Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)

Insurgency in the Maghreb
Part of the Global War on Terrorism

States of the Maghreb and Sahel affected by the insurgency
Date11 April 2002 – present
(14 years, 8 months and 2 days)
LocationAlgeria, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco,[1] Niger,[2] and Tunisia[3]
Status Ongoing
Belligerents

 Algeria
 Morocco
 Mali
 Ivory Coast
 Mauritania[4]
 Niger[5]
 Tunisia[6]
 France[7]
 China[8]

Limited involvement:

 Senegal[9]
 Burkina Faso[9]
 Nigeria[10]


Supported by:
 Netherlands[11]
 United States[12]
 United Kingdom
 European Union
 Spain[13]
 Chad[14]


 Azawad (2012)
Tuareg militias of Ghat (from 2014) and other Tuareg rebels[15]

AQIM (former GSPC, from 2007)
Al-Mourabitoun (from 2013)
MOJWA[16] (2011-13)
Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
Tunisian Combat Group
Salafia Jihadia[17]
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Boko Haram[18] (2009-15)


 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[19]

Commanders and leaders
Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Morocco King Mohammed VI
Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta
France François Hollande
Niger Mahamadou Issoufou
Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari
Senegal Macky Sall
Mauritania Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
Burkina Faso Roch Marc Christian Kaboré
Tunisia Beji Caid Essebsi
United States Barack Obama
United States David M. Rodriguez

Amari Saifi (POW)
Nabil Sahraoui
Abdelmalek Droukdel
Ahmed al Tilemsi  [20]
Mokhtar Belmokhtar 


Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Leader of ISIL)
Abu Alaa Afri 
(Deputy Leader of ISIL)[21][22]

Gouri Abdelmalek [23]
Strength
Unknown

AQIM (former GSPC): 800+1,000[24][25]Salafia Jihadia 700+[26]


 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya: 5,000

Wilayat Algeria: Fewer than 30[27][28]
Casualties and losses

917+ killed, 417 captured, 12 executed, 1,354+ wounded, and 2 missing


Tuaregs : 49-217 killed, 60 captured, as of the end of 2013

AQIM and allies: 1,312+ killed, 536 captured, and 1+ wounded [29]


Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISIL: 76 killed, 25-45 captured[23]
Both tourists, civilians, and foreign workers: 1,071+ killed, 704+ wounded, 225 captured, 40 released, 25 executed

Insurgency in the Maghreb refers to military activity in Algeria, Mauritania and Morocco, waged since 2002 by the Islamist militia, Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC). The GSPC allied itself with al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb against the Algerian government.[30] This alliance created a division within the GSPC and led to the creation of the Free Salafist Group (GSL) another militant group opposing the Algerian government.[30] The conflict is an aftermath of the Algerian Civil War (ended in 2002), and has since spread to other neighboring countries.

Algeria and other Maghreb states affected by the activity have been offered assistance in fighting Extremist militants by the United States and the United Kingdom since 2007, when Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara began.[31][32]

Timeline and order of events

End of the Algerian civil war and initial militant activities

Main article: Algerian Civil War

With the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria's decline, the GSPC was left as the most active rebel group, with about 300 fighters in 2003.[33] It continued an assassination campaign of police and army personnel in its area, and also managed to expand into the Sahara, where its southern division, led by Amari Saifi (nicknamed "Abderrezak el-Para", the "paratrooper"), kidnapped a number of German tourists in 2003, before being forced to flee to sparsely populated areas of Mali, and later Niger and Chad, where he was captured.

Some believe that El Para actually works for the Algerian government. By late 2003, the group's founder had been supplanted by the even more radical Nabil Sahraoui, who announced his open support for al-Qaeda, thus strengthening government ties between the U.S. and Algeria. He was reportedly killed shortly afterwards, and was succeeded by Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud in 2004.[34]

The GSPC has declared its intention to attack Algerian, French, and American targets. It has been designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the U.S. Department of State, and similarly classed as a terrorist organization by the European Union.

Yet certain observers have consistently argued that the claims about terrorist threats in the Sahara and an alliance between these groups and Al-Qaida are exaggerated, that certain key events were fabricated, and that much of the hype is the result of a campaign of deception and disinformation led by the Algerian government, and perpetuated by the media.[35]

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

See also

References

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