Indian feudalism

For the book by Ram Sharan Sharma, see Indian Feudalism (book).
Mehtab Chand (1820-79), the zamindar of the Burdwan feudal estate in Bengal

Indian feudalism refers to the feudal society that made up India's social structure until independence in 1947.

Terminology

Use of the term feudalism to describe India applies a concept of medieval European origin, according to which the landed nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. The term Indian feudalism is an attempt to classify Indian history according to a European model.

Historians have become very reluctant to classify other societies into European models and today it is rare for Indian history to be described as feudal by academics; it is still done in popular usage, however, but only for pejorative reasons to express disfavour, typically by critics. These include zamindar, jagirdar, sardar, mankari, deshmukh, chaudhary and samanta. Most of these "systems" were abolished after the independence of India and the rest of the Subcontinent. D. D. Kosambi and R. S. Sharma, together with Daniel Thorner, brought peasants into the study of Indian history for the first time.[1]

Jharkhand

The Jharkhand region (now a state) of India was a hotbed for feudalism. Feudal lords ruled the region for decades; semi-feudal conditions still exist. Child malnourishment is common and Jharkhand is counted among the poorest states in India.[2]

Telangana

The Doraas and deshmukhs ruled the region until the annexation. They held all the land in their fief and everybody used to give their produce, and they used to be given only food barely sufficient for sustenance. The rebellion against feudal lords, known as Vetti Chakiri Udhyamam, from 1946 to 1951 in Telangana region called as Telangana Rebellion illustrates the feudal society in the region.[3] The feudal lords used to reside in a high fortress called as Gadi,[4] for entering it they leave their footwear at the threshold of the gadi. The madigas and other backward classes were required to carry their footwear in their hands if they were passing in front of the gadi or dora.

A famous line which is repeated by the oppressed was “Banchen Dora nee Kalmoktha (will touch your feet my lord).[5] A major Telugu film blockbuster, Maa Bhoomi, showed the society under feudal lords.

The Srikrishna committee on Telangana says in its findings that there is still gross injustice to the land tillers of the region, the villains in this case were landlords of Telangana and not those of other regions.[6]

Kerala

There were a number of feudal states in Kerala in the Middle Ages between the end of Chera dynasty and the British rule.

Madras Presidency

Several zamindaris were established in the Madras Presidency (present-day Tamil Nadu and adjoining areas) from 1799 onwards. The largest of these were Ramnad, Ganapur and Sivaganga. The zamindari settlement was based on a similar settlement established in Bengal. The Zamindari settlement of Madras was largely unsuccessful and was wrapped up in 1852. However, a few Zamindaris remained till India's independence in 1947.

Northern Andhra

The Northern Andhra region was under doras until the Indian Independence. The largest estate was that of Vizianagram under the poosapati kshatriya family which was liberal and enlightened.

Vidarbha

The feudal lords in Vidarbha region are notorious for their oppressive rule.

In literature

See also

References

  1. ↑ Habib, Irfan (2007). Essays in Indian History. Tulika. p. 381 (at p 109). ISBN 978-81-85229-00-3.
  2. ↑ B Vijay Murty (2010-12-16). "Food that's not fit for humans". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2011-10-14.
  3. ↑ I Thirumali. Dora and. Gadi: Manifestation of Landlord. Domination in Telangana.
  4. ↑ "Spat over portfolio". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  5. ↑ "KCR's comments on Nizam's rule raise hackles NEWS ANALYSIS". The Hindu. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
  6. ↑ Panel finds no data to prove T backwardness, Deccan Chronicle Archived December 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  7. ↑ "Saraswatichandra (1968)". January 21, 2010. Retrieved Feb 8, 2013.

Bibliography

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