Rajahnate of Butuan

Kingdom of Butuan
Kaharian ng Butuan Gingharian sa Butuan
Rajahnate
1001–1756
Capital		Butuan
Languages		Butuanon,[1] Old Cebuano, other Visayan languages
Religion		Hinduism, Buddhism and Animism
Government		Kingdom
History
•	Established	1001
•	Conquest by Spain	1756
Currency		Gold, Barter
Preceded by Succeeded by Prehistory of the Philippines Ancient barangay Viceroyalty of New Spain Spanish East Indies
Today part of		Philippines
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The Rajahnate of Butuan or Kingdom of Butuan (Filipino: Kaharian ng Butuan, Cebuano: Gingharian sa Butuan; Chinese: 蒲端國, Púduānguó in Chinese records) was an ancient Indic polity centered on the present Mindanao island city of Butuan in what is now the southern Philippines. It was known for its mining of gold, its gold products and its extensive trade network across the Nusantara area. The kingdom had trading relationships with the ancient civilizations of Japan, China, India, Indonesia, Persia, Cambodia and areas now comprised in Thailand.^[2][3]

The balangay (large outrigger boats) that have been found along the east and west banks of the Libertad river (old Agusan River) have revealed much about Butuan's history. As a result, Butuan is considered to have been a major trading port in the Caraga region during the pre-colonial era.^[4]

Chinese records

The world in 1200 AD: The Butuan Rajahnate and its neighbors.

Evidence indicates that Butuan was in contact with the Song dynasty of China by at least 1001 AD. The Chinese annal Song Shih recorded the first appearance of a Butuan tributary mission (Li Yui-han 李竾罕 and Jiaminan) at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001 AD and it described Butuan (P'u-tuan) as a small Hindu country with a Buddhist Monarchy in the sea that had a regular connection with the Champa kingdom and intermittent contact with China under the Rajah named Kiling.^[5] The rajah sent an envoy under I-hsu-han, with a formal memorial requesting equal status in court protocol with the Champa envoy. The request was denied later by the Imperial court, mainly because of favoritism over Champa.^[6]

A new ruler with the Indianized name Sri Bata Shaja later succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with Champa by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh. Likanhsieh shocked the Emperor Zhenzong by presenting a memorial engraved on a gold tablet, some white dragon (Bailong 白龍) camphor, Moluccan cloves, and a South Sea slave at the eve of an important ceremonial state sacrifice.^[7] This display of irreverence sparked interests from China over the small Rajahnate and the diplomatic relations between the two polities reached its peak during the Yuan Dynasty. Chinese records about the Rajahnate stopped after the reign of Rajah Siagu the last independent Rajah of Butuan. He was formally subjugated into the Spanish empire after he made a blood compact with Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.

Excavated artifacts

Numerous jars have been found in the Butuan area that indicate the wealth of the kingdom and the existence of foreign traditions.^[8] Some of these jars have been dated as follows:

• Sathing Phra (900–1100 AD)
• Haripunjaya (800–900 AD),
• Japanese (12th to 16th centuries AD),^[9]
• Chinese (10th to 15th centuries AD),
• Khmer (9th to 10th centuries AD),
• Thai (14th to 15th centuries AD)
• Champa (11th to 13th centuries AD)
• Persian (9th to 10th centuries AD)

Artifacts have been recovered from within the vicinities of Ambangan Archeological Site in Libertad that attest to the historical accounts that Butuan traded with the India,^[10] Japan, Han Chinese, and Southeast Asian countries during these periods.^[11]

Origins of the name

The name Butuan is believed to have existed long before the Spanish conquistadores arrived in the Philippine archipelago. One possible indication of this is a rhinoceros ivory seal with design carved in ancient Javanese or early kawi script (used around the 10th century AD ) which, according to a Dutch scholar, was deciphered as But-wan. Another account suggests the name derives from the word batuan, a mangosteen-related fruit common in Mindanao. Another alternative is that the name derives from Datu Bantuan, possibly a former chieftain of the region.^[12]

Recorded monarchs

See also

Pre-hispanic History of the Philippines
Barangay government
Ten datus of Borneo
States in Luzon
Luyag na Kaboloan (Pangasinan)
Ma-i
Kingdom of Maynila
Namayan
Kingdom of Tondo
States in the Visayas
Kedatuan of Madja-as
Rajahnate of Cebu
States in Mindanao
Rajahnate of Butuan
Sultanate of Sulu
Sultanate of Maguindanao
Sultanate of Lanao
Key figures
Sulaiman II · Lakan Dula · Sulaiman III · Katuna
Tarik Sulayman · Tupas · Kabungsuwan · Kudarat
Humabon · Lapu-Lapu · Alimuddin I · Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram
History of the Philippines
Portal: Philippines

• Butuan
• History of the Philippines

References

External links

• Butuan silver strips
• Flag and smbols
• Butuan ivory seals

Historical and present-day states in the Philippines
Pre-16th century c.900–1589 Kingdom of Tondo c.950–1600s Rajahnate of Butuan c.1000–1571 Kingdom of Namayan c.1450–1917 Sultanate of Sulu c.1300–1800 Sultanate of Maguindanao c.1200–1565 Rajahnate of Cebu c.1200–1582 Kedatuan of Madja-as 16th century c.1500–1571 Kingdom of Maynila 1565–1898 Las islas Filipinas 17th century Lanao sultanates 18th century 1762–1764 British Manila 19th century 1870s–1980s Morac-Songhrati-Meads (contested) 1896–1897 Bayang Katagalugan (Katipunan) 1898–1901 Republic of Negros 1899–1903 República de Zamboanga 1899–1901 First Philippine Republic 1900–1945 1899–1913 American military government 1902–1906 Republikang Tagalog 1935–1946 Commonwealth of the Philippines 1943–1945 Second Philippine Republic 1945–present 1946–1981 Third Republic 1981–1986 Fourth Republic 1986–present Fifth Republic
See also Category:Former countries in Philippine history.