John Rylands Library

Not to be confused with Rylands Building.
John Rylands Library
Alternative names Rylands Library
General information
Status Grade I listed
Type Library
Architectural style Victorian Neo-Gothic
Location Deansgate, Manchester, England
Coordinates 53°28′49″N 2°14′55″W / 53.480321°N 2.2487°W / 53.480321; -2.2487
Construction started 1890
Completed 1899[1]
Opened 1 January 1900
Inaugurated 6 October 1899
Renovated 1920, 1962, 2003–07
Cost £200,000[2][3]
Design and construction
Architect Basil Champneys[1]
Main contractor R. and W. Morrison, Liverpool
Website
Rylands Library website

The John Rylands Library is a late-Victorian neo-Gothic building on Deansgate in Manchester, England. The library, which opened to the public in 1900, was founded by Enriqueta Augustina Rylands in memory of her husband, John Rylands.[4] The John Rylands Library and the library of the University of Manchester merged in July 1972 into the John Rylands University Library of Manchester; today it is part of The University of Manchester Library.

Special collections built up by both libraries were progressively concentrated in the Deansgate building. The special collections, believed to be among the largest in the United Kingdom,[5] include medieval illuminated manuscripts and examples of early European printing, including a Gutenberg Bible, the second largest collection of printing by William Caxton,[6] and the most extensive collection of the editions of the Aldine Press of Venice.[7] The Rylands Library Papyrus P52 has a claim to be the earliest extant New Testament text. The library holds personal papers and letters of notable figures, among them Elizabeth Gaskell and John Dalton.

The architectural style is primarily neo-Gothic with elements of Arts and Crafts Movement in the ornate and imposing gatehouse facing Deansgate which dominates the surrounding streetscape. The library, granted Grade I listed status in 1994, is maintained by the University of Manchester and open for library readers and visitors.

History

Enriqueta Rylands purchased a site on Deansgate for her memorial library in 1889 and commissioned a design from architect Basil Champneys.[4][8] Rylands commissioned the Manchester academic Alice Cooke to index the vast library of the 2nd Earl Spencer which she had purchased and another collection of autographs.[9] Mrs Rylands intended the library to be principally theological, and the building, which is a fine example of Victorian Gothic, has the appearance of a church, although the concept was of an Oxford college library on a larger scale.[10] Champneys presented plans to Mrs Rylands within a week of gaining the commission. Thereafter frequent disagreements arose and Mrs Rylands selected decorative elements, window glass and statues against his wishes.[11]

Champneys was given the honour of speaking about the library at a general meeting of the Royal Institute of British Architects and was awarded a Royal Gold Medal in 1912.[12] The library was granted listed building status on 25 January 1952, which was upgraded to Grade I on 6 June 1994.[13]

The core of the library's collection was formed around 40,000 books, including many rarities, assembled by George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer, which Mrs Rylands purchased from Lord Spencer in 1892.[14] She had begun acquiring books in 1889 and continued to do so throughout her lifetime.[10] After its inauguration on 6 October 1899 (the wedding anniversary of John Rylands and Enriqueta Tennant)[10] the library opened to readers and visitors on 1 January 1900.[4]

The John Rylands Library and the library of the University of Manchester merged in July 1972 and was named the John Rylands University Library of Manchester. Special collections built up by both libraries were progressively concentrated in the Deansgate building.

The building has been extended four times, the first time to designs by Champneys in 1920 after the project was delayed by World War I. The Lady Wolfson Building opened in 1962 on the west side and a third extension, south of the first was built in 1969. In January 2003, an appeal to renovate the building was launched.[15] Funds were generated from grants from the University of Manchester and Heritage Lottery Fund and donations from members of the public and companies in Manchester.[16] The project, Unlocking the Rylands, demolished the third extension, refurbished parts of the old building and erected a pitched roof over its reinforced concrete roof. Champneys designed a pitched roof but Mrs Rylands was advised that an internal stone vault would reduce the fire risk and it was not built.[14] The £17 million project was completed by summer 2007 and the library reopened on 20 September 2007.[17]

Location

Facade of the John Rylands Library
Reading Room of the Rylands Library

By the nineteenth century Manchester was a prosperous industrial town and the demands of cotton manufacturing stimulated the growth of engineering and chemical industries. The town became 'abominably filthy' and was 'often covered, especially during the winter, with dense fogs ... there is at all times a copious descent of soots and other impurities'.[18] This, and the overcrowded site, created many design problems for the architect.[19] During the century most textile manufacture moved to newer mills in the surrounding towns while Manchester remained the centre of trading in cotton goods both for the home and foreign markets but pollution from burning coal and gas remained a considerable nuisance.

The site chosen by Mrs Rylands was in a central and fashionable part of the city, but was awkward in shape and orientation and surrounded by tall warehouses, derelict cottages and narrow streets.[19] The position was criticised for its lack of surrounding space and the fact that the valuable manuscript collections were to be housed in "that dirty, uncomfortable city ... [with] not enough light to read by, and the books they already have are wretchedly kept" (written in 1901 about the Crawford MSS.)[19] Mrs Rylands negotiated Deeds of Agreement with her neighbours to fix the heights of future adjacent buildings. The permissible height of the building was fixed at just over 34 feet, but it was suggested that it could be taller at the centre if there was an open area around the edges, at the height of buildings that had been demolished to make way for the construction.[19] Champneys incorporated this suggestion into his design, setting the two towers of the facade twelve feet back from the boundary and keeping the entrance block low, to allow light into the library.[19] He designed the building in a series of tiered steps with an almost flat roof to give a 'liberal concession' to the neighbours' 'right to light'.[20]

Architecture

Exterior

The library was built on a rectangular plan and subsequent extensions are to the rear. It was designed to resemble a church in a decorated neo-Gothic style with Arts and Crafts details.[13] It is constructed of Cumbrian sandstone, the interior a delicately shaded 'Shawk' stone (from Dalston, varying in colour between sand and a range of pinks) and the exterior, dark red Barbary stone from Penrith.[21][22] built around an internal steel framed structure and brick arched flooring.[23] The red 'Barbary plain' sandstone, which Champneys believed 'had every chance of proving durable' for the exterior, was an unusual choice in late Victorian Manchester. It proved relatively successful, as an inspection by Champneys in 1900 revealed little softening by the 'effects of an atmosphere somewhat charged with chemicals' although, by 1909 some repairs were needed.[24]

The library has a crypt above which the building has two unequal storeys giving the impression of three. The ornate Deansgate facade has an embattled parapet with open-work arcading under which is a central three-bay entrance resembling a monastery gatehouse. Its two-centred arched portal has doorways separated by a trumeau and tall windows on either side. Above the doors are a pair of small canted oriel windows. Surfaces are decorated with lacy blind tracery and finely-detailed carving.[13] The carving includes the "J. R." monogram, the arms of Rylands, the arms of Rylands' native town, St Helens, and those of five English, two Scottish and two Irish universities and those of Owens College.[25] On either side of the entrance portal are square two-storey two-bay wings with plain walls with a string course containing grotesques and large octagonal lanterns. Behind the entrance portal flanked by square towers is the three-light east window of the reading hall. It has reticulated tracery and shafts in a similar style to the parapet. In front of the library are Art Nouveau bronze railings with central double gates and lamp standards.[13]

Interior

The main reading room on the first floor, 30 feet above the ground and 12 feet from all four boundaries, was noted for the pleasant contrast between the 'sullen roar' of Manchester and the 'internal cloister quietude of Rylands'.[20] It was lit by oriel windows in the reading alcoves supplemented by high clerestory windows along both sides.[20] Embellishments in the reading room include two large stained glass windows with portraits of religious and secular figures, designed by C. E. Kempe; a series of statues in the reading room by Bridgeman's of Lichfield;[26] and bronzework in the art nouveau style by Singer of Frome. The portraits in sculpture (20) and stained glass (40) represent a selection of personages from the intellectual and artistic history of mankind. The western window contains "Theology" from Moses to Schleiermacher; the eastern "Literature and Art" (including philosophy).[27] The portrait statues of John and Enriqueta Rylands in white marble, in the reading room, were sculpted by John Cassidy who also executed the allegorical group of 'Theology, Science and Art' in the vestibule.[4][28]

Aside from the main library and reading room with gallery above, the design incorporated Bible and map rooms on the first floor, and conference (lecture) and committee rooms on the ground floor, part of which was intended to be a lending library but never operated as such. A caretaker's house was incorporated in the building until it was demolished for the extension of 1969.[1]

Technology

Electric lighting was chosen as the cleanest and safest alternative to gas but, as the use of electricity was in its early stages, the supply (110 volts DC) was generated on-site. This took some years to achieve due to the inexperience of contractors,[12] but the library became one of the first public buildings in Manchester to be lit by electricity[4][29] and continued to generate its own supply until 1950.[30]

Champneys suggested that, in order to protect the books and manuscripts, 'it will be very desirable to keep the air in the interior of the building as clear and free from smoke and chemical matter (both of which are held in the air of Manchester) as may be possible'.[30] The ground floor was built with numerous air inlets and, although his client felt it would prove impossible to exclude foul air, Champneys installed jute or hessian screens to trap the soot, with water sprays to catch the sulphur and other chemicals,[30] which was a very advanced system for the period.[4] Internal screen doors were employed in the entrance hall to prevent the air being 'fouled by the opening of the outer doors' with internal swing doors between the circulation areas and the main library to 'preserve the valuable books from injury'.[30] By 1900 the ventilation system had evolved to include electric fans to draw in air at pavement level through coke screens sprayed with water.[30]

Collections

First edition of Ulysses by James Joyce
The Papyrus 52 (fragment of the Gospel of John) at the John Rylands Library

On opening in 1900, the library had 70,000 books and fewer than 100 manuscripts[31] and by 2012, more than 250,000 printed volumes and over one million manuscripts and archival items.[32] The main foundation of the library's collections acquired in 1892 was the Althorp Library of Lord Spencer regarded as one of the finest library collections in private ownership with 43,000 items - 3,000 of which originate from before 1501 (i.e. incunabula).[33][34] Mrs Rylands paid £210,000 for Spencer's collection which included the Aldine Collection[35] and an incunabula collection of 3,000 items.[36]

Owens College Library received Richard Copley Christie's library of over 8,000 volumes including many rare books from the Renaissance period in 1901.[37] It was part of the Victoria University of Manchester library from 1904 and was transferred to the John Rylands Library building after the merger in 1972. In 1901, Mrs Rylands paid £155,000 for more than 6,000 manuscripts owned by James Lindsay, 26th Earl of Crawford of Haigh Hall. The Bibliotheca Lindesiana was one of the most impressive private collections in Britain at the time, both for its size and rarity of some of its contents.[38][39] Walter Llewellyn Bullock bequeathed 5,000 items (notably early Italian imprints) during the 1930s.[40]

The library's collections include exquisite medieval illuminated manuscripts, examples of early European printing including a fine paper copy of the Gutenberg Bible and books printed by William Caxton, and personal papers of distinguished historical figures including Elizabeth Gaskell, John Dalton and John Wesley.[14] Nothing is known of the early history of this copy of the Gutenberg Bible before it was acquired by the 2nd Earl Spencer.[41][42]

The library houses papyrus fragments known as the Rylands Papyri and documents from North Africa. The most notable are the St John Fragment, believed to be the oldest extant New Testament text, Rylands Library Papyrus P52, the earliest fragment of the text of the canonical Gospel of John;[43] the earliest fragment of the Septuagint, Papyrus Rylands 458; and Papyrus Rylands 463, a manuscript fragment of the apocryphal Gospel of Mary. Minuscule 702, ε2010 (von Soden),[44] is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Among the papyri from Oxyrhynchus are a homily about women (Inv R. 55247), part of the book of Tobit (Apocrypha) (448), and Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 73, relating to the transfer of a slave.

In addition to the collections of Spencer, Crawford, Christie and Bullock,[45][46] holdings have been enriched by gifts, permanent loans or purchases of several libraries belonging to institutions and individuals. These include the French Revolution Broadsides donated by the 27th Earl of Crawford in 1924[47][48] and the archives of the Methodist Church of Great Britain in 1977.[49] Between 1946 and 1988 a number of sections of the Earl of Crawford's library were deposited here,[50] however all but one of these were withdrawn in 1988.

Mrs Rylands died in 1908 having bequeathed her private collections and an endowment of £200,000 to enable the library to expand. The funds were used to acquire 180,000 books, 3,000 manuscripts and extend the building.[51] The Librarian, Henry Guppy, invited individuals to deposit their archives for safe keeping in 1921 when there were no county record offices in Lancashire or Cheshire and the library became one of the first to collect historical family records.[52]

Staff

Librarians at John Rylands before its merger include Edward Gordon Duff in 1899 and 1900 and Henry Guppy between 1899 and 1948 (joint Librarian with Duff until 1900). Duff was responsible for the original library catalogue, compiled between 1893 and 1899: Catalogue of the Printed Books and Manuscripts in the John Rylands Library, Manchester; ed. E. G. Duff. Manchester: J. E. Cornish, 1899. 3 vols.[10] The cataloguing of the books was done by Alice Margaret Cooke, a graduate of the Victoria University.[53] Dr Guppy began publication of the Bulletin of the John Rylands Library in 1903; it later became a journal publishing academic articles and from autumn 1972 the title was changed to the Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester (further slight changes have occurred since).[54]

In the 1st World War 11 members of staff joined the armed forces; of these only Capt. O. J. Sutton, MC, lost his life while serving.[55] Other noteworthy members of staff were James Rendel Harris, Alphonse Mingana, the Semitic scholar Professor Edward Robertson (d. 1964) who was the third librarian,[56][57] and Moses Tyson, keeper of western manuscripts, afterwards librarian of Manchester University Library. Acting Librarian David Miller founded the John Rylands Research Institute in 1987,[58][59] to promote, fund and stimulate research on the primary material held at Deansgate. Stella Butler, a medical historian, was Head of Special Collections from 2000 until 2009, and she moved to the University of Leeds in 2011 as University Librarian.[60][61] Since 2009, Rachel Beckett has been Head of Special Collections and she was appointed as the Associate Director of The John Rylands Library in 2013. Jan Wilkinson has been the Director of The John Rylands Library, as well as University Librarian, since 2008. In 2013 Prof. Peter Pormann was appointed Director of the John Rylands Research Institute; the institute would be a collaboration between the University Library and the University's Faculty of Humanities with funding for two years.[62]

Governors and Trustees

Mrs Rylands established a board of trustees to hold the library's assets and a council of governors to maintain the building and control expenditure. The council consisted of some representative and some co-optative governors while honorary governors were not members of the council.[63][64] Both these bodies were dissolved at the merger in 1972. Members of the council of governors included Professor Arthur Peake and Professor F. F. Bruce both biblical critics and Rylands Professors of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis.

Visitors

Many notable people including heads of state have visited the library. Charles, Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall have also visited.[65]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Plan of John Rylands Library, Manchester". Retrieved 29 April 2007.
  2. ↑ "John Rylands Library", Engineering Timelines, retrieved 25 February 2012
  3. ↑ According to Clare Hartwell the cost was £230,000:-Hartwell, Clare (2001), Manchester, Pevsner Architectural Guides, London: Penguin Books, p. 96, ISBN 978-0-14-071131-8
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "JRUL Special Collections: Visitor Information". Retrieved 29 April 2007.
  5. ↑ "What are Special Collections?". University of Manchester. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
  6. ↑ "Incunabula Collection". The University of Manchester. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  7. ↑ "Aldine Press". The University of Manchester. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  8. ↑ Farnie, D. A. (1989) "Enriqueta Augustina Rylands" in: Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, LXXI, 2 (summer 1989); pp. 3–38
  9. ↑ Fernanda Helen Perrone, ‘Cooke, Alice Margaret (1867–1940)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 26 Dec 2015
  10. 1 2 3 4 Farnie (1989)
  11. ↑ Basil Champneys (1842–1935), University of Manchester (The), retrieved 25 February 2012
  12. 1 2 Bowler & Brimblecombe 2000, p. 187
  13. 1 2 3 4 Historic England. "John Rylands Library and Attached Railings, Gates and Lamp Standards (1217800)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
  14. 1 2 3 "JRUL: Special Collections Guide". Retrieved 29 April 2007.
  15. ↑ "Appeal to restore historic library". BBC News. 21 January 2003. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  16. ↑ "Library closes for refit". BBC News. 13 September 2003. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  17. ↑ "City's historic library reopens". BBC News. 20 September 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
  18. ↑ Bowler & Brimblecombe 2000, p. 176
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Bowler & Brimblecombe 2000, p. 177
  20. 1 2 3 Bowler & Brimblecombe 2000, p. 178
  21. ↑ "Historic Reading Room". John Rylands University Library Image Collections. John Rylands University Library. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  22. ↑ "Dalston, Cumberland". The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland, 1868. GENUKI. Retrieved 3 December 2010.
  23. ↑ Bowler & Brimblecombe 2000, p. 179
  24. ↑ Bowler & Brimblecombe 2000, p. 181
  25. ↑ Guppy, Henry (1924). The John Rylands Library, Manchester: 1899–1924: a record of its history. Manchester: University Press. p. 121.
  26. ↑ "A series of portrait statues, designed by Mr. Robert Bridgeman, of Lichfield"--Guppy, H. (1924) The John Rylands Library, Manchester: 1899-1924. Manchester: University Press; p. 122
  27. ↑ Guppy, Henry (1924). The John Rylands Library, Manchester: 1899–1924: a record of its history. Manchester: University Press. pp. 122–23.
  28. ↑ John Rylands and the allegorical group were completed for the inauguration, 6 October 1899; Enriqueta's statue was completed in December 1907 and portrays her at the age of her marriage in 1875.
  29. ↑ An electrical power supply was available in Manchester city centre from 1893, from the Dickinson Street generating station.--McKechnie, H. M., ed. (1915) Manchester in Nineteen Hundred and Fifteen. Manchester: University Press; p. 27
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Bowler & Brimblecombe 2000, p. 185
  31. ↑ "Our history - The Library opens". University of Manchester. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  32. ↑ "John Rylands Library - Our history". University of Manchester. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  33. ↑ "Spencer collection". University of Manchester. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  34. ↑ "How did these books come to Manchester?". University of Manchester. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  35. ↑ "Aldine Collection". University of Manchester. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  36. ↑ "Incunabula collection". University of Manchester. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  37. ↑ "Christie collection". University of Manchester. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  38. ↑ Guppy, Henry (1946) "The Bibliotheca Lindesiana", in: Bulletin of the John Rylands Library; vol. 30, pp. 185–94
  39. ↑ Barker, Nicolas (1978) Bibliotheca Lindesiana: the lives and collections of Alexander William, 25th Earl of Crawford and 8th Earl of Balcarres and James Ludovic, 26th Earl of Crawford and 9th Earl of Balcarres. London: Quaritch for the Roxburghe Club; pp. 350–54, 361-62
  40. ↑ "Bullock collection". University of Manchester. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  41. ↑ There are 48 complete or nearly complete extant copies of the Gutenberg Bible of which a few are on vellum. Gutenberg in the British Library at bl.uk
  42. ↑ The copy has some illuminated initial letters and the leaves are uncut (without trimming of the margins); MS. notes to guide the illuminator are near the top edges of the pages. The two folio volumes were rebound in blue morocco for Lord Spencer.
  43. ↑ "An Unpublished Fragment of the Fourth Gospel". JRUL. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
  44. ↑ Hermann von Soden, Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte (Berlin 1902), vol. 1, p. 169
  45. ↑ "Bullock Collection, The University of Manchester, The John Rylands University Library".
  46. ↑ "Bullock Collection, The John Rylands Library".
  47. ↑ "The 'Bibliotheca Lindesiana'", in: The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library; vol. 30, no. 1, 1946p. 11
  48. ↑ "French Revolution Collection". University of Manchester (The). Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  49. ↑ "Methodist Collections". University of Manchester (The). Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  50. ↑ Guppy, Henry (1946) "The 'Bibliotheca Lindesiana'", in: Bulletin of the John Rylands Library; vol. 30, pp. 185–94
  51. ↑ "Our History - Enriqueta Rylands". University of Manchester. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  52. ↑ "Our History - Family archives deposited". University of Manchester. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
  53. ↑ Enriqueta Rylands, First Impressions, University of Manchester, Retrieved 5 January 2016
  54. ↑ Publication was suspended for a few years (1909–13) but it has been published continuously since 1914, either two or three issues a year
  55. ↑ Guppy, Henry (1924) The John Rylands University Library, Manchester: 1899-1824. Manchester: University Press; p. 35
  56. ↑ Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, Vol. 45 (1962/63), pp. 1–2, 273-75; 47 (1964/65), pp. 1–2
  57. ↑ Who was Who; 1961–1970, p. 966
  58. ↑ Pullan, Brian; Abendstern, Michele (2004). A history of the University of Manchester, 1973-90. Manchester University Press. p. 261. ISBN 9780719062421.
  59. ↑ "The John Rylands Research Institute : The True Tale Told". The John Rylands Research Institute : The True Tale Told. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
  60. ↑ "Dr Stella Butler". University of Leeds. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  61. ↑ "University Librarian appointment - Dr Stella Butler". University of Leeds. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  62. ↑ "News; Director of John Rylands Research Institute appointed". University of Manchester, The. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  63. ↑ John Rylands Library (1969) Catalogue of an Exhibition of Manuscripts and Early Printing Originating in Germany ... November 1969. Manchester: John Rylands Library; list inside cover
  64. ↑ Farnie, D. A. (1989). "Enriqueta Augustina Rylands, 1843–1908, Founder of the John Rylands Library". Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester; 71 (2): 3–38.
  65. ↑ "Royalty at the Rylands". Retrieved 19 June 2011.

Bibliography

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