IKAROS

IKAROS (Interplanetary Kite-craft Accelerated by Radiation Of the Sun) is a Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) experimental spacecraft. The spacecraft was launched on 21 May 2010, aboard an H-IIA rocket, together with the Akatsuki (Venus Climate Orbiter) probe and four other small spacecraft. IKAROS is the first spacecraft to successfully demonstrate solar sail technology in interplanetary space.^[3][6]

On 8 December 2010, IKAROS passed by Venus at about 80,800 km (50,200 mi) distance, completing the planned mission successfully, and entered its extended operation phase.^{[7][8][9][10]}

Purpose

The IKAROS probe is the world's first spacecraft to use solar sailing as the main propulsion. It plans to demonstrate four key technologies (comments in parentheses refer to figure):

1. Deployment and control of a large, thin solar sail membrane (grey-blue areas numbered 3)
2. Thin-film solar cells integrated into the sail to power the payload (black rectangles numbered 4)
3. Measurement of acceleration due to radiation pressure on the solar sail
4. Attitude control by varying the reflectance of 80 liquid crystal panels embedded in the sail (orange rectangles numbered 2)

The mission also includes investigations of aspects of interplanetary space, such as gamma-ray bursts, solar wind and cosmic dust.^[11]

The probe's ALADDIN instrument (ALDN-S and ALDN-E) measured the variation in dust density^[12] while its Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter (GAP) measured the polarization of gamma-ray bursts during its six-month cruise.^[13]

If successful, IKAROS is to be followed by a 50 m (160 ft) sail, intended to journey to Jupiter and the Trojan asteroids, later in the decade.^[14][15]

Design

IKAROS sail schematic diagram:

1 (blue square on a line) Tip mass 0.5 kg (1.1 lb), 1 of 4
2 (orange rectangle) Liquid crystal device, 1 of 80
3 (blue square) Membrane 7.5 µm (0.00030 in) thick, 20 metres (66 ft) on the diagonal
4 (black rectangle) Solar cells 25 µm (0.00098 in) thick
5 (yellow and blue lines) Tethers
6 (blue disc) Main body
7 (yellow dots) Instruments

IKAROS spaceprobe in flight (artist's depiction)

The square sail, deployed via a spinning motion using 0.5-kilogram (1.1 lb) tip masses (key item 1 in figure at right), is 20 m (66 ft) on the diagonal and is made of a 7.5-micrometre (0.00030 in) thick sheet of polyimide (key item 3 in figure at right). The polyimide sheet had a mass of about 10 grams per square metre, resulting in a total sail mass of 2 kilograms, excluding tip masses, attached panels and tethers. A thin-film solar array is embedded in the sail (key item 4 in figure at right). PowerFilm, Inc. provided the thin-film solar array.^[16] Eighty blocks of LCD panels are embedded in the sail,^[17] whose reflectance can be adjusted for attitude control (key item 2 in figure at right). The sail also contains eight dust counters on the opposite face as part of the science payload.^[18][19]

Mission progress

IKAROS was successfully launched together with Akatsuki (the Venus Climate Orbiter) aboard an H-IIA rocket from the Tanegashima Space Center on 21 May 2010.

IKAROS spun at 20–25 revolutions per minute and finished unfurling its sail on 10 June 2010.^[20][21][22] The craft contains two tiny ejectable cameras, DCAM1 and DCAM2. DCAM2 was used to photograph the sail after deployment on 14 July 2010.^[23]

Acceleration and attitude control (orientation) were successfully tested during the remaining six-month voyage to Venus. On 9 July 2010, JAXA confirmed that IKAROS is being accelerated by its solar sail,^[24] and on 23 July announced successful attitude control. Over a 23-hour period of time, the solar angle of the sail was changed by a half a degree, not by using thrusters, but by dynamically controlling the reflectivity of the 80 liquid crystal panels at the outer edge of the sail so that the sunlight pressure would produce torque.^[25]

IKAROS continues to spin at approximately 2 rpm, requiring the LCD panels to be cycled at that rate for attitude control.

According to JAXA, IKAROS finished all planned experiments in Dec 2010, but the mission has continued beyond that date "in order to enhance the skill of controlling solar sail."^[26] On November 30, 2012, JAXA announced that IKAROS had been recognized by Guinness World Records as the world’s first solar sail spacecraft between planets, and that its two separated cameras, DCAM1 and DCAM2, had been recognized as the smallest size of a spacecraft flying between planets.^[27][28] As in 2012, the IKAROS continue to spin, but its attitude control has degraded, resulting in unexpected sail motions and as result, downlink through medium-gain antenna being available only intermittently. The project team was dissolved in March 28, 2013, although trial receipt of data was planned later.

The project was reactivated on June 20, 2013 in the expectation that the satellite would wake up from a hibernation state as more power from the solar panels became available. The team was able to receive telemetry from the IKAROS between June 20 and September 12, 2013, after which contact was again lost. The loss of contact was around the predicted time of the spacecraft again entering a low-power hibernation mode as power from the solar panels decreased. Available communication time through the Usuda Deep Space Center antenna was limited, so data was gathered only intermittently to estimate the speed, trajectory and rotation of the satellite.^[29][30] As of August 2013, IKAROS was continuing to gain speed. At that time, it had gained approximately 400 m/s of velocity from its solar sail.^[31]

Transmissions were again received on May 22, 2014, the spacecraft flying at a distance of about 230 million kilometers from the Earth. By May 2014, IKAROS was on a ten-month orbit around the Sun, spending seven months of each orbit in hibernation mode due to insufficient power.^[32] By April 23, 2015, the spacecraft woke up from hibernation mode for the 4th time and was flying at a distance of about 120 million kilometers from the Earth.^[33] On May 21, 2015, JAXA could not receive a signal from IKAROS and concluded that the spacecraft had shifted to the hibernation mode for the fifth time, as expected. Based on May 2015 data the position of the IKAROS at the time was about 110 million kilometers away from the Earth, and about 130 million kilometers from the sun. Data showed no anomaly in the IKAROS spacecraft.^[34] JAXA expects the 5th wake up of IKAROS in the northern hemisphere winter of 2015.

Science results

From the gamma-ray polarization data of GAP, Toma et al.^[35] puts a stricter limit on CPT violation. It is an improvement of eight orders of magnitude over previous limits.^[36][37]

JAXA scientists stated that the measured thrust force by the solar radiation pressure on IKAROS' 196 m² sail is 1.12 millinewtons.^[38]

See also

• LightSail 2, a private solar sail project of the Planetary Society
• List of missions to Venus
• Lunar Flashlight, a solar sail orbiter to the Moon
• NanoSail-D2, an American solar sail deployed in LEO in January 2011
• Solar sail

Notes

References

• Osamu Mori; et al. (6 July 2008). "Development of Deployment System for Small Size Solar Sail Mission" (PDF). 26th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 
• Osamu Mori; et al. (9 July 2009). "First Solar Power Sail Demonstration by IKAROS" (PDF). 27th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science. Retrieved 6 March 2010. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to IKAROS.

• IKAROS news channel
• IKAROS Project webpage
• Successful Image Shooting by the Second Separation Camera - 28 June 2010 JAXA press release
• Solar Sail Navigation Technology of IKAROS
• Twitter (Japanese)
• JAXA TODAY No. 2

Spacecraft missions to Venus
Orbiters	Akatsuki Magellan Pioneer Venus Orbiter Venera 9 Venera 10 Venera 15 Venera 16 Venus Express
Flybys	Venera 1† Mariner 2 Zond 1† Venera 2† Mariner 5 Mariner 10 Venera 11 Venera 12 Venera 13 Venera 14 Vega 1 Vega 2 Galileo Cassini–Huygens MESSENGER IKAROS Shin-en†
Descent probes	Venera 3† Venera 4 Venera 5 Venera 6 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
Landers	Venera 7 Venera 8 Venera 9 Venera 10 Venera 11 Venera 12 Venera 13 Venera 14 Vega 1 Vega 2 Pioneer Venus Small Probes
Balloon probes	Vega 1 Vega 2
Failed at launch	Tyazhely Sputnik Mariner 1 2MV-1 No.1 2MV-1 No.2 2MV-2 No.1 Kosmos 21 3MV-1 No.2 Kosmos 27 Kosmos 96 Kosmos 167 Kosmos 482
Planned flybys	BepiColombo Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer Europa Multiple-Flyby Mission
Proposed	Orbiters & probes DAVINCI HAVOC Venera-D Venus In Situ Explorer Indian Venusian orbiter mission VERITAS Flybys Inspiration Mars Mercury-P Laplace-P Uranus orbiter and probe
Cancelled	TMK-Mavr Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar Vesta European Venus Explorer
Program overviews	Venera 3MV Mariner Pioneer Venus Vega
Related	Colonization Observations and explorations List of artificial objects on Venus List of missions Manned Venus Flyby Terraforming VeSpR
Italics indicates active current missions. † indicates failure en-route or before any data returned.