Kerkrade dialect
| Kerkrade dialect | |
|---|---|
| Kirchröadsj Plat | |
| Pronunciation |
[keʁçʁœətʃ plɑt] |
| Native to | Netherlands, Germany |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
Kerkrade dialect (natively Kirchröadsj Plat or Kirchröadsj, Standard Dutch: Kerkraads, Standard German: Kerkrader Platt) is a Ripuarian dialect spoken in Kerkrade (Netherlands) and Herzogenrath (Germany). It is spoken in all social classes, but the variety spoken by younger people is somewhat closer to Standard Dutch.[1][2]
Vocabulary
The Kerkrade dialect has many loanwords from Standard German, a language that used to be used in school and church. However, not all German loanwords are used by every speaker.[3]
An example sentence in the Kerkrade dialect is Jód èse en drinke hilt lief en zieël tsezame, which means "eating and drinking well keeps one healthy". The Standard Dutch equivalent of that sentence is Goed eten en drinken houdt de mens gezond.[4]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i | iː | ʏ | yː | u | uː | ||
| Close-mid | e | eː | øː | u | o | oː | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɛː | œ | œː | ə | ɔ | ɔː | |
| Open | aː | ɑ | ||||||
- Among the central vowels, /ɵ/ is rounded, whereas /ə, aː/ are unrounded.
- Among the back vowels, /u, uː, o, oː, ɔ, ɔː/ are rounded, whereas /ɑ/ is unrounded.
- The long /iː, uː, øː/ have two types of allophones: half-long [iˑ, uˑ, øˑ], which occur in words with stoottoon and long [iː, uː, øː], which occur in words with sleeptoon. This allophony does not apply to the other long vowels, which are long in all positions.[5]
- /ʏ/ is normally near-close [ʏ]. However, in the word-final position it is raised to a fully close [y].[7]
- /e/ and /ɛ/ are more open [e̞, æ] before /m, n, ŋ, l, ʁ/.[7]
- Before /ʁ/, all of the long vowels are pronounced even longer than in Standard Dutch. In case of /iː, yː, uː, eː, øː/, they are also followed by a short schwa [iːə̯̆, yːə̯̆, uːə̯̆, eːə̯̆, øːə̯̆].[8]
| Starting point | Ending point | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
| Close | unrounded | iə | ||||
| rounded | ʏə uə | |||||
| Mid | unrounded | ɛɪ | eə | |||
| rounded | œʏ ɔʏ | œə oə | ɔʊ | |||
| Open | aːɪ | aʊ | ||||
- /iə/ and /uə/ have a close onset, whereas /ʏə/ has a near-close onset.[9]
- /ɛɪ, œʏ, ɔʏ, œə, ɔʊ/ have an open-mid onset, whereas /eə/ and /oə/ have a close-mid onset.[9]
- /oə/ is the only centering diphthong that can occur before /ʁ/.[10]
- /aːɪ/ and /aʊ/ have a central onset [ä].[10]
- /aːɪ/ has two allophones: half-long [aˑɪ], which occurs in words with stoottoon and long [aːɪ], which occurs in words with sleeptoon.[10]
Consonants
In contrast to Standard Dutch, but like other varieties of Ripuarian, the Kerkrade dialect was partially affected by the High German consonant shift. For instance, the former /t/ became an affricate /t͡s/ in word-initial and word-final positions, before historical /l/ and /r/ as well as when doubled. Thus, the word for "two" is twee in Standard Dutch, but tswai in the Kerkrade dialect.[11]
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | ç | h |
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ɣ | ||
| Approximant | β | l | j | |||
| Rhotic | ʁ | |||||
- /m, p, b, β/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.
- /β/ has weak lip rounding.[10]
- /ŋ, k, ɡ, ɣ/ are velar, /ç, j/ are palatal, whereas /ʁ/ is uvular.
- /ɡ/ occurs only intervocalically.[10]
- /ɣ/ sounds very similar to /ʁ/, and occurs only after back vowels.[10]
- /ç/ is realized as velar [x] after back vowels and the central /aː/.[10]
- /ʁ/ is most commonly a fricative [ʁ] or an approximant [ʁ̞], but a trill [ʀ] may occasionally also occur, especially in emphatic speech.
Pitch accent
As the neighbouring Limburgish dialects, the Kerkrade dialect features phonemic pitch accent, which contains two tonemes: stoottoon (denoted by a superscript ⟨¹⟩) and sleeptoon (denoted by superscript ⟨²⟩). There are minimal pairs, for example moer /muːʁ¹/ 'wall' - moer /muːʁ²/ 'carrot'. The syllables with stoottoon are pronounced shorter than those with the sleeptoon.[12]
References
- ↑ "Gemeente Kerkrade | Kirchröadsj Plat". Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 9.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 10.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003), p. 94.
- 1 2 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 15–16.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 16, 18.
- 1 2 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 16.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 18.
- 1 2 3 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), pp. 16–17.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 17.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 36.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 19.
Bibliography
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2003), Benders, Jo; Hirsch, Herman; Stelsmann, Hans; Vreuls, Frits, eds., Kirchröadsjer Zagenswies, Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-47-3