iOS SDK

iOS SDK (Software Development Kit)

Screenshot iOS SDK 9.1 included in Xcode 7.1.1.
Original author(s)	Apple Inc.
Developer(s)	Apple Inc.
Initial release	March 6, 2008 (2008-03-06)
Stable release	10.1.1 (October 31, 2016 (2016-10-31)) [±]
Preview release	10.2 Beta 2 (November 7, 2016 (2016-11-07)) [±]
Development status	Active
Operating system	macOS
Available in	English
Type	Software development kit
Website	Apple Developer

The iOS SDK (Software Development Kit) (formerly iPhone SDK) is a software development kit developed by Apple Inc. and released in February 2008 to develop native applications for iOS.

History

On October 17, 2007, in an open letter posted to Apple's "Hot News" weblog, Steve Jobs announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008.^[1] The SDK was released on March 6, 2008, and allows developers to make applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch, as well as test them in an "iPhone simulator". However, loading an application onto the devices is only possible after paying an iOS Developer Program fee, which is $99.00 USD per year.^[2] Since the release of Xcode 3.1, Xcode is the development environment for the iOS SDK. iPhone applications, like macOS applications, are written in Swift and Objective-C,^[3] with some elements of an application able to be written in C or C++.

SDK release history

Apple normally releases a new SDK concurrently with every major (iOS x.0 – e.g. iOS 6.0) and minor (iOS x.x, e.g. iOS 5.1) iOS update. Several beta SDKs are usually released to developers before the version is released publicly. The betas are intended to be used for testing for compatibility with existing applications and to add features that are newly available in that version of iOS.^[4]

iPhone OS 1.x: SDK

iPhone OS 2.x: SDK

iPhone OS 3.x: SDK

iOS 4.x: SDK

iOS 5.x: SDK

iOS 6.x: SDK

iOS 7.x: SDK

iOS 8.x: SDK

iOS 9.x: SDK

iOS 10.x: SDK

Features

Developers are able to set any price above a set minimum for their applications to be distributed through the App Store, of which they will receive a 70% share. Alternately, they may opt to release the application for free and need not pay any costs to release or distribute the application except for the membership fee.^[26]

Since its release, there has been some controversy regarding the refund policy in the fine print of the Developer Agreement with Apple. According to the agreement that developers must agree to, if someone purchases an app from the app store, 30% of the price goes to Apple, and 70% to the developer. If a refund is granted to the customer (at Apple's discretion), the 30% is returned to the customer from Apple, and 70% from the developer; however, Apple can then take another 30% of the cost from the developer to make up for Apple's loss.^[27]

SDK contents

The tool chain used for developing on iOS is based on Xcode.

The SDK contents is broken down into the following sets:^[28]

• Cocoa Touch
  • Multi-touch events and controls
  • Accelerometer support
  • View hierarchy
  • Localization (i18n)
  • Camera support
• Media
  • OpenAL
  • audio mixing and recording
  • Video playback
  • Image file formats
  • Quartz
  • Core Animation
  • OpenGL ES
• Core Services
  • Networking
  • Embedded SQLite database
  • Core Location
  • Threads
  • CoreMotion
• Mac OS X Kernel
  • TCP/IP
  • Sockets
  • Power management
  • File system
  • Security

Along with the Xcode toolchain, the SDK contains the iPhone Simulator, a program used to simulate the look and feel of the iPhone on the developer's desktop. Originally called the Aspen Simulator, it was renamed with the Beta 2 release of the SDK. Note that the iPhone Simulator is not an emulator and runs code generated for an x86 target rather than ARM.

The latest SDK, iOS 9.0 SDK in Xcode 7.3, requires an Intel Mac running OS X 10.11 or later. Other operating systems, including Microsoft Windows and older versions of macOS, are not supported.^[29]

Core Location

Core Location is a software framework in iOS. It is primarily used by applications on iOS (formerly iPhone OS) 2.0 or later for detection of the device's location, and on supported devices running iPhone OS 3.0 or later, the device's heading. On the iPod Touch and iPad (Wifi-only models), Core Location uses Skyhook Wireless's Wi-Fi-based positioning system. On the original iPhone, it uses cellular tower triangulation in addition to Wi-Fi positioning. On the iPhone 3G or newer and iPad (Wifi + Cellular models), it also uses the available GPS hardware, and the iPhone 4S uses all the aforementioned technologies with the addition of GLONASS. The actual selection of location method is abstracted from the user and developer.

Core Location also allows applications to retrieve the device's heading from the built-in magnetometer (digital compass). It not only can detect the magnetic heading and true heading (combined with the GPS), but also can get raw heading data.^[30] Heading information is only available in iPhone OS 3.0 or later running on the iPhone 3GS or newer and all iPad models.

The framework was announced as part of the iPhone Software Roadmap event on March 6, 2008,^[31] and was made available as part of the iOS SDK.

SVG

Mobile Safari supports SVG starting with iPhone OS 2.1. The SVG support features scripting and most of the static parts of the SVG 1.1. specification. SMIL animation is not yet supported for SVG graphics. It will be delivered after the Webkit SMIL implementation is mature enough. In addition to SVG, the HTML Canvas is supported.

Alternatives

Restrictions imposed by iOS Developer Program License

Terms in the iOS Developer Program License were relaxed by Apple in September 2010 with regard to using other interpreter languages.^[32][33]

Java

Java running on an iOS platform currently is outside the bounds of the iOS SDK Agreement. The guideline in question is rule 3.3.2, which reads and which was changed after Sept 2010:

3.3.2 — An Application may not itself install or launch other executable code by any means, including without limitation through the use of a plug-in architecture, calling other frameworks, other APIs or otherwise. No interpreted code may be downloaded or used in an Application except for code that is interpreted and run by Apple’s Documented APIs and built-in interpreter(s).

In 2008, Sun Microsystems announced plans to release a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) for iOS, based on the Java Platform, Micro Edition version of Java. This would enable Java applications to run on iPhone and iPod Touch.^[34] Soon after the announcement, developers familiar with the SDK's terms of agreement believed that by not allowing 3rd-party applications to run in the background (answer a phone call and still run the application, for example),^[35] allowing an application to download code from another source, or allowing an application to interact with a 3rd-party application (Safari with JVM, for example), could hinder development of the JVM without Apple's cooperation.^[36]

It is possible to install and use a J2ME stack on an iPhone, though it involves jailbreaking.^[37][38]

In 2008, there were talks between Sun and Apple concerning the availability of Java on the iPhone, and that Sun was working in that intent with a company called Innaworks.^[39][40] Since it is required that all ARM9 or later processors include Jazelle support, the iPhone includes the hardware for accelerated Java execution.^[41]

.NET/CLI

It is not permissible to install a .NET Framework or similar runtime on an iPhone, but by using Xamarin's commercial MonoTouch framework it is possible to achieve similar results. MonoTouch uses a custom fork of the Mono Project to compile all CLI bytecode in .NET to native ARM machine-code ahead of time.^[42]

Since this framework is fully compatible with CLI compliant languages that do not emit runtime compiled code it is possible to develop with the wide range of languages supported by .NET, including C# and Visual Basic .NET. Though at this time the MonoTouch native ARM code compiler only supports C# with plans for Visual Basic .NET in the future.^[43]

Flash

iOS does not support Adobe Flash, and Flash movies on web pages cannot be viewed in Mobile Safari^{[note 1]}. Although Adobe has two versions of its software – Flash and Flash Lite – Apple views neither as suitable for the iPhone, claiming that full Flash would be too cumbersome for the iPhone, while Flash Lite would not provide a worthy experience for the users.^[45]

Flash for Apple is a virtual machine with a just-in-time compiler. Apple's iOS SDK prevents any software on the iPhone from downloading or running external executable code (e.g. a virtual machine). Additionally, apps built under the iPhone Developer Program License Agreement for the iPhone SDK 4 Beta may not be originally written in any other programming language than C, C++, or Objective-C.^[46] What Adobe had done in their CS5 release for the iPhone was to create a static compiler that allows developers to compile their Flash programs into apps that can run on the iPhone.^[47] This would have allowed many Flash games to become apps, but still would have prevented web interfaces such as Hulu from working on the iPhone. But as these apps wouldn't have been originally written in C, C++ or Objective-C, they may not pass the App Store approval process when done under the terms of the iPhone SDK 4 Beta.

Unofficially, some Flash video sites can be viewed by using a jailbroken iPhone with certain third-party applications.^[48] However, it results on extremely low frame rate due to the lack of memory bandwidth and CPU speed for Flash JIT execution. Another reason is the general lack of optimization of Flash for iOS, which can be seen in several benchmarks of Flash in macOS.^[49]

Since November 2009, Adobe has posted the following notice on the Flash download page when viewed from an iPhone:^[50]

"Flash Player not available for your device

"Apple restricts use of technologies required by products like Flash Player. Until Apple eliminates these restrictions, Adobe cannot provide Flash Player for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad."

In November 2011, Adobe announced that they would no longer continue to develop a mobile version of Flash.^[51]

Licensing

The SDK itself is a free download, but beta SDKs require a paid developer account. In order to release software, one must enroll in the iPhone Developer Program—a step requiring payment and Apple's approval. As of February 2015, cost of enrollment in the iPhone Developer Program is US$99 per year (the cost varies from country to country) for the standard program. Signed keys are provided to upload the application to Apple's App Store. Applications can be distributed in three ways: through the App Store, through enterprise deployment to a company's employees only, and on an "Ad-hoc" basis to up to 100 iPhones. Once distributed through the App Store, a developer can request up to 50 promotional codes that can be used to freely distribute a commercial application he or she has developed. The SDK can only be installed in macOS, and the latest SDK (iOS SDK 10.0 with Xcode 8.1, as of October 2016) requires OS X 10.11.5 "Mountain Lion" or later.

See also

• Android software development
• Qt (software)

Notes

1. ↑ Note that there are workarounds available which implement Flash in JavaScript – though they are not widely used.^[44]

External links

• iOS Developer Center
• iOS Official website

References

iOS and iOS-based products
History Outline
Hardware	Apple TV Apple Watch Series 2 iPad 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Air Air 2 iPad Mini 1st 2 3 4 iPad Pro iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4 4S 5 5C 5S 6 / 6 Plus 6S / 6S Plus SE 7 / 7 Plus iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
Software	AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation iTunes iOS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit
Bundled apps	Calendar Contacts FaceTime Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photo Booth Photos Reminders Safari Videos Wallet Watch Discontinued Newsstand
Apple apps	AirPort Utility iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod
Services	Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe
Other	300-page bill Ax / Sx mobile processors FairPlay Free and open-source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC

Operating systems by Apple Inc.
Apple II/III/Lisa	Apple II series Apple DOS ProDOS GS/OS Apple III SOS Lisa Lisa OS MacWorks
Macintosh (overview)	Classic Mac OS System 1 System 2, 3, and 4 System 5 System 6 System 7 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 9 Mac OS X/OS X/macOS History NeXTSTEP OpenStep Rhapsody Public Beta Core Darwin Desktop 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 Server 1.0 macOS Server Other projects Shipped A/ROSE A/UX MAE MkLinux Cancelled Star Trek Taligent Copland
iPod/iPhone/iPad	iPod Software iOS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Other devices	Newton Newton OS Apple Watch watchOS Apple TV Apple TV Software tvOS
Italics indicate discontinued products · List · Category