Holy day of obligation

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In the Catholic Church, holy days of obligation (also called holydays, holidays, or days of obligation) are days on which the faithful are obliged to attend Mass.

The obligation is attached to the holy day, even if transferred, as sometimes happens in the Roman Rite, to another date because of coinciding with a higher-ranking celebration. However, in some countries a dispensation is granted in such circumstances.[1]

Latin Church

The holy days of obligation for Latin Catholics are indicated in canon 1246 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law:

Can. 1246. §1. Sunday, on which by apostolic tradition the paschal mystery is celebrated, must be observed in the universal Church as the primordial holy day of obligation. The following days must also be observed: the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Epiphany, the Ascension, the Body and Blood of Christ, Holy Mary the Mother of God, her Immaculate Conception, her Assumption, Saint Joseph, Saint Peter and Saint Paul the Apostles, and All Saints.

§2. With the prior approval of the Apostolic See, however, the conference of bishops can suppress some of the holy days of obligation or transfer them to a Sunday.

Placed in the order of the civil calendar, the ten days (apart from Sundays) that this canon mentions are:

The number of holy days of obligation was once much greater. With the motu proprio Supremi disciplinae of 2 July 1911, Pope Pius X reduced the number of such non-Sunday holy days from 36 to 8: the above 10 dates (1 January was then the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ) minus the feasts the Body and Blood of Christ, and Saint Joseph.[2] The present list was established in 1917.[3]

In many countries the bishops had obtained, even before the time of Pius X, the Holy See's approval to diminish the number of non-Sunday holy days of obligation, making it far less than 36. Today too, Episcopal Conferences have availed themselves of the authority granted them in law to reduce the number below the ten mentioned above.

Non-Sunday holy days of obligation all have the rank of solemnity. Accordingly, if in Ordinary Time one of them falls on a Sunday, the Sunday celebration gives way to it; but the Sundays of Advent, Lent and Eastertide take precedence over all solemnities, which are then transferred to another day[4] (but the precept is not). Very occasionally, the Feast of the Sacred Heart may fall on St. Peter and Paul's feast day, in which case it takes precedence over it; the precept then applies to the feast of the Sacred Heart.

Working holy days

While episcopal conferences may suppress holy days of obligation or transfer them to Sunday, some of them have maintained as holy days of obligation some days that are not public holidays. For most people, such days are normal working days, and they therefore cannot observe the obligation "to abstain from those works and affairs which hinder the worship to be rendered to God, the joy proper to the Lord's day, or the suitable relaxation of mind and body". However, they remain bound by the obligation to participate in Mass. For these days, referred to as "working holy days", churches may have a special timetable, with Mass available outside the normal working hours and on the previous evening.[5]

In Ireland the only holy days of obligation that are also public holidays are Christmas and Saint Patrick's Day, so that it has five working holy days. Similarly, Slovakia has only four holy days of obligation that are also public holidays: Christmas, Solemnity of Mary Mother of God, Epiphany and All Saints', leaving it with five working holy days. In the Netherlands, the bishops conference decreed that, with effect from 1 January 1991, the feasts of the Assumption and All Saints, each of which it had previously decided to celebrate on the following Sunday, were to be of obligation as regards Mass, but not for abstaining from work.[6]

Observance by country

In Vatican City, but not in the rest of the Diocese of Rome, Sundays and all ten days listed in canon 1246 are observed as holy days of obligation. This is also the case in the Diocese of Lugano (covering the Swiss canton of Ticino), but perhaps nowhere else.

Some countries have as holy days of obligation feasts that are not among those listed in canon 1246. Ireland has Saint Patrick's Day.[7] Germany has St. Stephen on the "Second Christmas Day" (26 December), Easter Monday and Pentecost Monday (Whit Monday).[8]

In countries where they are not holy days of obligation, three of the ten feast days listed above are assigned to a Sunday as their proper day:[9]

If they are thus assigned to a Sunday, they are not included in the following national lists of holy days of obligation, since in every country all Sundays are holy days of obligation.

Argentina

Australia

Austria

Bahrain

Belgium

Brazil

Brunei

Canada

China

In the Diocese of Hong Kong, Christmas is the only holy day of obligation.[11]

Czech Republic

In Czech Republic, holy days of obligation are, by Czech Bishops' Conference, reduced to only two days, which are also public holidays in the Czech Republic:[12]

Since the other holy days of obligation mentioned in the Code of Canon Law are not public holidays, the Czech Bishops' Conference does not make attendance at Mass obligatory for Catholics, but only recommends it, as it does also on the feast days of Saints Cyril and Methodius (5 July) and Saint Wenceslas (28 September). Attendance at Mass is of course obligatory on all Sundays.

Croatia

Denmark

England and Wales

(See Liturgy Office)

There are different regulations for Scotland and for Ireland.

Finland

(See Catholic Church in Finland: Practical Matters)

France

Germany

The following days are also holy days of obligation in all of Germany:

In addition, almost all dioceses have one or more of the following holy days of obligation:

The solemnities of Saint Joseph, Saints Peter and Paul and the Immaculate Conception of Mary are observed nowhere in Germany as holy days of obligation – these days are also not usually transferred to a Sunday (though for Sts. Peter and Paul, this is theoretically possible). Attendance at the liturgical service (which is not Mass) on Good Friday, a public holiday, is also generally observed, although it is not a holy day of obligation.

(See Feiertagsregelung)

Greece

Instead of being transferred to the following Sunday, the Feast of the Ascension of Our Lord, though not a holy day of obligation in Greece, is kept on the Thursday of the sixth week of Easter, in order to celebrate it on the same day as the Orthodox Church of Greece.

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Bishops' Conference of Indonesia has not issued regulation about holy day of obligation, so ten holy days on Can. 1246 § 1 applied.[14][15]

Ireland

The following day is also a holy day of obligation in all of Ireland:

(See "Working holy days", above)

“Ireland” includes the entire island of Ireland, i.e. both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Italy

Japan

Korea

“Korea” includes the entire Korean Peninsula.

Kuwait

Lebanon

Malta

The following is also a holy day of obligation:

Malaysia

Mexico

The following day is also a holy day of obligation in all of Mexico:

Netherlands

(See "Working holy days", above)

New Zealand

Norway

Peru

The following day is also a holy day of obligation in Peru:

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

(See "Working holy days", above)

Saudi Arabia

Serbia

Scotland

There are different regulations for Ireland and for England and Wales.

Singapore

[19]

Slovakia

All the holy days of obligation listed in the Code of Canon Law except the Solemnity of Saint Joseph are maintained in Slovakia, although only Solemnity of Mary, Epiphany, All Saints' Day and Christmas are also public holidays. See "Working holy days", above.

Additionally, the Slovak Bishops' Conference recommends Mass attendance on the following solemnities, because of their nationwide importance:

South Africa

Spain

The following day is also a holy day of obligation in all of Spain:

(See Calendario Litúrgico Pastoral)

Sri Lanka

Sweden

The following day is also a holy day of obligation in Sweden:

Switzerland

The following days are also holy days of obligation in Switzerland:

In the Diocese of Lugano (covering the canton of Ticino), the following three days are also holy days of obligation:

This probably makes the diocese of Lugano the only diocese in the world (except for the Vatican City part of the Diocese of Rome) where all ten holy days of obligation are observed.

Ukraine

These regulations also apply on the Crimean peninsula, including Sevastopol,

United States

Ascension is only a holy day of obligation in the ecclesiastical provinces of Boston, Hartford, New York, Newark, Omaha, and Philadelphia; the others have transferred this celebration to the following Sunday.

Furthermore, when 1 January (Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God), 15 August (Feast of the Assumption), or 1 November (Solemnity of All Saints) falls on a Saturday or a Monday, the precept to attend Mass on that date is abrogated.

In years when 8 December falls on Sunday, the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception is normally transferred to 9 December, as it is outranked by the Second Sunday of Advent; the transfer however does not apply to the precept. Where the 1962 extraordinary form of the Roman Rite is in use, the Immaculate Conception, as a First-Class Feast, outranks the Second Sunday of Advent and so remains on 8 December.

In Hawaii, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception and Christmas are the only Holy Days of Obligation, as decreed by the Bishop of Honolulu in 1992, pursuant to an indult from the Holy See and as approved by the national episcopal conference.[20] (See United States norm complementary to canon 1246)

Eastern Catholic Churches

The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches lays down the following norms for Eastern Catholic Churches:

It is for the authority competent to establish the particular law of a sui iuris Church to constitute, transfer or suppress feast days and days of penance for that sui iuris Church, after, however, seeking the views of other sui iuris Churches and observing canon 40 §1.[21]

Holy days of obligation common to all the Eastern Churches are, apart from Sundays:

A particular law of a sui iuris Church can suppresses some holy days of obligation or transfers them to a Sunday, if it is approved by the Apostolic See.[22]

The Christian faithful are bound by the obligation to participate on Sundays and feast days in the Divine Liturgy or, according to the prescriptions or legitimate customs of their own sui iuris Church, in the celebration of the divine praises.[23]

Protestantism

Protestant churches teach that Christians have a duty to worship God in church every Sunday.[24] The Westminster Confession of Faith says:

This Sabbath is then kept holy unto the Lord, when men, after a due preparing of their hearts, and ordering of their common affairs beforehand, do not only observe an holy rest, all the day, from their own works, words, and thoughts about their worldly employments and recreations, but also are taken up, the whole time, in the public and private exercises of His worship, and in the duties of necessity and mercy.
— Westminster Confession of Faith XXI.VIII

See also

References

  1. ↑ Edward McNamara, "Feast of the Immaculate Conception" in ZENIT News Agency, 17 December 2013
  2. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Supremi Disciplinae".
  3. ↑ Codex Iuris Canonici canon 1247 (1917).
  4. ↑ General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar § 5.
  5. ↑ For instance, Ballyroan Parish, Dublin, Churches and Religious Institutions in or near Old Louisville, United States, Churches in Krynica, Poland
  6. ↑ Analecta Aartsbisdom Utrecht, jaargang 63, november/december 1990, p. 294-295
  7. ↑ Liturgical Calendar
  8. ↑ Feiertagsregelung
  9. ↑ General Norms for the Liturgical Year and the Calendar, 7
  10. ↑ Celebrating the Season of Christmas, Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2002
  11. ↑ "A Catholic Should Know - Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong".
  12. ↑ NETservis s.r.o. xhtml,css-Jiri-Knytl. "Slavení je jeden z projevů křesťanského života".
  13. ↑
  14. ↑ Hari Raya, Pesta dan Peringatan (in Indonesian), katolisitas.org, retrieved 2 November 2015
  15. ↑ RD B. Justisianto, 10 Hari Raya yang disamakan dengan Hari Minggu (in Indonesian), Gereja Katolik Paroki Santo Yakobus - Surabaya, retrieved 2 November 2015
  16. ↑ Liturgical Calendar for Ireland 2012 (Veritas 2011 ISBN 978-1-84730-333-2), p. 10
  17. ↑ "despite bishops opposition new years day becomes holy day in japan - ucanews.com". ucanews.com.
  18. ↑ "Assumption speaks to Japan's Catholics, missionary says". Catholic News Agency.
  19. ↑ "Days of Obligation & Services". Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Singapore.
  20. ↑ Liturgical Calendar for the Dioceses of the United States of America 2014
  21. ↑ canon 880 §2(translation corrected to correspond to the original Latin). Canon 40 §1, referred to here, says: "Hierarchs who preside over sui iuris Churches and other hierarchs are to attend very zealously to the faithful protection and exact observance of their own rite; they are not to admit changes in it except by reason of its organic progress, keeping in mind, however, mutual goodwill and the unity of Christians."
  22. ↑ "canon 880 §3".
  23. ↑ "canon 881 §1".
  24. ↑ White, James F (2003-02-28). Protestant Worship and Church Architecture. ISBN 9781592441631.

External links

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