Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions

The Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions is an annual tournament featuring the longest-running champions and biggest money winners from the past season or seasons of Jeopardy! The tournament began in 1964 during Art Fleming's tenure as host, and has continued into the Alex Trebek era of the show. There have been six years in which the Tournament was skipped altogether (1984, 1997, 2005, 2008, 2012, and 2016), and six seasons (1, 17, 20, 23, 27, and 30). The brief 1978–79 revival, which aired for five months, is known to have had a Tournament as well.

In 2002, Jeopardy! held a Million Dollar Masters tournament featuring fifteen previous champions, and in 2005 the show held an Ultimate Tournament of Champions for over three months, which featured over 100 champions from previous years instead of a regular Tournament of Champions for just the previous year; that season's Tournament of Champions began on September 20, 2004, featuring any remaining Season 19 champions who hadn't qualified for that year's tournament as well as all of the Season 20 qualifiers except for Ken Jennings, who had just resumed his winning streak two weeks before the tournament started (Jennings' streak was interrupted three times that year; the other two times were for the show's annual Kids' Week in October 2004 and the College Championship in November 2004).

The Season 25 Tournament of Champions was taped during the 2009 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada.[1]

In 2014, Jeopardy! held a Battle of the Decades tournament featuring 45 previous champions, with 15 from their respective decade (1984–93, 1994–2003, and 2004–13). All of the players competed in a week-long slate of games, respective of decade, from which the winners out of each game would become quarter-finalists. Those 15 winners would then return to compete in a regular tournament format, with the winner taking home $1,000,000.

Field

According to surviving microfilm records of broadcasts from the era, the original 1964-1975 Tournament of Champions format generally featured the top 9 winners in the given season, inviting the highest earning five-day champions, with four-day and three-day champions invited if necessary in order of winnings.[2]

In the current version of the show, the Tournament of Champions includes 15 players. Most of the slots are reserved for regular-season players who have won the most games since the previous championship contestants were chosen, followed by the most money in the case of the same number of games won. Prior to the end of the five-game limit, champions of five games were traditionally guaranteed a slot in the event, while four-day champions have been involved in most Tournament of Champions fields, and if necessary, three day champions may qualify (which has occurred in seven tournaments to date.) In the one instance where there were more five-day champions in the qualifying period than available slots in the tournament, the most recent overflow contestants were held over for the following tournament (which occurred in 2001, with the last two five-day champions held over to the 2003 event.) Notably, 2004 74-day champion Ken Jennings gave up his bid in the 2006 Tournament of Champions in favor of an automatic finals bye in 2005's Ultimate Tournament of Champions, and therefore never competed in the regular tournament.

Winners of the annual College Championships and Teachers Tournaments are also guaranteed slots in the Tournament of Champions. For many years, the winners of the annual Teen and Seniors Tournaments also participated, but the Seniors Tournament was discontinued after 1995, and a Teen Tournament winner was last invited to the Tournament of Champions in 2000, none ever having won the event. Scheduling occurrences can result in multiple winners of a given annual tournament in the same Tournament of Champions field, most recently with two College Champions in the 2014 event. Due to academic study commitments, two College Champions (Vinita Kailasanth in 2001 and Joey Beachum in 2008) have deferred their bid in their original intended Tournament of Champions to the following tournament.

For Jeopardy!'s first nine Tournaments of Champions, the tournament was held each November, with the qualifying period for the event being the entire previous season. Starting after 1993's installment, the qualifying period was modified to any games played between tournaments, and following 1996's installment, tournaments moved to a more fluid schedule, and are no longer solely held in November. As a result, qualifying periods now vary in length, and the tournament does not have to be held in a given season or calendar year. Due to scheduling delays from prior special events, producers have the option to begin a qualifying period prior to the start of the previous tournament if necessary, such as for 2015's installment.

A sixteenth player, who is the next highest player with the most wins, then by amount of money won, not in the field, is also invited as an alternate contestant in the event that a qualified champion is unable to attend. In the 2001 event, the two overflow five-day champions (Mark Dawson & Alan Bailey) were both invited as alternates, due to travel concerns in the wake of the September 11 attacks, though no one was unable to compete, and both were included as planned in the 2003 tournament. As well, the highest earning contestant to not advance out of the prior round is assigned as an alternate for the semifinals and finals in case of emergency.

There have been at least two cases of otherwise-qualified contestants being removed from the Tournament of Champions field due to violations of eligibility requirements (Barbara Lowe in 1986 had appeared on another game show within the probationary period, and Jerry Slowik in 2014 was indicted on sexual abuse charges, and his court case had not come to trial at the time of the taping; he eventually pleaded guilty in February 2015, including a 30-day prison sentence, five year probationary period, and registration as a sex offender) In such cases, the champion with the most wins not already in the tournament, with earnings as the tie-breaker, took their place in the field.

Format

In most seasons of the Art Fleming era, the Tournament of Champions featured three semifinal games, with the winners competing in a two-legged tie final (similarly to the second half of the modern tournament), though here, scores weren't reset for the second game, allowing contestants to add to, lose, and wager money won in the first game. For the 1969 Tournament of Champions only, 18 champions were invited to compete, who competed in six quarterfinal games, two semifinal games, and the usual two-day final (with the highest scoring losing semifinalist also competing as a wild card finalist.) The 1970 tournament returned to a one-week format, but featured two separate one day finals involving top performing contestants from the semifinal games.

The 1978 syndicated revival of Jeopardy! held a Tournament of Champions in early 1979 featuring top-earning champions from prior games of that season, though the format is unclear from surviving episodes. A copy of the final episode exists (sans the contestants' last names), which saw contestant Stuart defeat Phillip and Tom to win the event.

With the expansion of the field to 15 players in the Alex Trebek era, the Tournament of Champions now lasts two weeks (10 shows) with the following format, devised by Trebek himself in 1985 to suit the 15 five-time champions from the previous year. The same format applies to all Jeopardy! 15-player tournament formats—the Teen Tournament, College Championship, and Teachers Tournament; it previously applied to the Seniors Tournament, the Million Dollar Masters Tournament, and starting with the second round (15 players), Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades:[3]

Tie-Breakers

The following tie-breaker rules are imposed during the tournament:

Triple Zero Score: All three players are eliminated from contention for an automatic berth to the next round. An additional wild card is added. Players with a score of zero are still eligible for a wild card, should not enough players have a positive score.

Tie Game for First, Positive Score: Tied players participate in one final toss-up clue; the player who rings in and gives the correct question advances. A player cannot win by default, and must give the correct question to win. Should neither player offer a correct response, the question is thrown out and edited out of the final broadcast; only the final question that determines the winner is broadcast. In the final, the tie-breaker is used only if there is a tie after the aggregate.

Tie for Wild Card: In case of a tie among the highest-scoring losers for a Wild Card position, the same rules as determining second and third place prizes is used, with the highest score after "Double Jeopardy!" breaking the tie (and the Jeopardy! round, if necessary). A player with a zero score in their round is still eligible for a Wild Card should it come down to this.

Prizes

The prize amounts for all contestants are as follows:

Period Finalists (minimum guarantees) Semifinalists Quarterfinalists
Winner 1st runner-up 2nd runner-up
1964–74 All players kept their scores in cash at the end of each game none, except in 1969
1985 $100,000 Kept two-day total winnings $5,000 $1,000
1986 $5,000
1987–96 $10,000 $7,500
1998–2002 $15,000 $10,000 $2,500
2003–04 $250,000 $50,000 $25,000 $10,000 $5,000
2006–present $100,000 $50,000

Other prizes

Griffin Award

List of participants

The following is a list of contestants and where they placed in the tournament. Prize amounts for the non-winning finalists who won more than the minimum guarantees are as indicated in parentheses.

Finalists Semifinalists Quarterfinalists
Art Fleming Era (1964–75)[4]
First annual (1964)
Winner: Terry Thompson[5]
Phyllis Gallo
John Murphy
Helen Beck
Rosemary Taubert
Pat McDermott
Madeline Von Koch
Sid Kramer
Ruth Lind
[No quarterfinals]
Second annual (1965)
Winner: Babs McClellan
Carolyn Benson
Bob Wilder
Lou Ehrlich
Pat Day
Doris Sullivan
Jim Cahill
Bob Law
Earle Codrington
[No quarterfinals]
Third annual (1966)
Winner: Burns Cameron[6]
Other finalists not recorded
Bob Bovard
Phyllis Grant
Tye Heckman
Leona Huerbach
Sarah Moore
Pat Rohan
John Schenck
Fran Winnick
[No quarterfinals]
Fourth annual (1967)
Eleanor Endsley
Harry Murtha
Anne Fried
Frank Gray
Sheila Gabriel
Rosemary Marnell
Libby Dyer
Gail Berry
Howard August
[No quarterfinals]
Fifth annual (1968)
Winner: Hutton "Red" Gibson
John Miller
Shep Shepherd
Fran Fisk
Bill Martin
Penny Costigen
Marcia Bikalis
Judy Gex
Sally Hickman
[No quarterfinals]
Sixth annual (1969)
Winner: Jay Wolpert
Elliot Shteir
Nick Rorick
Elliot Baritz
Jane Gschwend
Ann Baker
Larry Schiller
Joan Nephew
John Gridley
Judy Rubin
Grant Willis
Jack Gurner
Mendy Snyder
Burt Sherman
Pat Dougiallo
Jay Hayes
Judy Reimer
Joan Lawrence
Seventh annual (1970)
Winner: Gene Cheatam
Mary Lee Fox
Barbara Franco
Dolores Henderson
Russ Poylo
Hunter Farnum
Steve Haufman
Helen Mabry
M. McNeil
[No quarterfinals]
Eighth annual (1971)
Winner: Rock Johnson
Riza Gross
Jan Churchwell
Peggy Rathert
Don Marms
Karolyn Battle
Jim Shannon
Michael Aronson
Joel Tuber
[No quarterfinals]
Ninth annual (1972)
Winner: Anne Marie Sutton
Jay Delehanty
Susan Smith
Paul Wilson
Lorraine Gorman
Donna Angle
Luanne Keller
Sheila November
Jay Delehanty
[No quarterfinals]
Tenth annual (1973)
Winner: Paula Ogren
Adeline Schulman
Dan Donohue
Carol Reeve
Reid Williamson
Connie Christensen
Phil Price
Louise Windgrad
Rosemary Travis
[No quarterfinals]
Eleventh annual (1974)
Winner: Denny Golden
Dave Hilliard
Pete Staley
Kathleen Lang
Andy Miller
Art Newell
Faye Ringel
Other semifinalists not recorded
[No quarterfinals]
Alex Trebek Era (1984–present)
Season 2 (November 11–22, 1985)
Winner: Jerry Frankel
1st runner-up: Bruce Fauman ($9,399)
2nd runner-up: Steve Rogitz ($5,100)
Ron Black
Paul Boymel (Season 1 biggest winner)
Liz Caccese
Larry Floyd
John Hnat
Ric Moser
Elise Beraru
SSGT Paul Croshier
Michael Day
John Genova
Paula Tupper
Nathan Walpow
Season 3 (November 3–14, 1986)
Winner: Chuck Forrest (Season 2 biggest winner)
1st runner-up: Paul Rouffa
2nd runner-up: Marvin Shinkman
Beryl Arbit
Donald Burgo
Gary Giardina
Lionel Goldbart
Gary Palmer
Jay Rosenberg
Harvey Becker
Jared Eisenstat
Danny Green
Mark Leinwand
Eric Schoeck
Guy Tonti
Season 4 (November 9–20, 1987)
Winner: Bob Verini
1st runner-up: David Traini ($16,000)
2nd runner-up: Eugene Finerman ($11,600)
Eric Berman
Richard Cordray
Michael Galvin
Doug Molitor
John Ryan (Season 3 biggest winner)
Roger Storm
Keith Bell
Jonathan Fellows
Frank Hughes
John Podhoretz
Zeke Sevilla, Jr.
Keith Walker
Season 5 (November 7–18, 1988)
Winner: Mark Lowenthal
1st runner-up: Bruce Naegeli (Season 4 biggest winner, $18,799)
2nd runner-up: Sandra Gore ($13,000)
Roy Holliday
Peggy Kennedy
Richard Perez-Pena
Steven Popper
Michael Rankins
Kate Waits
Michael Block
Barbara-Anne Eddy
Leah Greenwald
Stephen Lebowitz
Bruce Seymour
Ron Trigueiro
Season 6 (November 6–17, 1989)
Winner: Tom Cubbage (also won Season 5 College Championship)
1st runner-up: Rich Lerner ($15,500)
2nd runner-up: Brian Wangsgard (Season 5 biggest winner)
Bruce Cox
Peggi Malys
Mark McDermott
Eric Newhouse
Ouida Rellstab
Cigus Vanni
Cathy Boggs
Jeff Richmond
Joel Sacks
Chris Shea
Yael Sofaer
Jim Tompkins-MacLaine
ABC's Super Jeopardy (June 16–September 8, 1990)
Winner: Bruce Seymour
1st runner-up: Bob Verini
2nd runner-up: Dave Traini
Bob Blake
Eugene Finerman
Eric Newhouse
Jeff Richmond
Roger Storm
Keith Walker
Keith Bell
Elise Beraru
Ron Black
Cathy Boggs
Liz Caccese
Burns Cameron
Tom Cubbage
Bruce Fauman
Chuck Forrest
Gary Giardina
Lionel Goldbart
Sandy Gore
Leah Greenwald
Rich Lerner
Mark Lowenthal
Peggi Malys
Bruce Naegeli
Richard Perez-Peña
Michael Rankins
Ouida Rellstab
Steve Rogitz
Paul Rouffa
Zeke Sevilla Jr.
Yael Sofaer
Frank Spangenberg
Kate Waits
Brian Wangsgard
Season 7 (November 5–16, 1990)
Winner: Bob Blake
1st runner-up: Larry McKnight
2nd runner-up: Steve Berman
Jeff Bandman
Andrew Bernknopf
Erik Larsen
Ofc. Frank Spangenberg (Season 6 biggest winner)
Eric Terzuolo
Jamie Weiss
Lisa Guay
Dan Katz
Richard Neale
George Soule
Michael Thayer
Elaine Zollner
Season 8 (November 4–15, 1991)
Winner: Jim Scott
1st runner-up: Steve Robin ($12,600)
2nd runner-up: Lou Pryor ($9,700)
Mark Born (Season 7 biggest winner)
Leslie Frates
Scott Gillispie
Jonathan Jacobs
Lois Kurowski
Mark Pestronk
Sara Cox
Tom Halpern
Bruce Ikawa
John LeDonne
Andy Westney
Lynne Wexler
Season 9 (November 9–20, 1992)
Winner: Leszek Pawlowicz
1st runner-up: Bruce Simmons
2nd runner-up: Jerome Vered (Season 8 biggest winner)
India Cooper
Kirk Ditzler
Richard Kaplan
April McManus
Leonard Schmidt
Robert Slaven
Billy Baxter
Ofc. Frank Epstein
John Kelly, RET USAF
Steve Newman
Dave Willis
Phil Yellman
Season 10 (November 15–26, 1993)
Winner: Tom Nosek
1st runner-up: Bev Schwartzberg ($19,100)
2nd runner-up: Marilyn Kneeland ($11,500)
Dennis Donohue
Phoebe Juel
Jack Mahoney
Leslie Miller
Ed Schiffer (Season 9 biggest winner)
Walt Senterfitt
Debby Arnold
Al Lin
Linda Shepard
Diane Siegel
David Tiemann
Fraser Woodford
10th Anniversary Tournament (November 29–December 3, 1993)
Winner: Frank Spangenberg ($41,800)
1st runner-up: Tom Nosek ($13,600)
2nd runner-up: Leslie Frates
Lionel Goldbart
Roy Holliday
Mark McDermott
Doug Molitor
Steve Rogitz
Robert Slaven
[no quarterfinals]
Season 11 (November 14–25, 1994)
Winner: Rachael Schwartz
1st runner-up: Jeff Stewart ($20,800)
2nd runner-up: David Hillinck ($7,500)
Kurt Bray
Steve Chernicoff (Season 10 biggest winner)
John Cuthbertson
Jean Grewe
Brian Moore
Bill Pitassy
Amy Fine
Fred Frank
Matt Morris
Tom Nichols
Bart Thomas
David Venderbush
Season 12 (November 13–24, 1995)
Winner: Ryan Holznagel[7]
1st runner-up: David Siegel (Season 11 biggest winner, $24,600)
2nd runner-up: Isaac Segal ($16,600)
Bruce Borchardt
Jonathan Groff
Paul Thompson (Season 12 biggest winner)
Jim Vercolen
Gordon Wean
Matt Zielenski
Aaron Klein
Len Krisak
Ben Lyon
John McKeon
Jim Morgan
Linda Roberts
Season 13 (November 18–29, 1996)
Winner: Michael Dupée
1st runner-up: Bob Scarpone ($11,000)
2nd runner-up: Michael Daunt[8] ($8,200)
Bill Dickenson
Amanda Goad
Mary Hirschfeld
Bill Sloan
Beverly Spurs
Shane Whitlock
Bernie Cullen
David Cuneo
Lucien Schmidt
Brad Plovan
David Sampugnaro
Barbara Walker
Season 14 (February 2–13, 1998)
Winner: Dan Melia (Season 14 biggest winner)
1st runner-up: Kim Worth (Season 13 biggest winner)
2nd runner-up: Bob Harris
Sahir Islam
Lyn Payne
Claudia Perry
Fred Ramen
Peter Scott
Grace Veach
Craig Barker
Josh Den Hartog
Paul Gutowski
Pam Mifflin
Arthur Phillips
Wes Ulm
Season 15 (February 8–19, 1999)
Winner: Dave Abbott
1st runner-up: J.J. Todor ($20,600)
2nd runner-up: Juliet Wiley
David Bagley (Season 15 biggest winner)
Dan Girard
Pat Healy
Lance Johnson
Andrew Maly
John Skelton
James Arey
Andrew Hutchings
Lara Robillard
Chris Ward
Carolyn White
Melizza Zygmunt
Season 16 (May 8–19, 2000) taped at the Atlanta Civic Center in Atlanta, Georgia
Winner: Robin Carroll[9]
1st runner-up: Jeremy Bate
2nd runner-up: Steve Fried
Mike Blumenfeld
Carolyn Cracraft
Terry Currin
Chacko George
Michael Rooney
Eddie Timanus
Jack Archey
Lee Lassiter
Darlene Lieblich
Helen Petroff
Melissa Sexstone
Janet Wong
Season 18 (October 22–November 2, 2001)
Winner: Brad Rutter
1st runner-up: Tad Carithers
2nd runner-up: Rick Knutsen
Larry Cloud
Lan Djang
Mark Eckard
Ryan Moore
Pam Mueller
Babu Srinivasan (Season 17 biggest winner)
Michael Arnone
Michelle Clum
Bob Fleenor
Andrew Garen
Kevin Keach
Doug Lach (Season 16 biggest winner)
Million Dollar Masters Tournament (May 1–14, 2002) taped at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City, New York
Winner: Brad Rutter
1st runner-up: Eric Newhouse
2nd runner-up: Bob Verini
India Cooper
Chuck Forrest
Leslie Frates
Bob Harris
Claudia Perry
Leslie Shannon (Miller)
Robin Carroll
Rachael Schwartz
Frank Spangenberg
Babu Srinivasan
Eddie Timanus
Kate Waits
Season 19 (May 5–16, 2003)
Winner: Mark Dawson
1st runner-up: Brian Weikle (Season 19 biggest winner, $56,601)
2nd runner-up: Eric Floyd (Season 18 biggest winner)
Alan Bailey
Mark Brown
Jill Bunzendahl Chimka
Max Levaren
Trevor Norris
Travis Troyer
Kathy Cassity
Kyle Hale
Jackie Harrison
Mark Lee
Jason McCune
Ben Tritle
Season 21 (September 20–October 1, 2004)
Winner: Russ Schumacher
1st runner-up: Tom Walsh
2nd runner-up: Arthur Gandolfi
Seth Alcorn
Tom Baker
Anne Boyd
Vinita Kailasanath
Chris Miller
Steve Reynolds
John Beck
Sam Ott
Scott "Renzo" Renzoni
Sean Ryan
Jim Stalley
Keith Williams
Season 21 Ultimate Tournament of Champions (February 9–May 25, 2005)
Winner: Brad Rutter
1st runner-up: Ken Jennings (Season 20 & 21 biggest winner)
2nd runner-up: Jerome Vered
John Cuthbertson
Chris Miller
Pam Mueller
Frank Spangenberg
Stephen Chernicoff
Michael Daunt
Lan Djang
April McManus
Dan Melia
Brian Moore
Michael Rooney
Robert Slaven
Grace Veach
Shane Whitlock
Phil Yellman
Matt Zielenski
Season 22 (May 8–19, 2006)
Winner: Michael Falk
1st runner-up: Vik Vaz
2nd runner-up: Bill MacDonald
David Madden (Season 22 biggest winner)
Kevin Marshall
Bob Mesko
Jason Richards
Aaron Thompson
Maria Wenglinsky
Kerry Breitenbach
Doug Dorst
Kermin Fleming
Tom Kavanaugh
Nico Martinez
David Rozenson
Season 24 (November 5–16, 2007)
Winner: Celeste DiNucci[10]
1st runner-up: Doug Hicton
2nd runner-up: Cliff Galiher
Paul Glaser
Christian Haines
Chris Mazurek
Susan Mitchell
Jeff Spoeri
Craig Westphal
Mehrun Etebari (Season 23 biggest winner)
Cathy Lanctot
Andrew Rostan
Nick Swezey
Sara Terrell
Steve Unite
Season 25 (March 11–24, 2009) taped at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Las Vegas, Nevada
Winner: Dan Pawson
1st runner-up: Larissa Kelly (Season 24 biggest winner)
2nd runner-up: Aaron Schroeder
Ben Bishop
Matt Kohlstedt
Cora Peck
Dave Simpson
Donna Vogel
Mark Wales
Carl Brandt
Deborah Fitzgerald
Lisa Klink
Tom Morris
Erik Nelson
Jim Stevens
Season 26 (May 10–21, 2010)
Winner: Vijay Balse
1st runner-up: Jason Zollinger (Season 26 biggest winner)
2nd runner-up: Stefan Goodreau
Dave Belote
Justin Bernbach (Season 25 biggest winner)
Terry Linwood
Liz Murphy
Andy Srinivasan
Nick Yozamp
Joey Beachum
Ryan Chaffee
Regina Robbins
Patrick Tucker
Christine Valada
Stephen Weingarten
Season 28 (November 2–15, 2011)
Winner: Roger Craig
1st runner-up: Tom Nissley (Season 27 biggest winner)
2nd runner-up: Buddy Wright
Erin McLean
Joon Pahk
Jay Rhee
Mark Runsvold
Justin Sausville
Kara Spak
John Krizel
Tom Kunzen
Paul Kursky
Brian Meacham
Christopher Short
Charles Temple
Season 29 (February 13–26, 2013) presented by Prudential
Winner: Colby Burnett (also won Season 29 Teachers Tournament)
1st runner-up: Keith Whitener
2nd runner-up: Kristin Morgan
Stephanie Jass
Jason Keller (Season 28 biggest winner)
Dave Leach
Dan McShane
Paul Nelson
Jason Shore
David Gard
David Menchaca
Joel Pool
Ashok Poozhikunnel
Patrick Quinn
Monica Thieu
Season 30 Battle of the Decades (February 3–May 16, 2014)
Winner: Brad Rutter
1st runner-up: Ken Jennings
2nd runner-up: Roger Craig
Colby Burnett
Tom Cubbage
Chuck Forrest
Pam Mueller
Leszek Pawlowicz
Russ Schumacher
Robin Carroll
Mark Dawson
Mark Lowenthal
Tom Nosek
Dan Pawson
Rachael Schwartz
Season 31 (November 10–21, 2014)
Winner: Ben Ingram (Season 29 biggest winner)
1st runner-up: Arthur Chu
2nd runner-up: Julia Collins (Season 30 biggest winner)
Sandie Baker
Joshua Brakhage
Jared Hall
Mark Japinga
Terry O'Shea
Rebecca Rider
Jim Coury
Drew Horwood
Sarah McNitt
Andrew Moore
John Pearson
Rani Peffer
Season 32 (November 9–20, 2015)
Winner: Alex Jacob
1st runner-up: Matt Jackson (Season 32 biggest winner)
2nd runner-up: Kerry Greene
Brennan Bushee
Dan Feitel
Catherine Hardee
Andrew Haringer
John Schultz
Vaughn Winchell
Michael Bilow
Jennifer Giles
Scott Lord
Kristin Sausville
Greg Seroka (Season 31 biggest winner)
Elliot Yates

References and notes

  1. Wallenstein, Andrew (2008-01-08). "Sony TV gets celebs' help in digital push". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2008-01-09.
  2. Knecht-Schmidt, Robert (2011-12-18). "The Tournament of Champions in the Art Fleming era of Jeopardy!". JBoard.tv. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
  3. Eisenberg, Harry (1993). Inside "Jeopardy!": What Really Goes on at TV's Top Quiz Show. Salt Lake City, Utah: Northwest Publishing Inc. p. 75. ISBN 1-56901-177-X. Alex put together the two week, fifteen player format used on the current show. We had 15 undefeated five-time champions the first season. In subsequent seasons we never had as many as 15 five-game winners so we added those four-game winners with the highest scores until we had the requisite 15 contestants for the Tournament.
  4. Most episodes from the Art Fleming era of Jeopardy! do not survive, so there is no video record of these Tournament of Champions games; paper records indicating the players may be found in the NBC Master Books daily broadcast log, available on microfilm at the Library of Congress Motion Picture and Television Reading Room. A summary of those records may be found here. A listing of Jeopardy! Grand Champions, 1968–74, may be found in Fabe, Maxene (1979). TV Game Shows. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. p. 13. ISBN 0-385-13052-X.
  5. "Swarthmore's 'Jeopardy!' Hall of Fame". 2014-07. Retrieved 2014-08-18. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. A Piece of "Jeopardy!" Trivia - Sony Pictures
  7. Ryan Holznagel later represented the United States in the 1996 International Tournament, losing in the semifinals.
  8. Michael Daunt represented Canada in the 1997 International Tournament in Sweden, and won.
  9. Robin Carroll later represented the United States in the 2001 International Tournament in Las Vegas, and won.
  10. Celeste DiNucci won a tie breaker against Christian Haines in the second semifinal game.

External links

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