Incus

This article is about ossicle. For other uses, see Incus Records.
Anvil, Incus
Bones and muscles in the tympanic cavity in the middle ear

Left incus. A. From within. B. From the front.

Auditory tube, laid open by a cut in its long axis.
Details
Precursor 1st branchial arch[1]
Articulations Incudomalleolar and incudostapedial joint
Identifiers
Latin Incus
MeSH A09.246.397.247.362
TA A15.3.02.038
FMA 52752

Anatomical terms of bone

The anvil or incus /ˈɪŋkəs/ is a bone in the middle ear. The anvil-shaped small bone is one of three ossicles in the middle ear. The incus receives vibrations from the malleus, to which it is connected laterally, and transmits these to the stapes, medially. The incus is so-called because of its resemblance to an anvil (Latin: Incus).

Structure

See also: Ossicles

The incus is the second of the ossicles, three bones in the middle ear which act to transmit sound. It is shaped like an anvil, and has a long limb and a short limb that protrude from the point of articulation with the malleus.[2]:862

Function

Main article: Hearing

Vibrations in the middle ear are received via the tympanic membrane. The malleus, resting on the membrane, conveys vibrations to the incus. This in turn conveys vibrations to the stapes.[2]:862

History

Incus means "anvil" in Latin. Several sources attribute the discovery of the incus to the anatomist and philosopher Alessandro Achillini.[3][4] The first brief written description of the incus was by Berengario da Carpi in his Commentaria super anatomia Mundini (1521).[5] Andreas Vesalius, in his De humani corporis fabrica,[6] was the first to compare the second element of the ossicles to an anvil, thereby giving it the name incus.[7] The final part of the long limb, was once described as a "fourth ossicle" by Pieter Paaw in 1615.[8]

Additional images

See also

This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.

References

  1. ↑ hednk-023—Embryo Images at University of North Carolina
  2. 1 2 Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
  3. ↑ Alidosi, GNP. I dottori Bolognesi di teologia, filosofia, medicina e d'arti liberali dall'anno 1000 per tutto marzo del 1623, Tebaldini, N., Bologna, 1623. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51029z/f35.image#
  4. ↑ Lind, L. R. Studies in pre-Vesalian anatomy. Biography, translations, documents, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1975. p.40
  5. ↑ Jacopo Berengario da Carpi,Commentaria super anatomia Mundini, Bologna, 1521. https://archive.org/details/ita-bnc-mag-00001056-001
  6. ↑ Andreas Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica. Johannes Oporinus, Basle, 1543.
  7. ↑ O'Malley, C.D. Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514-1564. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964. p. 121
  8. ↑ Graboyes, Evan M.; Chole, Richard A.; Hullar, Timothy E. (September 2011). "The Ossicle of Paaw". Otology & Neurotology. 32 (7): 1185–1188. doi:10.1097/MAO.0b013e31822a28df.
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