred its Digital Print division to Eastman Kodak Co.[110] under mutual agreement. Kodak continues to research and develop Digital Printing Systems and introduced more products.

At present, Kodak has commercial Web-fed presses, commercial imprinting systems - Prosper, VersaMark and commercial sheet-fed press - NexPress digital production color press, DIGIMASTER HD digital black and white production printer.[111]

Consumer inkjet ink cartridges

Kodak entered into consumer inkjet photo printers in a joint venture with manufacturer Lexmark in 1999 with the Kodak Personal Picture Maker.

In February 2007, Kodak re-entered the market with a new product line of All-In-One (AiO) inkjet printers that employ several technologies marketed as Kodacolor Technology. Advertising emphasizes low price for ink cartridges rather than for the printers themselves.[112]

Kodak announced plans to stop selling inkjet printers in 2013 as it focuses on commercial printing, but will still sell ink.[113]

GECF

Graphics

Kodak's graphics business consists of computer to plate (CTP) devices, which Kodak first launched in 1995 when the company introduced the first thermal CTP to market. In CTP, an output device exposes a digital image using SQUAREspot laser imaging technology directly to an aluminum surface (printing plate), which is then mounted onto a printing press to reproduce the image. Kodak's Graphics portfolio includes front-end controllers, production workflow software, CTP output devices, and digital plates.

Global Technical Services

Kodak’s Global Technical Services ("GTS") for Commercial Imaging is focused on selling service contracts for Kodak products, including the following service categories: field services, customer support services, educational services, and professional services.

Entertainment Imaging and Commercial Film

Kodak's Entertainment Imaging and Commercial Film group ("E&CF") encompasses its motion picture film business, providing motion imaging products (camera negative, intermediate, print and archival film), services and technology for the professional motion picture and exhibition industries.

E&CF also offers Aerial and Industrial Films including KODAK Printed Circuit Board film, and delivers external sales for the company’s component businesses: Polyester Film, Specialty Chemicals, Inks and Dispersions and Solvent Recovery.

Motion picture and TV production

The Kodak company played a role in the invention and development of the motion picture industry. Many cinema and TV productions are shot on Kodak film stocks.[114]

The company helped set the standard of 35mm film, and introduced the 16mm film format for home movie use and lower budget film productions.

The home market-oriented 8mm and Super 8 formats were also developed by Kodak. Kodak also entered the professional television production video tape market, briefly in the mid-1980s, under the product portfolio name of Eastman Professional Video Tape Products. In 1990, Kodak launched a Worldwide Student Program working with university faculty throughout the world to help nurture the future generation of film-makers. Kodak formed Educational Advisory Councils in the US, Europe and Asia made up of deans and chairs of some of the most prestigious film schools throughout the world to help guide the development of their program.

Kodak previously owned the visual effects film post-production facilities Cinesite in Los Angeles and London and also LaserPacific in Los Angeles. Kodak sold Cinesite to Endless LLP, an independent British private equity house.[115]

Kodak previously sold LaserPacific and its subsidiaries Laser-Edit, Inc, and Pacific Video, Inc., in April 2010 for an undisclosed sum to TeleCorps Holdings, Inc.

Kodak also sold Pro-Tek Media Preservation Services, a film storage company in Burbank, California, in October 2013.[116]

Technical support and on-site service

Aside from technical phone support for its products, Kodak offers onsite service for other devices such as document scanners, data storage systems (optical, tape, and disk), printers, inkjet printing presses, microfilm/microfiche equipment, photograph kiosks, and photocopiers, for which it despatches technicians who make repairs in the field.

Other

Kodak markets Picture CDs and other photo products such as calendars, photo books and photo enlargements through retail partners such as CVS, Walmart and Target and through its Kodak Gallery online service, formerly known as Ofoto.

Former

A Kodak Instamatic 104

Still film cameras

On January 13, 2004, Kodak announced it would stop marketing traditional still film cameras (excluding disposable cameras) in the United States, Canada and Western Europe, but would continue to sell film cameras in India, Latin America, Eastern Europe and China.[117] By the end of 2005, Kodak ceased manufacturing cameras that used the Advanced Photo System. Kodak licensed the manufacture of Kodak branded cameras to Vivitar in 2005 and 2006. After 2007 Kodak did not license the manufacture of any film camera with the Kodak name.

Instant cameras

After losing a patent battle with Polaroid Corporation, Kodak left the instant camera business on January 9, 1986. The Kodak instant camera included models known as the Kodamatic and the Colorburst.

Polaroid was awarded damages in the patent trial in the amount of $909,457,567, a record at the time. (Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co., U.S. District Court District of Massachusetts, decided October 12, 1990, case no. 76-1634-MA. Published in the U.S. Patent Quarterly as 16 USPQ2d 1481). See also the following cases: Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co., 641 F.Supp. 828 [228 USPQ 305] (D. Mass. 1985), stay denied, 833 F.2d 930 [5 USPQ2d 1080] (Fed. Cir.), aff'd, 789 F.2d 1556 [229 USPQ 561] (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 850 (1986).[118]

Kodak was the exclusive supplier of negatives for Polaroid cameras from 1963 until 1969, when Polaroid chose to manufacture its own instant film.

Image sensors

As part of its move toward higher end products, Kodak announced on September 15, 2006 that the new Leica M8 camera incorporates Kodak's KAF-10500 image sensor. This was the second recent partnership between Kodak and the German optical manufacturer. In 2011, Kodak sold its Image Sensor Solutions business to Platinum Equity, which subsequently renamed it Truesense Imaging, Inc.[119]

Digital cameras and video cameras

Main articles: Kodak DCS and Kodak EasyShare
A Kodak Easyshare Z1015 IS digital camera

Many of Kodak's early compact digital cameras were designed and built by Chinon Industries, a Japanese camera manufacturer. In 2004, Kodak Japan acquired Chinon and many of its engineers and designers joined Kodak Japan.

The Kodak DCS series of digital single-lens reflex cameras and digital camera backs were released by Kodak in the 1990s and 2000s, and discontinued in 2005. They were based on existing 35mm film SLRs from Nikon and Canon and the range included the original Kodak DCS, the first commercially available digital SLR.

In July 2006, Kodak announced that Flextronics would manufacture and help design its digital cameras.

Digital picture frames

Kodak first entered the digital picture frame market with the Kodak Smart Picture Frame in the fourth quarter of 2000. It was designed by Weave Innovations and licensed to Kodak with an exclusive relationship with Weave's StoryBox online photo network.[120] Smart Frame owners connected to the network via an analog telephone connection built into the frame. The frame could hold 36 images internally and came with a six-month free subscription to the StoryBox network.[121]

Kodak re-entered the digital photo frame market at CES in 2007 with the introduction of four new EasyShare-branded models that were available in sizes from 200 to 280 mm (7.9 to 11.0 in), included multiple memory card slots, and some of which included Wi-Fi capability to connect with the Kodak Gallery—that gallery functionality has now been compromised due to gallery policy changes (see below).

Main article: Kodak Gallery

In June 2001, Kodak purchased the photo-developing website Ofoto, later renamed Kodak Gallery. The website enables users to upload their photos into albums, publish them into prints, and create mousepads, calendars, etc. On March 1, 2012, Kodak announced that it sold Kodak Gallery to Shutterfly for $23.8 million.[122]

Document imaging

Kodak provides scanning technology. Historically this industry began when George Eastman partnered with banks to image checks in the 1920s. Through the development of microfilm technology, Eastman Kodak was able to provide long term document storage. Document imaging was one of the first imaging solutions to move to "digital imaging" technology. Kodak manufactured the first digital document scanners for high speed document imaging. Today Kodak has a full line of document scanners for banking, finance, insurance,[123] healthcare and other vertical industries. Kodak also provides associated document capture software and business process services. Eastman Kodak acquired the Bowe Bell & Howell scanner division in September 2009.

Photographic film and paper

Kodak continues to produce specialty films and film for newer and more popular consumer formats, but it has discontinued the manufacture of film in older and less popular formats.

Kodak is a leading producer of silver halide (AgX) paper used for printing from film and digital images. Minilabs located in retail stores and larger central photo lab operations (CLOs) use silver halide paper for photo printing. In 2005 Kodak announced it would stop producing black-and-white photo paper.[124]

Photo kiosks

A Kodak NexPress 2500 digital printing press

Kodak is a manufacturer of self-service photo kiosks that produce "prints in seconds" from multiple sources including digital input, scanned prints, Facebook, the Kodak Gallery and orders placed on-line using thermosublimation printers. The company has placed over 100,000 Picture Kiosks in retail locations worldwide.[125] Employing similar technology, Kodak also offers larger printing systems with additional capabilities including duplex greeting cards, large format poster printers, photobooks and calendars under the brand name "APEX".[126]

Operations

Subsidiaries

Kodak Research Laboratories

The Kodak Research Laboratories were founded in 1912 with Kenneth Mees as the first director.[127] Principal components of the Kodak Research Laboratories were the Photographic Research Laboratories and then the Imaging Research Laboratories. Additional organizations included the Corporate Research Laboratories. Over nearly a century, scientists at these laboratories produced thousands of patents and scientific publications.

Notable people

Presidents and CEOs

George Eastman
Name Title Tenure
Henry A. Strong President 1884 – July 26, 1919
George Eastman President 1921 – April 7, 1925
William G. Stuber President 1925–1934
Frank W. Lovejoy President 1934–1941
Thomas J. Hargrave President 1941–1952
Albert K. Chapman President 1952–1960
William S. Vaughn President and CEO 1960 – December 31, 1968
Louis K. Eilers President and CEO January 1, 1969 – May 17, 1972
Gerald B. Zornow President then Chairman 1970–1984
Walter A. Fallon President and CEO May 18, 1972 – 1983
Colby H. Chandler CEO May 1983 – June 1990
Kay R. Whitmore CEO June 1990 – October 27, 1993
George M. C. Fisher CEO October 28, 1993 – December 31, 1999
Daniel A. Carp CEO January 1, 2000 – May 31, 2005
Antonio M. Pérez Chairman and CEO June 1, 2005 – 2014
Jeff Clarke CEO March 12, 2014 – present

Scientists

Archive donation

In 2005, Kodak Canada donated its entire historic company archives to Ryerson University in Toronto. The Ryerson University Library also acquired an extensive collection of materials on the history of photography from the private collection of Nicholas M. & Marilyn A. Graver of Rochester, New York.[128] The Kodak Archives, begun in 1909, contain the company's Camera Collection, historic photos, files, trade circulars, Kodak magazines, price lists, daily record books, equipment, and other ephemera. It includes the contents of the Kodak Heritage Collection Museum, a museum established in 1999 for Kodak Canada's centennial that Kodak closed in 2005 along with the company's entire 'Kodak Heights' manufacturing campus in Mount Dennis, Toronto.[129] See also: George Eastman House.

Controversies

Better Business Bureau

On March 26, 2007, the Council of Better Business Bureaus (CBBB) announced that Eastman Kodak was resigning its national membership in the wake of expulsion proceedings initiated by the CBBB board of directors.[130] In 2006, Kodak notified the BBB of Upstate New York that it would no longer accept or respond to consumer complaints submitted by them. In prior years, Kodak responded by offering consumers an adjustment or an explanation of the company’s position. The BBB file contains consumer complaints of problems with repairs of Kodak digital cameras, as well as difficulty communicating with Kodak customer service. Among other complaints, consumers say that their cameras broke and they were charged for repairs when the failure was not the result of any damage or abuse. Some say their cameras failed again after being repaired.

Kodak said its customer service and customer privacy teams concluded that 99% of all complaints forwarded by the BBB already were handled directly with the customer. Brian O’Connor, Kodak chief privacy officer, said the company was surprised by the news release distributed by the Better Business Bureau:

It is inaccurate in the facts presented as well as those the BBB chose to omit. Ironically, we ultimately decided to resign our membership because we were extremely unhappy with the customer service we received from the local office of the BBB. After years of unproductive discussions with the local office regarding their Web site postings about Kodak, which in our view were consistently inaccurate, we came to the conclusion that their process added no value to our own. Our commitment to our customers is unwavering. That will not change. What has changed is that, for us, the BBB's customer complaint process has become redundant, given the multiple and immediate ways that customers have to address their concerns directly with Kodak.[131]

Patent litigation

In 2010, Apple filed a patent-infringement claim against Kodak. On May 12, 2011, Judge Robert Rogers rejected Apple's claims that two of its digital photography patents were being violated by Kodak.[132]

On July 1, 2011, the U.S. International Trade Commission partially reversed a January decision by an administrative law judge stating that neither Apple nor Research in Motion had infringed upon Kodak's patents. The ITC remanded the matter for further proceedings before the ALJ.[133]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Milestones- chronology". Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Eastman Kodak Company". US: Securities and Exchange Commission. 2015.
  3. "Kodak leaders outline plans, outlook - Rochester Business Journal New York business news and information".
  4. "Certificate of amendment to the restated certificate of incorporation of Eastman Kodak company" (PDF). New Jersey division of revenue. June 8, 2005. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  5. 1 2 "DISCLOSURE STATEMENT FOR DEBTORS' JOINT PLAN OF REORGANIZATION UNDER CHAPTER 11 OF THE BANKRUPTCY CODE". April 30, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  6. 1 2 "Kodak Announces Emergence From Bankruptcy". September 3, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
  7. Rees, Jasper (January 20, 2012). "The end of our Kodak moment". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  8. 1 2 Hiltzik, Michael (December 4, 2011). "Kodak's long fade to black". latimes.com. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  9. 1 2 "Kodak embraces digital revolution". BBC News. January 13, 2004. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
  10. 1 2 Dana Mattioli (April 19, 2010). "At Kodak, Patents Hold the Key to the Future". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  11. 1 2 Business Standard. "Kodak files for bankruptcy, plans biz overhaul". Business-standard.com. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  12. 1 2 3 4 McCarty, Dawn; Jinks, Beth (January 19, 2012). "Kodak Files for Bankruptcy Protection". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  13. 1 2 3 "Eastman Kodak Files for Bankruptcy". The New York Times. January 19, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  14. "Kodak ditches digital camera business". CNN. February 9, 2012.
  15. "Kodak announces plans to sell still film, commercial scanner, and kiosk divisions". The Verge. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  16. Gilbert, Ben (January 23, 2013). "Court approves Kodak financing, could exit bankruptcy by mid-2013". Engadget.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  17. Apple i Google pośród firm, które zapłaciły za patenty Kodaka 525 milionów dolarów | Newsy. Magazynt3.pl (December 20, 2012). Retrieved on 2013-08-16.
  18. 1 2 3 "Kodak bankruptcy officially ends". USA Today. September 3, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  19. "Kodak emerges from bankruptcy with focus on commercial printing". Reuters. September 3, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  20. "Kodak Exits Bankruptcy". New York Times. September 3, 2013.
  21. 1 2 "Kodak Names Tech Veteran as CEO". The Wall Street Journal. March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  22. 1 2 "Kodak Names Oribitz Chairman Clarke as New CEO". Bloomberg. March 12, 2014.
  23. Kiplinger Washington Editors, Inc (April 1962). "The story behind Kodak Trademark". Kiplinger's Personal Finance. p. 40
  24. Nemenoff, Ben. "Houston, David Henderson". nd.gov. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  25. Lucas, Henry C. (2012). The Search for Survival: Lessons from Disruptive Technologies. ABC-CLIO. p. 16. ISBN 9781440802775. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  26. 1 2 "The last Kodak moment?". The Economist. January 14, 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  27. World Trade Organization. "DS44 Japan — Measures Affecting Consumer Photographic Film and Paper". WTO. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
  28. 1 2 Hiltzik, Michael (December 4, 2011). "Kodak's long fade to black". latimes.com. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  29. "The Kodak - Fuji Rivalry | Business Strategy Case Studies | Business, Management Strategies Cases | Case Study". Icmrindia.org. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  30. 1 2 "fujicasestudy" (PDF). Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  31. "Evolution of our brand logo". Eastman Kodak. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
  32. "Kodak's Last Days". nst.com. February 5, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  33. "Steven Sasson named to CE Hall of Fame". letsgodigital.org. September 18, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
  34. 1 2 3 4 "Mistakes Made On The Road To Innovation". Businessweek.com. November 27, 2006. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  35. Jinks, Beth; Childs, Mary (January 20, 2012). "Kodak Bankruptcy May Shed Photography, Bet on Digital Printing". Bloomberg.
  36. 1 2 "Kodak:What led to bankruptcy - Hindustan Times". HindustanTimes.com. January 22, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  37. Scheyder, Ernest (December 24, 2011). "As Kodak struggles, Eastman Chemical thrives". Reuters. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  38. "Kodak, Yahoo and RIM: Death comes for us all". News. CBS. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  39. 1 2 Martin, Andrew (October 20, 2011). "Kodak's Bet on Its Printers Fails to Quell the Doubters". The New York Times.
  40. 1 2 "Kodak quits printers, wants new deadline". USA Today. September 28, 2012. Retrieved September 29, 2012.
  41. 1 2 "Kodak may file for bankruptcy". IBNLive (Report). IN. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  42. Haunss, Kristen (January 13, 2012). "Kodak Said in Talks With Citigroup on Bankruptcy Financing". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  43. "Kodak gets 2013 deadline to reorganise". IBNLive. IN. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  44. 明, 星编辑 (April 19, 2013), P&E:单电外观曝光 柯达重现展会现场 (in Chinese), CN: Zol
  45. New pictures of the Kodak S1 MFT camera…, Four Thirds Rumors, April 25, 2013
  46. "Jeff Clarke Elected CEO of Kodak". March 12, 2014.
  47. Rochester University History Dept Eastman Dry Plate
  48. "Almanac: The birth of Kodak". CBS News. September 4, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  49. 1 2 3 4  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Kodak". Encyclopedia Americana.
  50. Coe, Brian (1978). Cameras. Crown Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-517-53381-2.
  51. Gordon, John Steele (October 2003). "What digital camera makers can learn from George Eastman". American Heritage. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  52. Brayer, Elizabeth (1996). George Eastman. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5263-3.
  53. 1 2 "Dow Jones Industrial Average History" (PDF). Dow Jones Indexes. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
  54. Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.619
  55. O. G. Peterson, S. A. Tuccio, B. B. Snavely, CW operation of an organic dye solution dye laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 42, 1917-1918 (1970).
  56. "As Kodak struggles, Eastman Chemical thrives". Reuters. December 24, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
  57. Daneman, Matthew (November 4, 2014). "New Kodak Moment: A $19M profit". democratandchronicle.com. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
  58. "Kodak To Buy Sterling Drug". tribunedigital-chicagotribune.
  59. C. H. Chen, J. L. Fox, F. J. Duarte, Lasing characteristics of new-coumarin-analog dyes: broadband and narrow-linewidth performance, Appl. Opt. 27, 443-445 (1988).
  60. Black, Larry (June 16, 1993). "Kodak to spin off chemicals: Eastman will become independent by the end of this year". London: The Independent. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  61. "One Eastman Chemical share set for 4 of Kodak". The New York Times. December 11, 1993. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
  62. "Kodak acquires Algotec for $42.5 million". The Engineer. November 18, 2003.
  63. "Kodak embraces digital revolution". BBC News. January 13, 2004. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  64. "Kodak cuts 15,000 jobs worldwide". BBC News. January 22, 2004. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  65. Teather, David (January 23, 2004). "Kodak pulls shutter down on its past". London: The Guardian. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  66. "Kodak To Market Lexar Memory Cards". Forbes. May 17, 2004.
  67. "Kodak to Purchase OREX, Leader in Computed Radiography Products for Specialty Markets". Diagnostico Journal. January 18, 2005.
  68. Sullivan, Terry (April 25, 2006). "Kodak's Small, Sleek…Superzoom?". PC Mag. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
  69. "Kodak intros wireless digital cameras". Macworld. April 25, 2006. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
  70. "Kodak Posts a Wider Loss". The New York Times. August 2, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  71. "Slumping film sales leave Kodak figures deep in red". London: The Guardian. August 2, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
  72. "Kodak to Sell Health Group to Onex for up to $2.55 billion". Eastman Kodak. January 10, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  73. "Kodak Completes Sale of Health Group to Onex". Eastman Kodak. May 1, 2007. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  74. "Rohm and Haas to buy Kodak's light management films unit". Reuters. April 19, 2007. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
  75. "Chi Mei, Kodak ink deal to make slimmer screens". Taipei Times. May 26, 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  76. "Color Filter Array 2.0". June 14, 2007. Archived from the original on July 20, 2007.
  77. "Press Release: Kodak and Lexar Announce New Extended Five-Year Agreement". Eastman Kodak. September 4, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
  78. The Wall Street Journal November 26, 2008. Katherine Boehret. Family Snapshots in the Splendor of HD.
  79. Paul, Franklin (January 29, 2009). "Kodak to cut up to 4,500 jobs". Reuters.com. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  80. "Kodak Will Retire Kodachrome, Its Oldest Color Film Stock". The New York Times. June 22, 2009. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
  81. Topping, Alexandra (June 23, 2009). "Mama, they've taken away my nice bright Kodachrome colours". London: The Guardian. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
  82. "Rocnow.com". Rocnow.com. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  83. "S&P ousts Kodak, but its shares rise". Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. December 12, 2010. ISSN 1088-5153. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
  84. Spector, Mike; Mattioli, Dana (September 30, 2011). "Kodak Hires Restructuring Lawyers". WSJ. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
  85. "Beleaguered Kodak faces delisting from NYSE". Chicago Tribune. January 3, 2012.
  86. Humer, Caroline (January 10, 2012). "Struggling Kodak film group split up, shares soar". Reuters. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  87. Jarzemsky, Matt (January 10, 2012). "Kodak separates business into consumer and commercial segments". The Australian. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  88. "Photography icon Eastman Kodak has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. –". Usatoday.com. January 19, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
  89. "Truesense Imaging Announces Independent Operation - Truesense Imaging, Inc". Truesenseimaging.com. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
  90. "Kodak to Cease Digital Camera Production". PC Magazine. February 9, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
  91. "Kodak Focuses Consumer Business On More Profitable Growth Opportunities". Kodak. February 9, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
  92. "Kodak to sell film business that made its name". The Chicago Tribune. August 24, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
  93. Jones, Roland. "Kodak plans to cut another 1,000 jobs". NBC News. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  94. "Kodak in $525 mln patent deal, eyes bankruptcy end". Reuters. December 19, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  95. "Kodak selling two businesses to pension plan". USA Today. April 29, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  96. "Kodak emerges from Chapter 11". Screen Daily. September 4, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
  97. "Video "The opening of the new Kodak"". October 17, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
  98. "Video "Jeff Clarke's Message to Employees"". March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  99. Fritz, Ben, Movie film, at death's door, gets a reprieve, Wall Street Journal, July 30, 2014, p.B1
  100. Chris Velazco. "Kodak's finally making smartphones (sort of)". Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  101. 1 2 3 "Update: Kodak exits Chapter 11". September 4, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  102. 1 2 "AP EXCLUSIVE: Kodak CEO talks company's future". September 3, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  103. may bring/ "Kodak Proclaims, "We Are Ready" for Whatever Life after Chapter 11 May Bring" Check |url= value (help). September 6, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  104. "Me & my: Kodak NexPress SX3900". September 30, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  105. "Tried & Tested: Kodak Digimaster". January 21, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  106. "KODAK FLEXCEL NX System - Kodak Graphic Communications Group". Graphics.kodak.com. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  107. "Kodak Sees Bright Future in Imaging for Business". September 5, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  108. "Kodak, Kingsbury ink deal on touch-screen sensors". June 27, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  109. "Kodak, UniPixel have renamed their touch-screen sensor line". September 25, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  110. "Kodak To Buy Heidelberg's Digital Business". In-plant graphics. April 1, 2004. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  111. "Digital Printing Solution - Kodak Graphics Communications Group". Eastman Kodak.
  112. "Kodak Revolutionizes the Inkjet Industry". Eastman Kodak. February 6, 2007.
  113. "Kodak to stop selling inkjet printers from 2013". Reuters. September 28, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
  114. "Kodak Emerges From Bankruptcy". Variety. September 3, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  115. "Kodak sells British visual effects house Cinesite". Los Angeles Times. May 10, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  116. "LAC Group Acquires Kodak's PRO-TEK Film Preservation Subsidiary to Expand Information Curation and Stewardship Services". October 16, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.
  117. "Kodak embraces digital revolution". BBC News. January 13, 2004. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  118. "Polaroid Corp. v. Eastman Kodak Co.". October 12, 1990.
  119. "History — Truesense Imaging, Inc.".
  120. "Weave Innovations StoryBox". Gadget Central. April 4, 2000.
  121. Scoblete, Greg (March 12, 2001). "Digital Frames Make Inroads In Consumer Market". Twice. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  122. Rubin, Ben Fox (March 1, 2012). "Kodak Agrees to Sell Gallery to Shutterfly". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  123. "Insurance | Case Studies | Gore Success Story". Microdea.com. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  124. "Kodak to Stop Making Black-and-White Paper". Fox News. June 16, 2005. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  125. "KODAK, Esprida offer Remote Business Manager for photo kiosks". Kiosk Marketplace. October 10, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2008.
  126. "KODAK Adaptive Picture Exchange (APEX)". Kodak. June 24, 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  127. T. H. James, Journey: 75 Years of Kodak Research (Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, 1989).
  128. Burley, Robert (February 21, 2007). "Back to the Future - Photography in the 21st Century, February 21, 2007". The Photographic Historical Society of Canada. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
  129. "Special Collections: Kodak Canada Corporate Archives and Heritage Collection". Ryerson University Library and Archives. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
  130. "Eastman Kodak Resigns from Council of Better Business Bureaus After Expulsion Proceedings are Initiated". Better Business Bureau. March 26, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
  131. Rochester Business Journal, March 26, 2007
  132. Don Reisinger, CNET. "Kodak wins key battle in Apple patent case." May 13, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2011.
  133. Notice of Commission Determination

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kodak.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/15/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.