Italian general election, 2008

Italian general election, 2008
Italy
13–14 April 2008

All 630 seats to the Italian Chamber of Deputies
and 315 seats (out of the 322) to the Italian Senate
Turnout 80.5%
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Silvio Berlusconi Walter Veltroni Pier Ferdinando Casini
Party People of Freedom Democratic Party Union of the Centre
Alliance Centre-right coalition Centre-left coalition
Leader since 18 January 1994 14 October 2007 18 January 1994
Leader's seat Molise Lazio 1 Liguria
Last election 242 C & 145 S, 43.0% 243 C & 113 S, 33.5% 39 C & 21 S, 6.7%
Seats won 344 C / 174 S 246 C / 134 S 36 C / 3 S
Seat change Increase102 C / Increase29 S Increase3 C / Increase21 S Decrease3 C / Decrease18 S
Popular vote 17,063,874 13,686,673 2,050,309
Percentage 46.8% 37.5% 5.6%
Swing Increase 3.8% Increase 4.0% Decrease 1.1%

Legislative election results map. Azure denotes provinces with a People of Freedom plurality, Red denotes those with a Democratic plurality, Green denotes those with a Lega Nord plurality, Pink and Gray denotes those with a Regionalist plurality.

Prime Minister before election

Romano Prodi
Democratic Party

Elected Prime Minister

Silvio Berlusconi
People of Freedom

A snap general election was held in Italy on 13–14 April 2008.[1] The election came after President Giorgio Napolitano dissolved Parliament on 6 February 2008, following the defeat of the government of Prime Minister Romano Prodi in a January 2008 Senate vote[2] and the unsuccessful tentative appointment of Franco Marini with the aim to change the current electoral law. Under Italian law, elections must be held within 70 days of the dissolution. The voting determined the leader of Italy's 62nd government since the end of World War II.[3] The coalition led by ex-Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi from The People of Freedom party defeated that of former Mayor of Rome, Walter Veltroni of the Democratic Party.[4]

Electoral system

Italians voted in this election with the same electoral system used in 2006, based on party-list representation. This electoral system allows parties to formally define coalitions. The coalition with a plurality of votes nationwide then obtains an absolute majority of seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Similarly, absolute majorities of Senate seats are awarded regionally.

General election

Background

On 24 January 2008 Prime Minister of Italy Romano Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate by a vote of 161 to 156 votes, causing the downfall of his government.[5] Prodi's resignation led President Giorgio Napolitano to request the president of the Senate, Franco Marini, to assess the possibility to form a caretaker government. The other possibility would have been to call for early elections immediately.

The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the Constitutional Court which confirmed the referendum to modify the electoral system.[6] As stated many times by Minister Mastella, if the referendum would have been confirmed this would have led directly to the fall of the government[7][8] and it happened.
The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastella's to gain seats in parliament.[9]

Silvio Berlusconi during a People of Freedom rally in 2008.

UDEUR's defection forced the question of whether Prodi still had the parliamentarian support to govern. Presenting a motion of confidence to parliament, he won relatively easily in the lower house of the Parliament, the Chamber of Deputies, where the coalition's majority was substantial.[10] Yet a win in the upper house – or Senate – seemed unlikely, and President Giorgio Napolitano was said to have warned against going through with the vote.[10]

The vote, held between 3pm and 9pm (CET), was heated and dramatic.[11] During its course the UDEUR party Senator Stefano Cusumano decided to confirm the confidence and to support the prime minister, even against the orders of his party's leader. He was subsequently subjected to the abuse of his colleagues, being called an "hysteric faggot", "traitor", and reportedly spat on by a member of the conservative UDEUR party. At this point Cusumano apparently fainted, and was carried out on a stretcher.[12] Cusumano's defection had no effect, however: Prodi lost the vote with 161 to 156 votes (one member abstained from voting, while three were absent), and promptly handed in his resignation.[11]

On 30 January, Napolitano appointed Franco Marini to try to form a caretaker government with the goal of changing the current electoral system, rather than call a quick election.[13] The state of the electoral system had been under criticism not only within the outgoing government, but also among the opposition and in the general population, because of the impossibility to choose candidates directly and of the risks that a close-call election may not grant a stable majority in the Senate.

On 4 February 2008 Marini acknowledged that he had failed to find the necessary majority for an interim government,[14] and resigned his mandate,[15] after having met with all major political forces and having found opposition to forming an interim government mainly from center-right parties Forza Italia and National Alliance, favoured in a possible next election and strongly in favour of an early vote.,[16]

President Napolitano summoned Bertinotti and Marini, the two speakers of the houses of the Italian parliament, acknowledging the end of the legislature, on 5 February 2008.[17] He dissolved parliament on 6 February 2008.

Campaign

Major competitors in the election were Silvio Berlusconi, as leader of the centre-right opposition coalition, and Walter Veltroni, leader of the Democratic Party. Berlusconi's right coalition was leading by a significant margin in opinion polls.[18] The 71-year-old Berlusconi, who was twice prime minister—from May 1994 to January 1995 and again from May 2001 to May 2006—was not considered too old for the job though he had had heart surgery since leaving office.[19]

Veltroni's campaign has been compared to Barack Obama's presidential run in the United States. The most apparent of the similarities is his slogan, "Si può fare" (literally, "it can be done").[19]

Walter Veltroni in Trento during the electoral campaign.

Following the calling of the election, Veltroni stated his party will not make any alliance in either Chamber, choosing instead to run alone with its own platform, and challenged Berlusconi to do likewise with his Forza Italia party. The main four left-wing parties not part of the PD decided to contest the election together under the banner of The Left – The Rainbow. On 8 February, Berlusconi announced Forza Italia and Gianfranco Fini's National Alliance will run together under the common symbol of The People of Freedom, being regionally allied with Lega Nord.[20]

On 13 February, Veltroni announced to have reached an agreement with the Italy of Values, led by Antonio Di Pietro, which agreed for an electoral alliance with the Democratic Party, accepting also to join the Democratic Party parliamentary groups after the election.[21] On 21 February the Italian Radicals announced an agreement with the Democratic Party, accepting to present themselves in list with the latter, under the agreement they will have nine MPs elected in the Parliament, and appointment of Emma Bonino as Minister in case of victory.[22]

Though Berlusconi and Veltroni were in opposite parties, they allegedly represent such similar policies that they were dubbed "Veltrusconi". Both candidates supported big tax cuts and generous spending programs.[19]

The Union of Christian and Centre Democrats was invited to support Berlusconi, but refused and decided to run on its own instead. The Rose for Italy originally planned to run alone with Bruno Tabacci as their PM candidate, but shortly before the filing deadline, they decided to form joint lists with the UDC.

Parties and leaders

Party Ideology Leader
The People of Freedom (PdL) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
Democratic Party (PD) Social democracy Walter Veltroni
Lega Nord (LN) Regionalism Umberto Bossi
Union of the Centre (UdC) Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
Italy of Values (IdV) Populism Antonio Di Pietro
The Left – The Rainbow (SA) Left-wing politics Fausto Bertinotti
The Right – Tricolour Flame (LD-FT) National conservatism Daniela Santanché
Movement for Autonomy (MpA) Regionalism Raffaele Lombardo

Coalitions and electoral list

Political force or alliance Constituent lists Leader
Centre-right coalition
(Coalizione di centrodestra)
The People of Freedom (Il Popolo della Libertà)
Silvio Berlusconi
Northern League (Lega Nord)
Movement for Autonomy (Movimento per l'Autonomia)
Centre-left coalition
(Coalizione di centrosinistra)
Democratic Party (Partito Democratico)
Walter Veltroni
Italy of Values (Italia dei Valori)
Union of the Centre
(Unione di Centro)
Union of the Centre (Unione di Centro)
Pier Ferdinando Casini
The Left – The Rainbow
(La Sinistra – L'Arcobaleno)
Communist Refoundation Party (Rifondazione Comunista)
Fausto Bertinotti
Party of Italian Communists (Partito dei Comunisti Italiani)
Federation of the Greens (Federazione dei Verdi)
Democratic Left (Sinistra Democratica)
The Right – Tricolour Flame
(La Destra – Fiamma Tricolore)
The Right (La Destra)
Daniela Santanché
Tricolour Flame (Fiamma Tricolore)

Main leaders

Coalition Portrait Name Most recent position
Centre-right coalition Silvio Berlusconi Prime Minister of Italy
(2001–2006)
President of The People of Freedom
(2008–incumbent)
Centre-left coalition Walter Veltroni Mayor of Rome
(2001–2008)
Secretary of the Democratic Party
(2007–incumbent)
Union of the Centre Pier Ferdinando Casini President of the Chamber of Deputies
(2001–2006)
Leader of the Union of the Centre
(2002–incumbent)
The Left – The Rainbow Fausto Bertinotti President of the Chamber of Deputies
(2006–2008)
Secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party
(1993–2006)
The Right – Tricolour Flame Daniela Santanchè Member of the Chamber of Deputies
(2001–incumbent)

Opinion polls

Results for the Chamber of Deputies

Italy (19 regions out of 20)

Summary of the 13–14 April 2008 Chamber of Deputies election results
Coalition Party Votes % Seats
Centre-right coalition The People of Freedom13,629,46437.38272
Lega Nord3,024,5438.30 60
Movement for Autonomy410,4991.138
Total17,064,50646.81340
Centre-left coalition Democratic Party12,095,30633.18211
Italy of Values1,594,0244.3728
Total13,689,30337.55239
Union of the Centre2,050,2295.6236
The Left – The Rainbow1,124,2983.080
The Right – Tricolour Flame884,9612.430
Socialist Party355,4950.980
Workers' Communist Party208,2960.570
Critical Left168,9160.460
South Tyrolean People's Party147,7180.410
Abortion? No, Thanks135,5350.370
For the Common Good119,5690.330
New Force109,6990.300
Italian Liberal Party104,0530.290
Democratic Union for Consumers91,1060.250
List of Talking Crickets66,8350.180
Liga Veneta Repubblica31,3530.090
Die Freiheitlichen28,3400.080
MEDA16,4830.050
Sardinian Action Party14,8600.040
League for Autonomy–Lombard Alliance–Pensioners League13,9920.040
Citizens' Union for South Tyrol12,9810.040
Sardinia Nation7,1760.020
Lega Sud Ausonia4,3990.010
Venetian Agreement2,3880.010
Communist Alternative Party1,9930.010
The Lotus1,7970.000
Thought Action Party9460.000
Total36,457,254100.00617

Results by Regions

Region Centre-right Coalition Centre-left Coalition Union of the Centre The Left – The Rainbow The Right – Tricolour Flame Others
Abruzzo 43.2 40.5 5.9 3.2 3.2 4.0
Apulia 47.4 35.6 8.0 3.0 2.1 3.9
Basilicata 37.6 44.5 6.9 3.5 2.3 5.2
Calabria 43.8 36.2 8.2 3.2 2.2 6.4
Campania 51.5 33.9 6.5 2.7 1.6 3.8
Emilia-Romagna 36.4 50.0 4.3 3.0 2.5 3.8
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 47.8 35.7 6.0 3.1 3.0 4.4
Lazio 43.7 40.9 4.8 3.3 3.4 3.9
Liguria 43.6 42.5 3.8 3.7 2.7 3.7
Lombardy 55.1 32.1 4.3 2.9 2.1 3.5
Marche 37.2 45.9 6.0 3.0 3.4 4.5
Molise 41.8 45.6 5.8 1.9 1.7 3.2
Piedmont 47.0 37.4 5.2 3.4 3.2 3.8
Sardinia 43.0 40.0 6.6 3.6 1.5 5.3
Sicily 54.3 28.8 9.4 2.6 2.0 2.9
Trentino-Alto Adige 30.4 27.8 4.2 3.1 2.0 32.5
Tuscany 33.6 50.3 4.2 4.5 2.9 4.5
Umbria 36.1 47.4 4.5 3.5 3.6 4.9
Veneto 54.4 30.8 5.6 2.2 2.0 5.0

Aosta Valley

Party % Votes Seats
Autonomy Liberty Democracy 39.12 29,314 1
Aosta Valley coalition (UV-SA-FA) 37.84 28,357 0
The People of Freedom 18.52 13,880 0
Lega Nord 3.10 2,322 0
Social Action 1.42 1,066 0
Total 100.00 74,939 1

Italians abroad

Party % Votes Seats
Democratic Party 32.48 338,954 6
The People of Freedom 30.90 322,437 4
Union of the Centre 8.43 88,017 0
Associative Movement Italians Abroad 8.33 86,970 1
Italian Associations in South America 6.16 64,325 0
Italy of Values 4.04 42,149 0
Socialist Party 3.12 32,513 0
The Left – The Rainbow 2.73 28,495 0
The Right – Tricolour Flame 1.43 14,974 0
The Other Sicily 0.89 9,251 0
Critical Left 0.58 6,062 0
Italian Civic Consumers 0.47 4,878 0
Values and Future 0.43 4,493 0
Total 100.00 1,043,518 12

Overall result

Popular vote and parliamentary seats in the Chamber of Deputies.

Popular vote (H)
PdL
 
37.38%
PD
 
33.18%
LN
 
8.30%
UdC
 
5.62%
IdV
 
4.37%
SA
 
3.08%
LD-FT
 
2.43%
MpA
 
1.13%
Others
 
4.51%
Popular vote for coalition (H)
Centre-right
 
46.81%
Centre-left
 
37.55%
Centre
 
5.62%
Left-wing
 
3.08%
Far-right
 
2.43%
Others
 
4.51%
Parliamentary seats for coalition (H)
Centre-right
 
55.11%
Centre-left
 
38.74%
Centre
 
5.83%
Others
 
0.32%

Results for the Senate of the Republic

Italy (18 regions out of 20)

Summary of the 13–14 April 2008 Senate of the Republic election results
Coalition Party Votes % Seats
Centre-right coalition The People of Freedom12,511,25838.17141
Lega Nord2,642,2808.06 25
Movement for Autonomy355,3611.082
Total15,508,89947.32168
Centre-left coalition Democratic Party11,042,45233.69116
Italy of Values1,414,7304.3214
Total12,457,18238.07130
Union of the Centre1,866,3565.693
The Left – The Rainbow1,053,2283.210
The Right – Tricolour Flame686,9262.100
Socialist Party284,8370.870
Workers' Communist Party180,4420.550
Critical Left136,6790.420
For the Common Good105,8270.320
Italian Liberal Party100,7590.310
New Force85,5640.260
Democratic Union for Consumers78,1390.240
List of Talking Crickets49,5350.150
Liga Veneta Repubblica47,6470.150
League for Autonomy–Lombard Alliance–Pensioners League45,6230.140
MEDA19,8990.060
Sardinian Action Party15,2800.050
United Populars12,3890.040
Marxist–Leninist Italian Communist Party8,0940.020
Lega Sud Ausonia7,1090.020
Sardinia Nation6,9720.020
Independence Front Lombardy5,2340.020
Venetian Agreement4,6000.010
Party of the South3,7270.010
Free South1,7950.010
Thought Action Party1,5970.000
Total32,774,339100.00301

Aosta Valley

Party % Votes Seats
Aosta Valley coalition (UV-SA-FA) 41.39 29,191 1
Autonomy Liberty Democracy 37.40 26,377 0
The People of Freedom 17.25 12,167 0
Lega Nord 2.95 2,081 0
Social Action 1.01 712 0
Total 100.00 70,520 1

Trentino-Alto Adige/South Tyrol

Party % Votes Seats
The People of Freedom 28.18 156,126 3
South Tyrolean People's Party - Together for the Autonomies 27.75 153,721 2
South Tyrolean People's Party 17.86 98,948 2
The Left – The Rainbow 7.21 39,957 0
Union of the Centre 5.87 32,511 0
Die Freiheitlichen 4.47 24,772 0
Democratic Party 3.48 19,253 6
The Right-Tricolour Flame 2.97 16,462 0
Union for South Tyrol 2.13 11,820 0
Socialist Party 0.07 369 0
Total 100.00 553,939 7

Italians abroad

Party % Votes Seats
The People of Freedom 33.86 322,698 3
Democratic Party 33.02 314,703 2
Associative Movement Italians Abroad 7.61 72,511 1
Italian Associations in South America 6.38 60,794 0
Union of the Centre 6.07 57,817 0
Italy of Values 4.02 38,357 0
Socialist Party 2.95 28,149 0
The Left - The Rainbow 2.84 27,067 0
The Right-Tricolour Flame 1.38 13,139 0
The Other Sicily 0.88 8,391 0
Critical Left 0.61 5,855 0
Italian Civic Consumers 0.38 3,663 0
Total 100.00 953,144 6

Overall result

Popular vote and parliamentary seats in the Senate.

Popular vote (S)
PdL
 
38.2%
PD
 
33.7%
LN
 
8.1%
UdC
 
5.7%
IdV
 
4.3%
SA
 
3.3%
LD-FT
 
2.1%
Others
 
4.6%
Popular vote for coalition (S)
Centre-right
 
46.9%
Centre-left
 
37.8%
Centre
 
5.7%
Left-wing
 
3.3%
Right-wing
 
2.1%
Others
 
4.1%
Parliamentary seats for coalition (S)
Centre-right
 
56.0%
Centre-left
 
41.9%
Centre
 
3.5%
Others
 
1.7%

See also

References

  1. "Italy's President Dissolves Parliament, Forces Vote". Bloomberg.com. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  2. "Italy to hold snap April election". BBC News. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2008.
  3. "Berlusconi plans Naples clean-up". BBC News. 15 April 2008.
  4. "Berlusconi declares election win". BBC News. 14 April 2008.
  5. "Prodi loses crucial Senate vote". BBC. 2008-01-24. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  6. "Italian court okays referendum on election law" Reuters, January 16th 2008
  7. "Legge elettorale, Mastella minaccia la crisi" Corriere della Sera, April 10, 2007
  8. "Mastella: Se c'è referendum si rischia la crisi di governo" La Stampa, April 10, 2007
  9. "Prodi Likely to Quit, Prompt Vote or Election Reform" Bloomberg.com
  10. 1 2 Ian Fisher (2008-01-24). "Italy Backs Its Coalition but Only Just for Now". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  11. 1 2 "Prodi sconfitto in Senato: cade il governo, Il premier al Quirinale per le dimissioni" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 2008-01-24. Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  12. "Cusumano si dissocia: voto sì. È bagarre" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 2008-01-24. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
  13. "Crisi, Napolitano incarica Marini" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 2008-01-30. Archived from the original on 31 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  14. SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World - Italy Senate speaker fails to form govt, vote looms
  15. Italy's Marini says no majority for electoral reform govt, resigns mandate | Latest News | News | Hemscott
  16. ""A Marini diremo: "subito al voto""" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 2008-01-30. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  17. "DOMANI LO SCIOGLIMENTO DELLE CAMERE" (in Italian). Ansa. 2008-02-05. Archived from the original on 2008-02-04. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
  18. Elisabeth Rosenthal (7 February 2008). "With Flawed System Unchanged, Italy Sets Elections for April". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  19. 1 2 3 "Italy faces second day of voting". CNN. 14 April 2008. Archived from the original on 15 April 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2008.
  20. "Berlusconi: "Simbolo unico per Fi e An"". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 8 February 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  21. "Pd: accordo Di Pietro, Veltroni" (in Italian). ANSA.it. 13 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
  22. "I Radicali dicono sì al Pd: 9 seggi e Bonino ministro". L'Unità (in Italian). 21 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.

External links

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