Inuit Sign Language

Inuit Sign Language (IUR, Inuktitut: Inuit Uukturausingit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ) or Atgangmuurngniq) is an Indigenous sign language isolate native to Inuit communities of the Canadian Arctic. It is currently only attested within certain communities in Nunavut, particularly around Baker Lake and Rankin Inlet. Although there is a possibility that it may be used in other places where Inuit people live in the Arctic, this has not been confirmed.^[5][6]

Of the estimated 155 deaf residents of Nunavut in 2000, around 47 were thought to use IUR, while the rest use ASL due to schooling.^[7] It is unknown how many hearing people use the language nor how many people are monolingual. As it is a highly endangered and relatively hidden language, it has no protection under the federal or territorial governments of Canada. However, IUR exists alongside ASL interpretation within the Nunavut Legislative Assembly as of 2008.^[3] Recently, there has been increased interest in the documentation of the language which would be done through the Nunavut Council for People with Disabilities and the Inuit Broadcasting Corporation (IBC).^[8] As well, there is push to expand the interpretation/translation programme through Arctic College to include IUR.^[9]

History

At least since the 18th century, hearing Inuit used some form of sign language for trade and communication between various Inuit languages, a similar role to that played by Plains Sign Language further south. This may have been IUR or at least its ancestor, as the region has a high incidence of congenital deafness. In the territory of Nunavut, for example, the incidence of hereditary deafness is six times that of southern Canada. The deaf are well integrated in the community, and there are perhaps two hearing people proficient in IUR for every deaf speaker, as in other communities with high rates of congenital deafness such as Martha's Vineyard. However, IUR is not (or no longer) used as a contact language among the hearing.^[10] Its users are the deaf and those hearing people they regularly communicate with.^[5]

The history of the language is not well known, with stories passed down from elders noting the use of IUR, or related languages/dialects therein, for generations where the language(s) would be used by both hearing and Deaf Inuk, especially out on the tundra. However, due to the sparseness of communities and the relative youth of the field of research, there is little understanding of who uses the language where. That being said, IUR has been shown to be passed down in some families through generations, regardless of deafness.^[6] In fact, deafness within Inuit society holds less stigma than it does within its southern neighbour's which leads to a wider acceptance and adoption of IUR.^[5]

Status

Inuit Sign Language is a threatened language. A decline in use is in progress due to a variety of reasons, chief of which is the encroachment of ASL.^[6] As there exists no formal educational opportunities using IUR, parents are increasingly opting to send their children south to schools where ASL is the primary language of instruction or English–ASL interpreted curriculum; LSQ and/or French education appears to not hold precedence.^[6] This trend is seen in the fact that an estimated third of the population (47 in ca. 2000) use IUR as their native language.^[7] It is unknown the status of the language, though, outside of select communities within Nunavut.

Efforts to protect and document the language are underway. Increasingly, there is support from within and outside the linguistic community to expand local programmes and to document IUR,^[9] especially after R. v. Suwarak, 1999,^[11][12] which saw an Inuk man put to trial where no interpreter was able to be provided as none existed. Through the Nunavut Department of Culture, Language, Elders and Youth (CLEY) and the Department of Justice, Dr Jamie MacDougall is spearheading a project with community members to document and revitalize the language.^[8]

Officially, Inuit Sign Language is offered no rights or protections beyond what is found in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms,^[11] meaning no province or territory has established it as an official language. However, alongside ASL, interpreters have used IUR at Nunavut's legislative assembly since 2008.^[3]

Varieties

  Confirmed range of Inuiuuk in Nunavut amongst various sign languages of the US and Canada.

As academic research into IUR is a new field, there is limited information related to its varieties. However, it is known that there is dialectal variation of the language across at least Nunavut, as to be expected from separated linguistic communities. It is reported that a sign language of Greenland is closely related to IUR with ASL and Danish Sign Language loans, but it is yet to be determined whether that is valid as Greenlandic Sign Language may be a variety or related to Danish Sign Language itself.^[13]

Beyond dialectal variation, there is little known of the range of the language or whether not there are multiple languages that exist. It is said that Inuit have spoken IUR, or at least a variation therein, for generations across much of their territories, however no current research confirms those rumours. As such, IUR is unattested to the west of Nunavut.^[14]

Grammar

As of 2015, there have been few linguistic studies on Inuit Sign Language, notably done by Schuit (2012) wherein they looked primarily at verb agreement and classifier use. Schuit makes note that at this early stage of research, they cannot say the absolute word order of the language; they plan to pursue further studies in negation and morphological typology later. Moreover, preliminary findings dictate that Inuit Sign Language does not exhibit a large amount of non-manual simultaneity, but that manual simultaneity certainly exists. As well, there exists limited verb agreement within the language, but all types of verbs found in sign languages (plain, agreement and spatial) can be found in Inuit Sign Language. Finally, Inuit Sign Language appears to be not a subject-drop language but, rather, one that leaves the subject unspecified, which aligns similarly with Inuit culture.^[14]

Verb agreement

IUR exhibits a three-way distinction between plain, agreement and spatial verbs. In plain verbs, one sees no reference to an object or subject, such as the following example:

OTTAWA INDEX-LOC_Ottawa CALL–ON–PHONE LONG–AGO.
'Long ago, I phoned Ottawa.' (referring to a shop in Ottawa)^[14]

Although appearing to reference Ottawa, the verb, CALL–ON–PHONE, makes no movement nor orientation to suggest it agrees with the object. However, agreement can take the shape of varying executions in different spaces, such as with:

USE–ICE–AUGER₁ INDEX_3a USE–ICE–AUGER_3a INDEX_3a
‘I use an ice auger, and so does he.’^[14]

Here, the verb's location and movement shifts to agree with the subject of either clause. Additionally, agreement can be seen on transitive verbs such as the following where the verb SEE interacts only with its object. Verbs agreeing with both subject and object are rare.

INDEX₁ COMMUNICATE INDEX_3a SEE_3b INDEX_3b PAY–ATTENTION
‘I tell him to watch this (the fishing), to pay attention.’^[14]

Finally, IUR also uses spatial verbs with certain locative agreements. Some verbs set up a specific signing space in front of the signer whereas others use the index finger to locate absolutely a geographical point (also seen in the first example with OTTAWA) as seen in the following two examples:

INDEX–LOC_3a SCOOP DRILL–HOLE–WITH–AUGER FINISH. _3aWALK₁ TAKE LONG–ITEM ₁WALK_3a WHITE–MAN CHISEL_V. DROP LONG–THIN–OBJECT MOVES–BELOW–SURFACE
‘Over there they started a hole with a scoop, and then drilled it with an ice-auger. Someone walked from there towards me and took my chisel. The white man walked back (to the hole) and used the chisel. Then he dropped it, and it went all the way to the bottom (of the sea).’^[14]

NEXT–DAY NEXT–DAY _3aPLANE–FLY_3b. WINNIPEG INDEX–LOC_{Winnipeg W’peg}PLANE–FLY–WITH–STOPS₁ HERE
‘In two days, they take a plane that flies them to Winnipeg, followed by the plane from Winnipeg, that flies with some stops to here (Rankin Inlet).’^[14]

Spatial localization, however, is not obligatory, as seen here:

WHITE–MAN INUK INDEX₁ MOVE–CL_two-vehicles SNOW–MOBILE GO_3a
‘A white man and me, an Inuk, go by snow mobile (to Landing Lake).’^[14]

Here, the location remains unspecified even though it was known.

Absolute geolocation reference

One unique feature of IUR is its absolute referents when referencing geographic locations. As in most other sign languages, signers will make a signing location in front of their body to indicate notions like 'here' or referencing a person abstractly. However, for geographic points, IUR references those locations absolutely using the index finger in the case of INDEX–LOC or other handshapes as is the case for _WinnipegPLANE–FLY–WITH–STOPS₁. The actual locations vary from local, nearby villages or cities to cities such as Winnipeg that are thousands of kilometres away. However far the referent is, the signer will invariably point or indicate the direction in which it is.^[14]

Classifiers

IUR has both handling and entity classifiers as in many other sign languages. Its handling classifiers appear on transitive verbs and mark the direct object, such as PICK–UP:CL_egg ('pick up an egg') or MOVE_up:CL_box ('move a box'). Entity classifiers have so far been identified in the semantic class of vehicles, animals, two-legged beings and flying birds, such as in: MOVE_3a:CL_birds GOOSE SHOOT++_3a ('geese flying in, I will shoot them out of the air'). Handling classifiers are used more frequently.^[14]

See also

• American Sign Language
• Quebec Sign Language
• Sign Language
• Inuit
• Plains Sign Talk

Notes

References

• MacDougall, JC. 2000. Access to justice for deaf Inuit in Nunavut: The role of "Inuit sign language". Canadian Psychology, 2001 (Feb) 42(1):61–73 (a summary may be more readily available in Coon (2009) Psychology: A Journey).
• Schuit, Joke. 2012. Signing in the Arctic: External influences on Inuit Sign Language. In Ulrike Zeshan & Connie de Vos, eds., Sign Languages in Village Communities, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton and Nijmegan: Ishara Press. pp. 181–208.

Languages of Canada
Official languages	English French
Indigenous languages	Algonquian Abenaki Algonquin Blackfoot Cree Innu Malecite-Passamaquoddy Mi'kmaq Munsee Naskapi Ojibwe Ottawa Potawatomi Dené–Yeniseian Babine-Witsuwit'en Carrier Chilcotin Chipewyan Dane-zaa Dogrib Gwich’in Hän Kaska Nicola Sarcee Sekani Slavey Tagish Tahltan Tlingit Tsetsaut Tutchone Inuit Inuinnaqtun Inuktitut Inupiaq Inuvialuktun Iroquoian Cayuga Mohawk Oneida Onondaga Seneca Tuscarora Wyandot Salishan Comox Halkomelem Lillooet Nuxalk Okanagan Saanich Sechelt Shuswap Squamish Thompson Tsimshianic Gitxsan Nisga'a Tsimshian Coast Southern Wakashan Ditidaht Haisla Heiltsuk-Oowekyala Kwak'wala Nuu-chah-nulth other/isolates Beothuk Haida Kutenai
Pidgins, creoles and mixed	Broken Slavey Bungee Chiac Chinook Jargon Labrador Inuit Pidgin French Michif
Sign languages	American Sign Language Inuit Uukturausingit Maritime Sign Language Plains Sign Talk Cree Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Quebec Sign Language
Immigrant languages	Gaelic Irish Ukrainian Russian German Hutterite Pennsylvania Plautdietsch

Languages of Denmark
Official language	Danish
Regional languages	Faroese Greenlandic
Minority languages	German Romani
Regional dialects	Danish Bornholmsk Insular Jutlandic Faroese Gøtudanskt Greenlandic Kalaallisut Tunumiit Inuktun
Sign languages	Danish Sign Greenlandic Sign
See Also: Languages of the Faroe Islands