Hyperaccumulators table – 3

This list covers hyperaccumulators, plant species which accumulate, or are tolerant of, radionuclides, hydrocarbons and organic solvents.

See also:

hyperaccumulators and contaminants: Radionuclides, Hydrocarbons and Organic Solvents – accumulation rates
Contaminant Accumulation rates (in mg/kg of dry weight) Latin name English name H-Hyperaccumulator or A-Accumulator P-Precipitator T-Tolerant Notes Sources
Cd-Cadmium xxx Athyrium yokoscense (Japanese false spleenwort?) Cd(A), Cu(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) Origin Japan [1]
Cd-Cadmium >100 Avena strigosa Schreb. New-Oat
Lopsided Oat or Bristle Oat 		xxx xxx [2]
Cd-Cadmium H- Bacopa monnieri Smooth Water Hyssop, Waterhyssop, Brahmi, Thyme-leafed gratiola, Water hyssop Cr(H), Cu(H), Hg(A), Pb(A) Origin India; aquatic emergent species [1][3]
Cd-Cadmium xxx Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family Hyperaccumulators: Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn Phytoextraction [4]
Cd-Cadmium A- Brassica juncea L. Indian mustard Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Ur(A), Zn(H) cultivated ,[1][4][5]
Cd-Cadmium H- Vallisneria americana Tape Grass Cr(A), Cu(H), Pb(H) Origins Europe and N. Africa; extensively cultivated in the aquarium trade [1]
Cd-Cadmium >100 Crotalaria juncea Sunn or sunn hemp xxx High amounts of total soluble phenolics [2]
Cd-Cadmium H- Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb(H), Zn(A). Also Cs, Sr, U,[6] and pesticides[7] Pantropical/Subtropical, 'the troublesome weed' [1]
Cd-Cadmium xxx Helianthus annuus Sunflower xxx Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration ,[1][4][8]
Cd-Cadmium H- Hydrilla verticillata Hydrilla Cr(A), Hg(H), Pb(H) xxx [1]
Cd-Cadmium H- Lemna minor Duckweed Pb(H), Cu(H), Zn(A) Native to North America and widespread [1]
Cd-Cadmium T- Pistia stratiotes Water lettuce Cu(T), Hg(H), Cr(H) Pantropical, Origin South U.S.A.; aquatic herb [1]
Cd-Cadmium xxx Salix viminalis L. Common Osier, Basket Willow Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[4] Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalix);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [8]
Cd-Cadmium xxx Spirodela polyrhiza Giant Duckweed Cr(H), Pb(H), Ni(H), Zn(A) Native to North America [1][10][11]
Cd-Cadmium >100 Tagetes erecta L. African-tall xxx Tolerance only. Lipid peroxidation level increases; activities of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase are depressed. [2]
Cd-Cadmium xxx Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine pennycress Cr(A), Co(H), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction. Its rhizosphere's bacterial population is less dense than with Trifolium pratense but richer in specific metal-resistant bacteria.[12] ,[1][4][10][13][14][15][16]
Cd-Cadmium 1000 Vallisneria spiralis Eel grass xxx 37 records of plants; origin India [10][17]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Acer rubrum, Acer pseudoplatanus Red maple, Sycamore maple Pu-238, Sr-90 Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce.[18] [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Agrostis spp. Agrostis spp. xxx Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) up to 3000 Bq kg-1[19] Amaranthus retroflexus ( cv. Belozernii, aureus, Pt-95) Redroot Amaranth Hyperaccumulator: Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn.[4] Phytoextraction. Can accumulate radionuclides, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.[6] Maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth.[19] xxx
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family Hyperaccumulators: Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.[6] [4]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Brassica juncea Indian mustard xxx Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground.[19] Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents. [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Cerastium fontanum Big Chickweed xxx Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola? Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle Sr-90, Cs-137 Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Cocos nucifera Coconut palm xxx Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Eichhornia crassipes Water hyacinth U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days[6]). Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A),[1] and pesticides.[7] xxx [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Eragrostis bahiensis
(Eragrostis) 		Bahia lovegrass xxx Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution. [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest redgum Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Festuca arundinacea Tall fescue xxx Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Festuca rubra Fescue xxx Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Glomus mosseae as chelating agent
(Glomus (fungus)) 		Mycorrhizal fungi xxx Glomus mosseae as amendment. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution. [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Glomus intradices
(Glomus (fungus)) 		Mycorrhizal fungi xxx Glomus mosseae as chelating agent. It increases the surface area of the plant roots, allowing roots to acquire more nutrients, water and therefore more available radionuclides in soil solution. [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) 4900-8600[20] Helianthus annuus Sunflower U, Sr (high % uptake within a few days[6]) Accumulates up to 8 times more Cs137 than timothy or foxtail. Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground.[19] ,[1][6][10]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Larix Larch xxx Leaves: much less uptake in Larch and Sycamore maple than in Spruce. 20% of the translocated caesium into new leaves resulted from root-uptake 2.5 years after the Chernobyl accident.[18] xxx
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Liquidambar styraciflua American Sweet Gum Pu-238, Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree Pu-238, Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Lolium multiflorum Italian Ryegrass Sr Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more caesium-137 and strontium-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. Clay, sand, silt and compost.[21] [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Lolium perenne Perennial ryegrass xxx Can accumulate radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Panicum virgatum Switchgrass xxx xxx [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Phaseolus acutifolius Tepary Beans Hyperaccumulator: Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn.[4] Phytoextraction. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.[6] xxx
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary grass Hyperaccumulator: Cd, Cs, Ni, Sr, Zn.[4] Ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride as chelating agents.[6] Phytoextraction xxx
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Picea abies Spruce xxx Conc. about 25-times higher in bark compared to wood, 1.5–4.7 times higher in directly contaminated twig-axes than in leaves.[18] xxx
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine Sr-90. Also Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products (Pinus spp.[4] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides. [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Sorghum halepense Johnson Grass xxx xxx [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) xxx Trifolium repens White Clover xxx Grass or Forb species capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Cs-137 (Caesium–137) H Zea mays Corn xxx High absorption rate. Accumulates radionuclides.[16] Contains 2 to 3 times more Cs137 in his roots than in the biomass above ground.[19] ,[1][6][10]
Co-Cobalt 1000 to 4304[22] Haumaniastrum robertii
(Lamiaceae) 		Copper flower xxx 27 records of plants; origin Africa. Vernacular name: 'copper flower'. This species' phanerogamme has the highest cobalt content. Its distribution could be governed by cobalt rather than copper.[22] [10][14]
Co-Cobalt H- Thlaspi caerulescens Alpine pennycress Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(H), Mo, Ni(H), Pb(H), Zn(H) Phytoextraction ,[1][4][10][12][13][14][15]
Pu-238 xxx Acer rubrum Red maple Cs-137, Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Pu-238 xxx Liquidambar styraciflua American Sweet Gum Cs-137 Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Pu-238 xxx Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree Cs-137, Sr-90 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Ra-Radium xxx xxx xxx xxx No reports found for accumulation [10]
Sr-Strontium xxx Acer rubrum Red maple Cs-137, Pu-238 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Sr-Strontium xxx Brassicaceae Mustards, mustard flowers, crucifers or, cabbage family Hyperaccumulators: Cd, Cs, Ni, Zn Phytoextraction [4]
Sr-Strontium xxx Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae, Kail? and/or Salsola? Beet, Quinoa, Russian thistle Sr-90, Cs-137 Can accumulate radionuclides. [6]
Sr-Strontium xxx Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cs-137, U-234, 235, 238. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A),[1] and pesticides.[7] In pH of 9, accumulates high concentrations of Sr90 with apprx. 80 to 90% of it in its roots.[20] [6]
Sr-Strontium xxx Eucalyptus tereticornis Forest redgum Cs-137 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Sr-Strontium H-? Helianthus annuus Sunflower xxx Accumulates radionuclides;[16] high absorption rate. Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration ,[1][4][6][10]
Sr-Strontium xxx Liquidambar styraciflua American Sweet Gum Cs-137, Pu-238 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Sr-Strontium xxx Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip tree Cs-137, Pu-238 Tree able to accumulate radionuclides [6]
Sr-Strontium xxx Lolium multiflorum Italian Ryegrass Cs Mycorrhizae: accumulates much more caesium-137 and strontium-90 when grown in Sphagnum peat than in any other medium incl. clay, sand, silt and compost.[21] [6]
Sr-Strontium 1.5-4.5 % in their shoots Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa Monterey Pine, Ponderosa pine Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products;[4] Cs-137 Phytocontainment. Accumulate 1.5-4.5 % of Sr-90 in their shoots.[20] [6]
Sr-Strontium xxx Apiaceae (a.k.a. Umbelliferae) Carrot or parsley family xxx Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
Sr-Strontium xxx Fabaceae (a.k.a. Leguminosae) Legume, pea, or bean family xxx Species most capable of accumulating radionuclides [6]
U-Uranium xxx Amaranthus Amaranth Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H) Citric acid chelating agent,[8] and see note. Cs: maximum concentration is reached after 35 days of growth.[19] [1][6]
U-Uranium xxx Brassica juncea, Brassica chinensis, Brassica narinosa Cabbage family Cd(A), Cr(A), Cu(H), Ni(H), Pb(H), Pb(P), Zn(H) Citric acid chelating agent increases uptake 1000 times,[8][23] and see note ,[1][4][6]
U-Uranium 234, 235, 238 xxx Eichhornia crassipes Water Hyacinth Cs-137, Sr-90. Also Cd(H), Cr(A), Cu(A), Hg(H), Pb, Zn(A),[1] and pesticides.[7] xxx [6]
U-Uranium 234, 235, 238 95% of U in 24 hours.[19] Helianthus annuus Sunflower xxx Accumulates radionuclides;[16] At a contaminated wastewater site in Ashtabula, Ohio, 4 wk-old splants can remove more than 95% of uranium in 24 hours.[19] Phytoextraction & rhizofiltration. ,[1][4][6][8][10]
U-Uranium xxx Juniperus Juniper xxx Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots[20] [6]
U-Uranium xxx Picea mariana Black Spruce xxx Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his twigs[20] [6]
U-Uranium xxx Quercus Oak xxx Accumulates (radionuclides) U in his roots[20] [6]
U-Uranium xxx Kail? and/or Salsola? Russian thistle (tumble weed) xxx xxx ??
U-Uranium xxx Salix viminalis Common Osier Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[4] Cd, Pb, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [8]
U-Uranium xxx Silene vulgaris (a.k.a. "Silene cucubalus) Bladder campion xxx xxx ??
U-Uranium xxx Zea mays Maize xxx xxx ??
U-Uranium A-? xxx xxx xxx xxx [10]
Radionuclides xxx Tradescantia bracteata Spiderwort xxx Indicator for radionuclides: the stamens (normally blue or blue-purple) become pink when exposed to radionuclides [6]
Benzene xxx Chlorophytum comosum spider plant xxx xxx [24]
Benzene xxx Ficus elastica rubber fig, rubber bush, rubber tree, rubber plant, or Indian rubber bush xxx xxx [24]
Benzene xxx Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Kalanchoe xxx seems to take benzene selectively over toluene. [24]
Benzene xxx Pelargonium x domesticum Geranium xxx xxx [24]
BTEX xxx Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus DDT, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP Phytostimulation [4]
DDT xxx Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP Phytostimulation [4]
Dieldrin xxx Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus DDT, BTEX, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzene, PCP Phytostimulation [4]
Endosulfan xxx Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, PCP, Pentachloronitro-benzène Phytostimulation [4]
Fluoranthene xxx Cyclotella caspia Cyclotella caspia xxx xxx Approximate rate of biodegradation on 1st day: 35%; on 6th day: 85％ (rate of physical degradation 5.86％ only). [25]
Hydrocarbons xxx Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda grass xxx Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 68% after 1 year [8]
Hydrocarbons xxx Festuca arundinacea Tall fescue xxx Mean petroleum hydrocarbons reduction of 62% after 1 year[8] [26]
Hydrocarbons xxx Pinus spp. Pine spp. Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products.[4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90[6] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)[6] [4]
Hydrocarbons xxx Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [4]
MTBE xxx Pinus spp. Pine spp. Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products.[4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)[6] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)[6] [4]
MTBE xxx Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, TCE and by-products;[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [4]
Organic solvents xxx Pinus spp. Pine spp. Petroleum hydrocarbons MTBE, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products.[4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)[6] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)[6] [4]
Organic solvents xxx Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [4]
Organic solvents xxx Pinus spp. Pine spp. Petroleum hydrocarbons MTBE, TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products.[4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)[6] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)[6] [4]
Organic solvents xxx Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, MTBE, TCE and by-products;[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] Phytoextraction. phytocontainment . Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [4]
PCNB-Pentachloronitro-benzene xxx Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, PCP Phytostimulation [4]
Potassium ferrocyanide 8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass Salix babylonica L. Weeping Willow Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.);[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] Phytoextraction. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes). No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration. A large fraction of initial mass was metabolized during transport within the plant.[9] [9]
Potassium ferrocyanide 8.64% to 15.67% of initial mass Salix matsudana Koidz, Salix matsudana Koidz x Salix alba L. Hankow Willow, Hybrid Willow Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE, TCE and by-products (Salix spp.);[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis).[8] No ferrocyanide in air from plant transpiration. [9]
PCB-Polychlorinated biphenyl xxx Rosa spp. Paul’s Scarlet Rose xxx Phytodegradation [4]
PCP xxx Phanerochaete chrysosporium White rot fungus DDT, BTEX, Dieldrin, Endodulfan, Pentachloronitro-benzène Phytostimulation [4]
TCE-trichloroethylene xxx Chlorophytum comosum spider plant xxx Seems to lower the removal rates of benzene and methane. [24]
TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products xxx Pinus spp. Pine spp. Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE.[4] Also Cs-137, Sr-90 (Pinus radiata, Pinus ponderosa)[6] Phytocontainment. Tree able to accumulate radionuclides (P. ponderosa, P. radiata)[6] [4]
TCE-trichloroethylene and by-products xxx Salix spp. Osier spp. Ag, Cr, Hg, Se, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Organic solvents, MTBE;[4] Cd, Pb, U, Zn (S. viminalis);[8] Potassium ferrocyanide (S. babylonica L.)[9] Phytoextraction, phytocontainment. Perchlorate (wetland halophytes) [4]
xxx xxx Musa (genus) Banana tree xxx Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration.[27] xxx
xxx xxx Cyperus papyrus Papyrus xxx Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration[27] xxx
xxx xxx xxx Taros xxx Extra-dense root system, good for rhizofiltration[27] xxx
xxx xxx Brugmansia spp. Angel's trumpet xxx Semi-anaerobic, good for rhizofiltration [28]
xxx xxx Caladium Caladium xxx Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28] xxx
xxx xxx Caltha palustris Marsh marigold xxx Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28] xxx
xxx xxx Iris pseudacorus Yellow Flag, paleyellow iris xxx Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28] xxx
xxx xxx Mentha aquatica Water Mint xxx Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28] xxx
xxx xxx Scirpus lacustris Bulrush xxx Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28] xxx
xxx xxx Typha latifolia Broadleaf cattail xxx Semi-anaerobic and resistant, good for rhizofiltration[28] xxx

Notes

Annotated References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 898
  2. 1 2 3 Shimpei Uraguchi, Izumi Watanabe, Akiko Yoshitomi, Masako Kiyono and Katsuji Kuno, Characteristics of cadmium accumulation and tolerance in novel Cd-accumulating crops, Avena strigosa and Crotalaria juncea. Journal of Experimental Botany 2006 57(12):2955-2965; doi:10.1093/jxb/erl056
  3. ↑ Gurta et al. 1994
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 19
  5. ↑ Lindsay E. Bennetta, Jason L. Burkheada, Kerry L. Halea, Norman Terryb, Marinus Pilona and Elizabeth A. H. Pilon-Smits, Analysis of Transgenic Indian Mustard Plants for Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Mine Tailings. Journal of Environmental Quality 32:432-440 (2003)
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Phytoremediation of radionuclides.
  7. 1 2 3 4 J.K. Lan. Recent developments of phytoremediation.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 , Enhancing Phytoextraction: The Effect of Chemical Soil Manipulation on Mobility, Plant Accumulation, and Leaching of Heavy Metals, by Ulrich Schmidt.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Yu X.Z., Zhou P.H. and Yang Y.M., The potential for phytoremediation of iron cyanide complex by Willows.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 McCutcheon & Schnoor 2003, Phytoremediation. New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons pg 891
  11. ↑ Srivastav 1994
  12. 1 2 T.A. Delorme, J.V. Gagliardi, J.S. Angle, and R.L. Chaney. Influence of the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl. and the nonmetal accumulator Trifolium pratense L. on soil microbial populations. Conseil National de Recherches du Canada,
  13. 1 2 Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, Nickelophilous plants and their significance in phytotechnologies. Braz. J. Plant Physiol. Vol.17 no.1 Londrina Jan./Mar. 2005
  14. 1 2 3 Baker & Brooks, 1989
  15. 1 2 E. Lombi, F.J. Zhao, S.J. Dunham et S.P. McGrath, Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal, Contaminated Soils, Natural Hyperaccumulation versus Chemically Enhanced Phytoextraction.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Phytoremediation Decision Tree, ITRC
  17. ↑ Brown et al. 1995
  18. 1 2 3 4 , J. Ertel and H. Ziegler, Cs-134/137 contamination and root uptake of different forest trees before and after the Chernobyl accident, Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, June 1991, Vol. 30, nr. 2, pp. 147-157
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dushenkov, S., A. Mikheev, A. Prokhnevsky, M. Ruchko, and B. Sorochinsky, Phytoremediation of Radiocesium-Contaminated Soil in the Vicinity of Chernobyl, Ukraine. Environmental Science and Technology 1999. 33, no. 3 : 469-475. Cited in Phytoremediation of radionuclides.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Negri, C. M., and R. R. Hinchman, 2000. The use of plants for the treatment of radionuclides. Chapter 8 of Phytoremediation of toxic metals: Using plants to clean up the environment, ed. I. Raskin and B. D. Ensley. New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication. Cited in Phytoremediation of Radionuclides.
  21. 1 2 3 A. Paasikallio, The effect of time on the availability of strontium-90 and cesium-137 to plants from Finnish soils. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae, 1984. 23: 109-120. Cited in Westhoff99.
  22. 1 2 R. R. Brooks, Copper and cobalt uptake by Haumaniustrum species.
  23. ↑ Huang, J. W., M. J. Blaylock, Y. Kapulnik, and B. D. Ensley, 1998. Phytoremediation of Uranium-Contaminated Soils: Role of Organic Acids in Triggering Uranium Hyperaccumulation in Plants. Environmental Science and Technology. 32, no. 13 : 2004-2008. Cited in Phytoremediation of radionuclides.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 J.J.Cornejo, F.G.Muñoz, C.Y.Ma and A.J.Stewart, Studies on the decontamination of air by plants.
  25. ↑ . Yu Liu, Tian-Gang Luan, Ning-Ning Lu, Chong-Yu Lan, Toxicity of Fluoranthene and Its Biodegradation by Cyclotella caspia Alga. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, Fev. 2006
  26. ↑ S.D. Siciliano, J.J. Germida, K. Banks and C. W. Greer. Changes in Microbial Community Composition and Function during a Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Phytoremediation Field Trial. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2003, p. 483-489, Vol. 69, No. 1
  27. 1 2 3 "Living Machines". Erik Alm describes them as 'freaks' because of their over-abundant root system even in such nutrient-rich environnements. This is a prime factor in treating wastewaters: more surface for adsorption / absorption, and finer filter for larger impurities
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 , "Living Machines". These marsh plants can live in semi-anaerobic environments and are used in wastewater treating ponds
  29. 1 2 3 4 J.A. Entry, N.C. Vance, M.A. Hamilton, D. Zabowski, L.S. Watrud, D.C. Adriano. Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with low concentrations of radionuclides. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1996. 88: 167-176. Cited in Westhoff99.
  30. ↑ J.A. Entry, P. T. Rygiewicz, W.H. Emmingham. Strontium-90 uptake by Pinus ponderosa and Pinus radiata seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Environmental Pollution 1994, 86: 201-206. Cited in Westhoff99.
  31. ↑ Y-G. Zhu and E. Smolders, Plant uptake of radiocaesium: a review of mechanisms, regulation and application. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 51, No. 351, pp. 1635-1645, October 2000
  32. ↑ M.R. Broadley and N.J. Willey. Differences in root uptake of radiocaesium by 30 plant taxa. Environmental Pollution 1997, Volume 97, Issues 1-2, Pages 11-15

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